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Chaudhury R, Chakraborty A, Rahaman F, Sarkar T, Dey S, Das M. Mycorrhization in trees: ecology, physiology, emerging technologies and beyond. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:145-156. [PMID: 38194349 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Mycorrhization has been an integral part of plants since colonization by the early land plants. Over decades, substantial research has highlighted its potential role in improving nutritional efficiency and growth, development and survival of crop plants. However, the focus of this review is trees. Evidence have been provided to explain ecological and physiological significance of mycorrhization in trees. Advances in recent technologies (e.g., metagenomics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, agricultural drones) may open new windows to apply this knowledge in promoting tree growth in forest ecosystems. Dual mycorrhization relationships in trees and even triple relationships among trees, mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria offer an interesting physiological system to understand how plants interact with other organisms for better survival. Besides, studies indicate additional roles of mycorrhization in learning, memorizing and communication between host trees through a common mycorrhizal network (CMN). Recent observations in trees suggest that mycorrhization may even promote tolerance to multiple abiotic (e.g., drought, salt, heavy metal stress) and biotic (e.g. fungi) stresses. Due to the extent of physiological reliance, local adaptation of trees is heavily impacted by the mycorrhizal community. This knowledge opens the possibility of a non-GMO avenue to promote tree growth and development. Indeed, mycorrhization could impact growth of trees in nurserys and subsequent survival of the inoculated trees in field conditions. Future studies might integrate hyperspectral imaging and drone technologies to identify tree communities that are deficient in nitrogen and spray mycorrhizal spore formulations on them.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chaudhury
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - A Chakraborty
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - F Rahaman
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - T Sarkar
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - S Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - M Das
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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Sáenz-Hidalgo HK, Jacobo-Cuellar JL, Zúñiga-Rodríguez E, Avila-Quezada GD, Olalde-Portugal V, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF. Soil Structure and Ectomycorrhizal Root Colonization of Pecan Orchards in Northern Mexico. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040440. [PMID: 37108895 PMCID: PMC10140891 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pecan trees form a symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM), which actively provide nutrition to the roots and protect them from phytopathogens. Although these trees originated in the southern United States and northern Mexico, information on their root colonization by ECM is insufficient in terms of a representative number of samples, both in these regions and worldwide. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization (ECM) of pecan trees of different ages in conventional and organic agronomic orchards and to identify ectomycorrhizal sporocarps, both morphologically and molecularly. The rhizospheric soil properties and the ECM percentages were analyzed for 14 Western variety pecan tree orchards between 3 and 48 years of age and grouped according to the agronomic management method. DNA extraction, internal transcribed spacer amplification, and sequencing were conducted on the fungal macroforms. The ECM colonization percentage fluctuated between 31.44 and 59.89%. Soils with low phosphorus content showed higher ECM colonization. The ECM concentrations were relatively homogeneous in relation to the ages of the trees, and organic matter content did not affect the percentage of ECM colonization. The highest ECM percentages occurred with the sandy clay crumb texture soil, with an average of 55% ECM, followed by sandy clay loam soils with 49.5%. The Pisolithus arenarius and Pisolithus tinctorius fungi were molecularly identified from sporocarps associated with pecan trees. This is the first study that reports Pisolithus arenarius as being associated with this tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Karina Sáenz-Hidalgo
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Chihuahua 33089, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Campus 1, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico
| | - Juan Luis Jacobo-Cuellar
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Campus 1, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico
| | - Erick Zúñiga-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Campus 1, Chihuahua 31000, Mexico
| | | | | | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Ectomycorrhizal Assemblages of Invasive Quercus rubra L. and Non-Invasive Carya Nutt. Trees under Common Garden Conditions in Europe. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Invasive tree species change biodiversity, nutrient cycles, and ecosystem services, and can turn native ecosystems into novel ecosystems determined by invaders. In the acclimatization and invasion of alien tree species, the crucial role is played by ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. We tested ECM fungi associated with Quercus rubra and Carya trees that are alien to Europe. Quercus rubra is among the most invasive tree species in Europe, and the Carya species are not considered invasive. Both form ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, and in their native range in North America, coexist in oak-hickory forests. Six study stands were located in Kórnik Arboretum: three for Q. rubra and three for Carya trees. Ectomycorrhizal fungi were assessed by molecular identification of ECM roots. We identified 73 ECM fungal taxa of 23 ECM phylogenetic lineages. All identified ECM fungi were native to Europe. Similar richness but different composition of ECM taxa were found on Q. rubra and Carya roots. Phylogenetic lineages /tomentella-thelephora, /russula-lactarius, and /genea-humaria were most abundant on both Carya and Q. rubra roots. Lineages /tuber-helvella and /entoloma were abundant only on Carya, and lineages /pisolithus-scleroderma and /cortinarius were abundant only on Q. rubra roots. Analysis of similarities revealed a significant difference in ectomycorrhizal assemblages between invasive Q. rubra and non-invasive Carya. Highlights: (1) under common garden conditions, ECM taxa richness was similar on Q. rubra and Carya roots; (2) ECM taxa composition differed between invasive Q. rubra and non-invasive Carya; (3) high abundance of long-distance exploration type (lineages from Boletales) was on Q. rubra; and (4) high abundance of short-distance exploration type (e.g., /tuber-helvella) was on Carya.
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Páez CP, Healy RA, Guevara G, Orijel RG, Castellano MA, Cázares E, Trappe JM. Greetings from belowground: two new species of truffles in the genus Pachyphlodes (Pezizaceae, Pezizales) from México. MycoKeys 2021; 82:159-171. [PMID: 34475801 PMCID: PMC8384826 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.82.67685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pachyphlodes is a lineage of ectomycorrhizal, hypogeous, sequestrate ascomycete fungi native to temperate and subtropical forests in the Northern Hemisphere. Pachyphlodes species form ectomycorrhizae mainly with Fagales hosts. Here we describe two new species of Pachyphlodes, P.brunnea, and P.coalescens, based on morphological and phylogenetic analysis. Pachyphlodesbrunnea is distributed in the states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León in northern México, occurring with Quercus and Juglans species. It is characterized by its dark brown peridium, white gleba, and spores with capitate columns. Pachyphlodescoalescens is distributed in the states of Michoacán and Tlaxcala in central and southwestern México co-occurring with Quercus and is distinguished by its reddish-brown peridium, light yellow gleba, and spore ornamentation. Both species, along with P.marronina, constitute the Marronina clade. This clade contains North American species characterized by a brown peridium and spores ornamented with capitate spines to coalesced spine tips that form a partial perispore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Piña Páez
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.,Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, Oregon, USA
| | - Rosanne A Healy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida. 2550 Hull Rd, Gainesville, 32607, Florida, USA
| | - Gonzalo Guevara
- Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria. Av. Portes Gil 1301 Poniente, C.P. 87010 Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México
| | - Roberto Garibay Orijel
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito s/n, Ciudad Universitaria Delegación Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Michael A Castellano
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, 97331, Oregon, USA
| | - Efrén Cázares
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, Oregon, USA
| | - James M Trappe
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, 97331, Oregon, USA
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Diversity of Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Communities in Four Types of Stands in Pinus massoniana Plantation in the West of China. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi can form symbioses with plant roots, which play an important role in regulating the rhizosphere microenvironment. As a broad-spectrum ECM tree species, Pinus massoniana forms symbiotic relationship called mycorrhiza with various ECM fungal species. In this study, four types of forests were selected from a 38-year-old Pinus plantation in eastern Sichuan, namely, pure P. massoniana forest (MC), P. massoniana mixed with Cunninghamia lanceolata forest (MS), P. massoniana–Cryptomeria fortunei forest (ML), and P. massoniana–broadleaved forest (MK), the species mixture ratio of all forests was 1:1. The ITS2 segment of ECM root tip sequenced by high-throughput sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. (1) The ECM fungi of these four P. massoniana forests showed similar dominant genera but different relative abundances in community structure during the three seasons. (2) The alpha diversity index of ECM fungi was significantly influenced by season and forest type. (3) Soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), C/N ratio, and total phosphorus (TP) influenced the ECM fungal community structure in different seasons. In summary, there were significant differences in ECM fungal communities among different forest types and different seasons; the colonization rate of ECM fungal in P. massoniana–Cunninghamia lanceolata was the highest, so we infer that Cunninghamia lanceolata is the most suitable tree species for mixed with P. massoniana in three mixture forests.
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Grupe AC, Jusino MA, Mujic AB, Spakes-Richter B, Bonito G, Brenneman T, Smith ME. Effects of Field Fumigation and Inoculation With the Pecan Truffle ( Tuber lyonii) on the Fungal Community of Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis) Seedlings Over 5 Years. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661515. [PMID: 34054763 PMCID: PMC8155716 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Truffle fungi are esteemed for their aromatic qualities and are among the most widely cultivated edible ectomycorrhizal fungi. Here we document a successful method for establishing Tuber lyonii, the pecan truffle, on pecan (Carya illinoinensis) seedlings in a field setting. We assessed the impacts of soil fumigation and varying concentrations of truffle spore inoculum on the ectomycorrhizal fungal and the complete fungal communities as well as the colonization of T. lyonii on pecan roots at three nurseries in Georgia, United States. To identify fungal communities on pecan seedlings, we performed high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the fungal ITS1 rDNA region. Our 5-year long field experiment demonstrates that fumigation and inoculation together resulted in the highest persistence of T. lyonii on pecan roots. While fungal OTU numbers fluctuated over the years of our experiments, there was no statistical support to demonstrate diversification of communities when Shannon diversity metrics were used. However, we did find that older seedlings were less likely to be dominated by T. lyonii compared to younger ones, suggesting successional changes in the fungal community over time. This suggests that transplanting inoculated seedlings after 2 or 3 years post-inoculation is optimal for future truffle propagation efforts. Our results demonstrate that T. lyonii can be established in situ with methods that are compatible with current pecan nursery industry practices and that fungal communities on pecan seedlings vary depending on the experimental treatments used during planting. While the pecan truffle is not yet widely cultivated, our results provide insights for future large-scale cultivation of this and perhaps other Tuber species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C Grupe
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michelle A Jusino
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Alija B Mujic
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, United States
| | | | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Tim Brenneman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, United States
| | - Matthew E Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Palma-Cano LE, Piñon-Castillo HA, Tarango-Rivero SH, Carbon A, Salas-Leiva J, Muñoz-Castellanos LN, Cravo-Laureau C, Duran R, Orrantia-Borunda E. Effect of organic and conventional farming on soil bacterial diversity of pecan tree (Carya illinoensis K. Kosh) orchard across two phenological stages. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 72:556-569. [PMID: 33453128 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We described the bacterial diversity of walnut grove soils under organic and conventional farming. The bacterial communities of rhizospheric and nonrhizospheric soils of pecan tree (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) were compared considering two phenological stages (sprouting and ripening). Sixteen operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified significantly more abundant according to the plant development, only one according to the farming condition, and none according to the soil origin. The OTUs specificaly abundant according to plant development included Actinobateria (2) and Betaproteobacteria (1) related OTUs more abundant at the sprouting stage, while at the fruit ripening (FR) stage the more abundant OTUs were related to Actinobacteria (6), Alphaproteobacteria (6), and unclassified Bacteria (1). The Gaiellaceae OTU18 (Actinobacteria) was more abundant under conventional farming. Thus, our study revealed that the plant development stage was the main factor shaping the bacterial community structure, while less influence was noticed for the farming condition. The bacterial communities exhibited specific metabolic capacities, a large range of carbon sources being used at the FR stage. The identified OTUs specifically more abundant represent indicators providing useful information on soil condition, potential tools for the management of soil bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Palma-Cano
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, México
| | - H A Piñon-Castillo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | | | - A Carbon
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, UPPA/E2S, IPREM, UMR CNRS 5254, Bat. IBEAS, Pau, France
| | - J Salas-Leiva
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, México.,Cátedra-CONACyT, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Chihuahua, México
| | - L N Muñoz-Castellanos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México
| | - C Cravo-Laureau
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, UPPA/E2S, IPREM, UMR CNRS 5254, Bat. IBEAS, Pau, France
| | - R Duran
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, UPPA/E2S, IPREM, UMR CNRS 5254, Bat. IBEAS, Pau, France
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8
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Truffles: Biodiversity, Ecological Significances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Kang Z, Zou J, Huang Y, Zhang X, Ye L, Zhang B, Zhang X, Li X. Tuber melanosporum shapes nirS-type denitrifying and ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities in Carya illinoinensis ectomycorrhizosphere soils. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9457. [PMID: 32953252 PMCID: PMC7474878 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NirS-type denitrifying bacteria and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) play a key role in the soil nitrogen cycle, which may affect the growth and development of underground truffles. We aimed to investigate nirS-type denitrifying bacterial and AOB community structures in the rhizosphere soils of Carya illinoinensis seedlings inoculated with the black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) during the early symbiotic stage. Methods The C. illinoinensis seedlings inoculated with or without T. melanosporum were cultivated in a greenhouse for six months. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was used to analyze nirS-type denitrifying bacterial and AOB community structures in the rhizosphere soils of these seedlings. Additionally, the soil properties were determined. Results The results indicated that the abundance and diversity of AOB were significantly reduced due to the inoculation of T. melanosporum, while these of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria increased significantly. Proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial groups, and Rhodanobacter, Pseudomonas, Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas were the dominant classified bacterial genera in all the soil samples. Pseudomonas was the most abundant classified nirS-type denitrifying bacterial genus in ectomycorrhizosphere soils whose relative abundance could significantly increase after T. melanosporum inoculation. A large number of unclassified nirS-type denitrifying bacteria and AOB were observed. Moreover, T. melanosporum inoculation had little effect on the pH, total nitrogen (TN), nitrate-nitrogen (NO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}${}_{3}^{-}$\end{document}3−-N) and ammonium-nitrogen (NH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}${}_{4}^{+}$\end{document}4+-N) contents in ectomycorrhizosphere soils. Overall, our results showed that nirS-type denitrifying bacterial and AOB communities in C. illinoinensis rhizosphere soils were significantly affected by T. melanosporum on the initial stage of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, without obvious variation of soil N contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjing Kang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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Ectomycorrhizal fungi of exotic Carya ovata in the context of surrounding native forests on Central European sites. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Yang M, Zou J, Liu C, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Yan L, Ye L, Tang P, Li X. Chinese white truffles shape the ectomycorrhizal microbial communities of Corylus avellana. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-1445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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12
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Idondo LF, Colombo RP, Recchi M, Silvani VA, Pérgola M, Martínez A, Godeas AM. Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with pecan ( Caryaillinoinensis) trees by molecular and morphological approaches. MycoKeys 2018:73-88. [PMID: 30564053 PMCID: PMC6286380 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.42.26118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community associated with pecan (Caryaillinoinensis) roots and rhizospheric soils was assessed by spore isolation and morphological characterisation and by pyrosequencing of AM molecular markers. The AM fungal community associated with pecan growing in the field, was always more diverse than that associated with pecan growing in containers. This was not observed when AM richness was studied, suggesting that soil disturbance by a reduction in host plant richness leads to a less equitable distribution of AM fungal species, in contrast to natural soils. The chosen primers (AMV4.5F/AMDGR) for pyrosequencing showed high AM fungal specificity. Based on 97% sequence similarity, 49 operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were obtained and, amongst these, 41 MOTUs corresponded to the Glomeromycotaphylum. The number of obtained AM sequences ranged from 2164, associated with field samples, to 5572 obtained from pecan trap pot culture samples, defining 30 and 29 MOTUs, respectively. Richness estimated by conventional species identification was 6 and 9 AM fungal species in soil and pot samples, respectively. Claroideoglomuslamellosum, Funneliformismosseae and Entrophosporainfrequens were the only taxa detected using both techniques. Predominant sequences in the pecan rhizosphere samples, such as Rhizoglomusirregulare and other less abundant (Dominikiairanica, Dominikiaindica, Sclerocystissinuosa, Paraglomuslaccatum), were detected only by pyrosequencing. Detection of AM fungal species based on spore morphology, in combination with molecular approaches, provides a more comprehensive estimate of fungal community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernández Idondo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología del Suelo. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, 4to piso, Pabellón 2. 1428. Buenos Aires. Argentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - R P Colombo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología del Suelo. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, 4to piso, Pabellón 2. 1428. Buenos Aires. Argentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M Recchi
- Laboratorio de Microbiología del Suelo. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, 4to piso, Pabellón 2. 1428. Buenos Aires. Argentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - V A Silvani
- Laboratorio de Microbiología del Suelo. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, 4to piso, Pabellón 2. 1428. Buenos Aires. Argentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - M Pérgola
- Laboratorio de Microbiología del Suelo. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, 4to piso, Pabellón 2. 1428. Buenos Aires. Argentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - A Martínez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología del Suelo. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, 4to piso, Pabellón 2. 1428. Buenos Aires. Argentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - A M Godeas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología del Suelo. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental Aplicada. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Ciudad Universitaria, 4to piso, Pabellón 2. 1428. Buenos Aires. Argentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
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Rudawska M, Leski T, Wilgan R, Karliński L, Kujawska M, Janowski D. Mycorrhizal associations of the exotic hickory trees, Carya laciniosa and Carya cordiformis, grown in Kórnik Arboretum in Poland. MYCORRHIZA 2018; 28:549-560. [PMID: 29934745 PMCID: PMC6182374 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-018-0846-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied mycorrhizal associations of North American Carya laciniosa and Carya cordiformis trees, successfully acclimated to local habitat conditions of the historic Kórnik Arboretum in Poland, in order to better understand mycorrhizal host range extensions in new environments. The root systems of Carya seedlings (1-3 years old), regenerated under a canopy of mature hickory trees, were analyzed using microscopic, morphological, and molecular techniques. Our results, for the first time, indicate that C. laciniosa and C. cordiformis have both arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal associations. In the cleared and stained roots of both Carya species, typical structures of arbuscular mycorrhizae (vesicles, arbuscules, hyphal coils, and intercellular nonseptate hyphae) were detected. On the basis of ITS rDNA sequencing, 40 ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa were revealed, with 25 on C. laciniosa and 19 on C. cordiformis. Only four fungal species (Cenococcum geophilum sensu lato, Russula recondita, Xerocomellus cisalpinus, Humaria hemisphaerica) were shared by both Carya species. The high number of infrequent fungal taxa found, as well as the calculated richness estimator, indicates that the real ectomycorrhizal community of C. laciniosa and C. cordiformis is probably richer. The ability of the exotic Carya species to form arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal linkages with native fungi could be a factor in the successful establishment of these tree species under the conditions of Kórnik Arboretum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rudawska
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Leski
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Robin Wilgan
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Leszek Karliński
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Marta Kujawska
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Daniel Janowski
- Laboratory of Symbiotic Associations, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035, Kórnik, Poland
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Ramos A, Garay-Serrano E, César E, Montoya L, Bandala VM. Ectomycorrhizas of two species of Tuber (clade Puberulum) in the Mexican subtropical cloud forest. Symbiosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-017-0535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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An ultrastructural study of spore wall development and septal pores in species of the Pachyphlodes (Pezizaceae, Pezizales) lineage, with a description of the new species Pachyphlodes annagardnerae. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gryndler M, Šmilauer P, Šťovíček V, Nováková K, Hršelová H, Jansa J. Truffle biogeography-A case study revealing ecological niche separation of different Tuber species. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4275-4288. [PMID: 28649340 PMCID: PMC5478065 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecology of hypogeic mycorrhizal fungi, such as truffles, remains largely unknown, both in terms of their geographical distribution and their environmental niches. Occurrence of true truffles (Tuber spp.) was therefore screened using specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and subsequent PCR amplicon sequencing in tree roots collected at 322 field sites across the Czech Republic. These sites spanned a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. The sampling was a priori restricted to areas thought to be suitable for Tuber spp. inasmuch as they were characterized by weakly acidic to alkaline soils, warmer climate, and with tree species previously known to host true truffles. Eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) corresponding to Tuber aestivum, T. borchii, T. foetidum, T. rufum, T. indicum, T. huidongense, T. dryophilum, and T. oligospermum were detected. Among these, T. borchii was the OTU encountered most frequently. It was detected at nearly 19% of the sites. Soil pH was the most important predictor of Tuber spp. distribution. Tuber borchii preferred weakly acidic soils, T. foetidum and T. rufum were most abundant in neutral soils, and T. huidongense was restricted to alkaline soils. Distribution of T. aestivum was mainly dictated by climate, with its range restricted to the warmest sites. Host preferences of the individual Tuber spp. were weak compared to soil and climatic predictors, with the notable exception that T. foetidum appeared to avoid oak trees. Our results open the way to better understanding truffle ecology and, through this new knowledge, also to better-informed trufficulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Gryndler
- Faculty of SciencesJan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad LabemÚstí nad LabemCzech Republic
- Laboratory of Fungal BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Václav Šťovíček
- Faculty of SciencesJan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad LabemÚstí nad LabemCzech Republic
| | - Kristýna Nováková
- Faculty of SciencesJan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad LabemÚstí nad LabemCzech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Laboratory of Fungal BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal BiologyInstitute of MicrobiologyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
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Marozzi G, Sánchez S, Benucci GMN, Bonito G, Falini LB, Albertini E, Donnini D. Mycorrhization of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) with black truffles: Tuber melanosporum and Tuber brumale. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:303-309. [PMID: 27838857 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pecan, Carya illinoinensis, is an economically important nut producing tree that can establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with a high diversity of fungi. In the southern USA, truffles (Tuber spp.) sometimes fruit prolifically in cultivated pecan orchards and regularly associate with pecan roots as ectomycorrhizae (ECMs). It has been demonstrated that some valuable European truffle species (e.g., Tuber borchii and Tuber aestivum) can form ECMs with pecan seedlings in nursery conditions. Thus, pecan may represent an attractive alternative host to forest trees for truffle growers given the potential for co-cropping truffles and pecans. To further explore the capacity of pecan to host truffle symbionts, pecan seedlings were inoculated with species of black truffles that are economically important in Europe, T. melanosporum and T. brumale. Ectomycorrhizae were characterized molecularly and their morphology was described in detail. Mycorrhization rates on pecan roots were assessed over a 2-year period. Tuber melanosporum and T. brumale produced well-formed ECMs with a level of root colonization in the first year of 37.3 and 34.5%, respectively. After 24 months, the level of mycorrhization increased for T. brumale (49.4%) and decreased for T. melanosporum (10.5%) inversely to that of non-target ECM greenhouse contaminants (e.g., Sphaerosporella brunnea, Trichophaea woolhopeia, Pulvinula constellatio). To assess whether mating types segregated in T. melanosporum as been reported for other host species, we amplified the mating-type locus from single T. melanosporum ECM belonging to different seedlings over a 2-year period. The two mating idiomorphs were nearly equally represented along the 2-year time span: MAT 1-1-1 decreased from 59.4% in the first year to 48.5% in the second year after inoculation. Data reported in this study add to knowledge on the mycorrhization of pecan trees with commercial truffles and has application to truffle and nut co-cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Marozzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Forest Resources Department, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Agrifood Institute of Aragón-IA2 (CITA-Zaragoza University), 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gian Maria Niccolò Benucci
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Gregory Bonito
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Leonardo Baciarelli Falini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
| | - Domizia Donnini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121, Perugia, Italy
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Bonito GM, Smith ME. General Systematic Position of the Truffles: Evolutionary Theories. SOIL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31436-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Benucci GMN, Raggi L, Albertini E, Csorbai AG, Donnini D. Assessment of ectomycorrhizal biodiversity in Tuber macrosporum productive sites. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24:281-292. [PMID: 24232503 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tuber macrosporum Vittad. is a truffle with superb organoleptic properties, whose cultivation is still in its infancy. For the first time we have aimed to provide information on ectomycorrhizal communities in natural and cultivated T. macrosporum sites. Ectomycorrhizal morphotypes were identified using ITS nrDNA sequencing and sorted into molecular operational taxonomic unit (MOTU). We detected 16 MOTUs in the T. macrosporum cultivated plantation. Ascomycota were the most abundant (86.4%) with Helvellaceae, Pyronemataceae and Pezizaceae the most common. Twenty-two MOTUs were collected in the natural T. macrosporum site. Basidiomycota morphotypes were plentiful (70.6%) and Thelephoraceae dominated. Each site had different taxa belowground with only T. macrosporum in common, being more abundant in the natural (18.2%) than in the cultivated (14.4%) site. Species richness, Simpson and Shannon diversity indices, taxonomic diversity, distinctness and variation of taxonomic distinctness were lower in the cultivated than in the natural site.
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Tedersoo L, Smith ME. Lineages of ectomycorrhizal fungi revisited: Foraging strategies and novel lineages revealed by sequences from belowground. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Leonardi M, Iotti M, Oddis M, Lalli G, Pacioni G, Leonardi P, Maccherini S, Perini C, Salerni E, Zambonelli A. Assessment of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in the natural habitats of Tuber magnatum (Ascomycota, Pezizales). MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:349-58. [PMID: 23299664 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal communities of four natural Tuber magnatum truffle grounds, located in different Italian regions (Abruzzo, Emilia-Romagna, Molise, and Tuscany), were studied. The main objective of this study was to characterize and compare the ECM fungal communities in the different regions and in productive (where T. magnatum ascomata were found) and nonproductive points. More than 8,000 (8,100) colonized root tips were counted in 73 soil cores, and 129 operational taxonomic units were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Although the composition of the ECM fungal communities studied varied, we were able to highlight some common characteristics. The most plentiful ECM fungal taxa belong to the Thelephoraceae and Sebacinaceae families followed by Inocybaceae and Russulaceae. Although several ectomycorrhizas belonging to Tuber genus were identified, no T. magnatum ectomycorrhizas were found. The putative ecological significance of some species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Potential and limitations of Burgundy truffle cultivation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:5215-24. [PMID: 23666478 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4956-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Burgundy truffles (Tuber aestivum syn. Tuber uncinatum) are the highly prized fruit bodies of subterranean fungi always occurring in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with host plants. Successful cultivation can be achieved through artificial mycorrhization and outplanting of mostly oaks and hazel on suitable terrain. Here, we review ecological requirements, the influence of environmental factors, and the importance of molecular techniques for a successful cultivation of T. aestivum across Europe. The historical background and current knowledge of T. aestivum cultivation are discussed in light of its socioeconomic relevance.
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Healy RA, Smith ME, Bonito GM, Pfister DH, Ge ZW, Guevara GG, Williams G, Stafford K, Kumar L, Lee T, Hobart C, Trappe J, Vilgalys R, McLaughlin DJ. High diversity and widespread occurrence of mitotic spore mats in ectomycorrhizalPezizales. Mol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Healy
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - M. E. Smith
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-0680 USA
| | - G. M. Bonito
- Department of Biology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - D. H. Pfister
- Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany; Harvard University; Cambridge MA 02143 USA
| | - Z. -W. Ge
- Department of Plant Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611-0680 USA
- Kunming Institute of Botany; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Kunming 650204 China
| | - G. G. Guevara
- Instituto Tecnológico de Cd. Victoria; Tamaulipas 87010 Mexico
| | - G. Williams
- Department of Biology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - K. Stafford
- Department of Biology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - L. Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - T. Lee
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - C. Hobart
- University of Sheffield; Sheffield UK
| | - J. Trappe
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society; Oregon State University; Corvalis 97331-2106 OR USA
| | - R. Vilgalys
- Department of Biology; Duke University; Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - D. J. McLaughlin
- Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul MN 55108 USA
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Benucci GMN, Bonito G, Baciarelli Falini L, Bencivenga M. Mycorrhization of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis) with commercial truffle species: Tuber aestivum Vittad. and Tuber borchii Vittad. MYCORRHIZA 2012; 22:383-392. [PMID: 21986799 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-011-0413-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is an economically important nut tree native to the Mississippi basin and cultivated worldwide. In North America, species of truffles are regularly found fruiting in productive pecan orchards and the truffle genus Tuber appears to be abundant in pecan ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities. As an initial step to determine the feasibility of co-cropping European truffle species with pecan, we evaluated whether mycorrhizae of highly esteemed European truffle species (Tuber aestivum Vittad. T. borchii and T. macrosporum) could be formed on pecan seedlings. Seedlings were inoculated with truffle spores and were grown in a greenhouse for 10 months. Levels of EM colonization were estimated visually and quantified by counting EM tips. Ectomycorrhizae were identified both morphologically and molecularly with species-specific amplification and by sequencing of the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA). Both T. borchii and T. aestivum spores produced well-formed ectomycorrhizae on pecan seedlings with average root colonization levels of about 62% and 42%, respectively, whereas no ectomycorrhizae of T. macrosporum were formed. The anatomy and morphology of these truffle ectomycorrhizae on pecan was characterized. The co-cropping of T. aestivum and T. borchii may hold promise as an additional stream of revenue to pecan growers, although, further studies are needed to assess whether this symbiosis is maintained after planting in the field and whether truffle production can be supported by this host species.
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Benucci GMN, Bonito G, Falini LB, Bencivenga M, Donnini D. Truffles, Timber, Food, and Fuel: Sustainable Approaches for Multi-cropping Truffles and Economically Important Plants. SOIL BIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-33823-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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