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Arenas F, Morte A, Navarro-Ródenas A. Design and Validation of qPCR-Specific Primers for Quantification of the Marketed Terfezia claveryi and Terfezia crassiverrucosa in Soil. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1095. [PMID: 36294660 PMCID: PMC9605127 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Desert truffle crop is a pioneer in southeastern Spain, a region where native edible hypogeous fungi are adapted to the semiarid areas with low annual rainfall. Terfezia claveryi Chatin was the first species of desert truffle to be cultivated, and has been increasing in recent years as an alternative rainfed crop in the Iberian Peninsula. However, its behaviour in the field has yet not been investigated. For this purpose, specific primers were designed for the soil DNA quantification of both T. claveryi and Terfezia crassiverrucosa and a real-time qPCR protocol was developed, using the ITS rDNA region as a target. Moreover, a young desert truffle orchard was sampled for environmental validation. The results showed the highest efficiency for the TerclaF3/TerclaR1 primers pair, 89%, and the minimal fungal biomass that could be reliable detected was set at 4.23 µg mycelium/g soil. The spatial distribution of fungal biomass was heterogeneous, and there was not a direct relationship between the quantity of winter soil mycelium and the location/productivity of desert truffles. This protocol could be applied to tracking these species in soil and understand their mycelial dynamics in plantations and wild areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Arenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Forest Science and Technology Centre of Catalonia (CTFC), Carretera de Sant Llorenç de Morunys, Km 2, 25280 Solsona, Spain
| | - Asunción Morte
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Navarro-Ródenas
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal (Botánica), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, CEIR Campus Mare Nostrum (CMN), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Alem D, Dejene T, Geml J, Oria-de-Rueda JA, Martín-Pinto P. Metabarcoding analysis of the soil fungal community to aid the conservation of underexplored church forests in Ethiopia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4817. [PMID: 35314738 PMCID: PMC8938458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08828-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the Dry Afromontane forests in the northern part of Ethiopia are located around church territories and, hence, are called church forests. These forests are biodiversity islands and provide key ecosystem services to local communities. A previous study of church forest fungal species was based on sporocarp collections. However, to obtain a complete picture of the fungal community, the total fungal community present in the soil needs to be analyzed. This information is important to integrate church forests into global biodiversity conservation strategies and to understand what actions are required to conserve church forests and their biological components, including fungi, which are known for their exceptionally high diversity levels. We assessed soil fungal communities in three church forests using ITS2 rDNA metabarcoding. In total, 5152 fungal operational taxonomic units representing 16 fungal phyla were identified. Saprotrophs followed by ectomycorrhizal fungi and animal pathogens dominated fungal communities. Significant differences in diversity and richness were observed between forests. Non-metric multidimensional scaling confirmed that fungal community composition differed in each forest. The composition was influenced by climatic, edaphic, vegetation, and spatial variables. Linear relationships were found between tree basal area and the abundance of total fungi and trophic groups. Forest management strategies that consider cover, tree density, enrichment plantations of indigenous host tree species, and environmental factors would offer suitable habitats for fungal diversity, production, and function in these forest systems. The application of the baseline information obtained in this study could assist other countries with similar forest conservation issues due to deforestation and forest fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demelash Alem
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34071, Palencia, Spain.,Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute (EEFRI), P. O. Box 30708, 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tatek Dejene
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34071, Palencia, Spain.,Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute (EEFRI), P. O. Box 30708, 1000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - József Geml
- MTA-EKE Lendület Environmental Microbiome Research Group, Eszterházy Károly University, Leányka u. 6, 3300, Eger, Hungary
| | - Juan Andrés Oria-de-Rueda
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34071, Palencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Martín-Pinto
- Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 44, 34071, Palencia, Spain.
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Effect of an Ectomycorrhizal Fungus on the Growth of Castanea henryi Seedlings and the Seasonal Variation of Root Tips’ Structure and Physiology. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Castanea henryi is a ubiquitous hardwood chestnut species in southern China and is important both ecologically and economically. It is mainly cultivated for nut production, just like other chestnut species. However, the establishment of C. henryi seedlings in a new orchard has proven to be difficult because few seedlings survive transplanting due to the incompatibility of their coarse root architecture with nutrient-depleted red acid soils in southern China. Root architecture can be profoundly modified and nutrient can be stress alleviated due to the association of roots with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Boletus edulis is an ECM fungus with edible and medicinal fruiting bodies. However, its impact on plant growth varies with the plant species it is associated with. In order to elucidate the role of B. edulis in C. henryi afforestation, we evaluated growth parameters and soil enzymatic activities, as well as seasonal variations in physiology and structure of ECM root tips. Growth responses and soil enzymatic activities were measured 6 months after inoculation. The physiological characteristics of root tips were also compared at various seasons throughout the year. B. edulis colonization of C. henryi roots was successful at a 60% colonization rate. Height, base diameter, and biomass (especially the underground part) of inoculated seedlings (JG) were higher than those of uninoculated seedlings (CK). JG had higher root total length, root surface area, root volume, root average diameter, and number of root tips than CK. Additionally, JG exhibited higher total nitrogen and phosphorus content. Abnormal mantle and Harting net were observed in winter. No matter the season, ECM tips had higher antioxidant enzyme activities, root activities, soluble protein content, and lower malondialdehyde compared to non-ECM tips (nE) and those without ECM tips (woE), and there were no differences between nE and woE. It is important to understand the growth of the host plant in response to ECM and that the seasonal variation of ECM root tips is important when growing high-quality C. henryi seedlings, due to the crucial role of B. edulis in improving seedling initial survival rate.
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Yu WY, Peng MH, Wang JJ, Ye WY, Li YL, Zhang T, Wang AR, Zhang DM, Wang ZH, Lu GD, Bao JD. Microbial community associated with ectomycorrhizal Russula symbiosis and dominated nature areas in southern China. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6164866. [PMID: 33693611 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Russula griseocarnosa is one of the uncultivable important mycorrhizal edible fungi. Currently, there is a limited insight into the dynamic composition of the microbial communities associated with Russula. Here, the microbiota in the root and mycorrhizosphere from Russula-Fagaceae nature areas of Fujian province were identified by Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. First, we compared three types of fungal communities associated with Russula-Fagaceae root mycelia-running stage (stage-1), Russula sporocarping stage-2 (stage-2) and Russula-free Fagaceae root (stage-3). Fungal diversity negatively correlated with Russula. Russula, Tomentella and Lactarius were core EcM in Fagaceae roots. A total of eight genera, including Boletus, are likely a positive indicator of Russula sporocarp production in Russula-Fagaceae roots, while Tomentella and Elaphomyces for Russula symbiosis. Secondly, analysis of fungal and bacterial communities within rhizosphere soils from the three stages revealed six genera, including Dacryobolus and Acidocella, as possible indicator species associated with sporocarping in Russula. Elaphomyces, Tomentella, Sorangium, Acidicaldus, Acidobacterium and Haliangium occurred more frequently in the Russula rhizosphere. Furthermore, operational taxonomic unit (OTU) network analysis showed a positive correlation between Russula,Tomentella, Elaphomyces and Sorangium. Overall, our results revealed a relationship between micro-community and Russula, which may provide a new strategy for improving Russula symbiosis and sporocarp production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming-Hui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ya-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ai-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Dong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops and Fujian Universities Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences and College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Soil Fungal Communities under Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. Plantation Forests of Different Ages in Ethiopia. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of plantation forests is likely to change the diversity and composition of soil fungal communities. At present, there is scant information about these communities in Ethiopian plantation forest systems. We assessed the soil fungal communities in Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. stands aged 5, 11, or 36-years-old using DNA metabarcoding of ITS2 amplicons. The ecological conditions of each plot, such as climate, altitude, and soil, were similar. Stand age and soil fertility influenced soil fungal species diversity and ecological guilds. In total, 2262 fungal operational taxonomic units were identified, of which 2% were ectomycorrhizal (ECM). The diversity of ECM fungi was higher in the 5 and 36-year-old stands than in the 11-year-old P. patula stands. Contrary to our expectations, a high level of ECM species diversity was observed in young stands, suggesting that these ECM species could compensate for the effects of nutrient stress in these stands. Our results also suggested that the abundance of plant pathogens and saprotrophs was not affected by stand age. This study provides baseline information about fungal community changes across tree stands of different ages in P. patula plantations in Ethiopia that are likely related to ECM fungi in young stands where relatively low soil fertility prevails. However, given that the plots were established in a single stand for each age class for each treatment, this study should be considered as a case study and, therefore, caution should be exercised when applying the conclusions to other stands.
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Borovička J, Konvalinková T, Žigová A, Ďurišová J, Gryndler M, Hršelová H, Kameník J, Leonhardt T, Sácký J. Disentangling the factors of contrasting silver and copper accumulation in sporocarps of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita strobiliformis from two sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133679. [PMID: 31400682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amanita strobiliformis (European Pine Cone Lepidella) is an ectomycorrhizal fungus of the Amanitaceae family known to hyperaccumulate Ag in the sporocarps. Two populations (ecotypes) of A. strobiliformis collected from two urban forest plantations in Prague, Czech Republic, were investigated. The concentrations of Ag, Cu, Cd, and Zn were determined in the mushrooms. The metal mobility and fractionation in the soils was investigated by single extractions and sequential extraction. The soil distribution of A. strobiliformis mycelium was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The metal uptake from the soil into the mushroom sporocarps was traced by Pb isotopic fingerprinting. The findings suggested that A. strobiliformis (i) accumulates primarily Ag from the topsoil layer (circa 12cm deep) and (ii) accumulates Ag associated with the "reducible soil fraction". The concentrations of all metals, particularly Ag and Cu, were significantly higher in the A. strobiliformis sporocarps from one of the investigated sites (Klíčov). The elevated concentrations of Ag in the sporocarps from Klíčov can possibly be attributed to the higher Ag content in the topsoil layer found at this site. However, the simultaneously elevated concentrations of Cu in A. strobiliformis from Klíčov cannot be explained by the differences in the geochemical background and should be attributed to biological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Konvalinková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Žigová
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ďurišová
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, 16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, České mládeže 8, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kameník
- Nuclear Physics Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Hlavní 130, 25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Leonhardt
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sácký
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
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Zhang S, Vaario LM, Xia Y, Matsushita N, Geng Q, Tsuruta M, Kurokochi H, Lian C. The effects of co-colonising ectomycorrhizal fungi on mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in Laccaria japonica colonising seedlings of Pinus densiflora. MYCORRHIZA 2019; 29:207-218. [PMID: 30953171 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-019-00890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Forest trees are colonised by different species of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that interact competitively or mutualistically with one another. Most ECM fungi can produce sporocarps. To date, the effects of co-colonising fungal species on sporocarp formation in ECM fungi remain unknown. In this study, we examined host plant growth, mycorrhizal colonisation, and sporocarp formation when roots of Pinus densiflora are colonised by Laccaria japonica and three other ECM fungal species (Cenococcum geophilum, Pisolithus sp., and Suillus luteus). Sporocarp numbers were recorded throughout the experimental period. The biomass, photosynthetic rate, and mycorrhizal colonisation rate of the seedlings were also measured at 45 days, 62 days, and 1 year after seedlings were transplanted. Results indicated that C. geophilum and S. luteus may negatively impact mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in L. japonica. Sporocarp formation in L. japonica was positively correlated with conspecific mycorrhizal colonisation but negatively correlated with the biomass of seedlings of P. densiflora. The co-occurring ECM fungi largely competed with L. japonica, resulting in various effects on mycorrhizal colonisation and sporocarp formation in L. japonica. A variety of mechanisms may be involved in the competitive interactions among the different ECM fungal species, including abilities to more rapidly colonise root tips, acquire soil nutrients, or produce antibiotics. These mechanisms need to be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zhang
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Lu-Min Vaario
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Qifang Geng
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Momi Tsuruta
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kurokochi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chunlan Lian
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-8 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan.
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Predicting Mushroom Productivity from Long-Term Field-Data Series in Mediterranean Pinus pinaster Ait. Forests in the Context of Climate Change. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term field-data series were used to fit a mushroom productivity model. Simulations enabled us to predict the consequences of management and climate scenarios on potential mushroom productivity. Mushrooms play an important ecological and economic role in forest ecosystems. Human interest in collecting mushrooms for self-consumption is also increasing, giving forests added value for providing recreational services. Pinus pinaster Ait. is a western Mediterranean species of great economic and ecological value. Over 7.5% of the total European distribution of the species is found on the Castilian Plateau in central Spain, where a great variety of mushrooms can be harvested. The aim of this study was to model and simulate mushroom productivity in Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) ecosystems in northern Spain under different silvicultural and climatic scenarios. A mixed model was fitted that related total mushroom productivity to stand and weather variables. The model was uploaded to the SiManFor platform to study the effect of different silvicultural and climatic scenarios on mushroom productivity. The selected independent variables in the model were the ratio between stand basal area and density as a stand management indicator, along with precipitation and average temperatures for September and November. The simulation results also showed that silviculture had a positive impact on mushroom productivity, which was higher in scenarios with moderate and high thinning intensities. The impact was highly positive in wetter scenarios, though only slightly positive and negative responses were observed in hotter and drier scenarios, respectively. Silviculture had a positive impact on mushroom productivity, especially in wetter scenarios. Precipitation had greater influence than temperature on total mushroom productivity in Maritime pine stands. The results of this paper will enable forest managers to develop optimal management approaches for P. pinaster forests that integrate Non-Wood Forest Products resources.
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Mello A, Balestrini R. Recent Insights on Biological and Ecological Aspects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Their Interactions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:216. [PMID: 29497408 PMCID: PMC5818412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roots of most terrestrial plants are colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. They play a key role in terrestrial environments influencing soil structure and ecosystem functionality. Around them a peculiar region, the mycorrhizosphere, develops. This is a very dynamic environment where plants, soil and microorganisms interact. Interest in this fascinating environment has increased over the years. For a long period the knowledge of the microbial populations in the rhizosphere has been limited, because they have always been studied by traditional culture-based techniques. These methods, which only allow the study of cultured microorganisms, do not allow the characterization of most organisms existing in nature. The introduction in the last few years of methodologies that are independent of culture techniques has bypassed this limitation. This together with the development of high-throughput molecular tools has given new insights into the biology, evolution, and biodiversity of mycorrhizal associations, as well as, the molecular dialog between plants and fungi. The genomes of many mycorrhizal fungal species have been sequenced so far allowing to better understanding the lifestyle of these fungi, their sexual reproduction modalities and metabolic functions. The possibility to detect the mycelium and the mycorrhizae of heterothallic fungi has also allowed to follow the spatial and temporal distributional patterns of strains of different mating types. On the other hand, the availability of the genome sequencing from several mycorrhizal fungi with a different lifestyle, or belonging to different groups, allowed to verify the common feature of the mycorrhizal symbiosis as well as the differences on how different mycorrhizal species interact and dialog with the plant. Here, we will consider the aspects described before, mainly focusing on ectomycorrhizal fungi and their interactions with plants and other soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Mello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Torino Unit, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
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Queralt M, Parladé J, Pera J, DE Miguel AM. Seasonal dynamics of extraradical mycelium and mycorrhizas in a black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) plantation. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:565-576. [PMID: 28547294 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal dynamics of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) extraradical mycelium as well as the associated mycorrhizal community have been evaluated in a 16-year-old plantation with productive and non-productive trees. Mycelium biomass was seasonally quantified by real-time PCR over two consecutive years and the correlation with environmental variables explored. Extraradical mycelium biomass varied seasonally and between the two consecutive years, being correlated with the precipitation that occurred 1 month before sampling. In addition, productive trees had more mycelium in the brûlé area than non-productive trees did. The ectomycorrhizal community composition inside the burnt areas was seasonally evaluated during a year. Ten mycorrhizal morphotypes were detected; T. melanosporum was the most abundant in productive and non-productive trees. Black truffle mycorrhizas were more abundant (mycorrhizal tips per unit of soil volume) in productive trees, and no seasonal variation was observed. The occurrence of black truffle mycorrhizas was significantly and positively correlated with the biomass of extraradical mycelium. The mycorrhizal community within the brûlé areas was significantly different between productive and non-productive trees, and no variation was detected between seasons. The assessment of the fungal vegetative structures in a mature plantation is of paramount importance to develop trufficulture methods based on the knowledge of the biological cycle of the fungus and its relationships with the associated ectomycorrhizal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Queralt
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Navarra, 31080, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Javier Parladé
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pera
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils Km. 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana María DE Miguel
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Navarra, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
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Castaño C, Oliva J, Martínez de Aragón J, Alday JG, Parladé J, Pera J, Bonet JA. Mushroom Emergence Detected by Combining Spore Trapping with Molecular Techniques. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00600-17. [PMID: 28432095 PMCID: PMC5478987 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00600-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining reliable and representative mushroom production data requires time-consuming sampling schemes. In this paper, we assessed a simple methodology to detect mushroom emergence by trapping the fungal spores of the fruiting body community in plots where mushroom production was determined weekly. We compared the performance of filter paper traps with that of funnel traps and combined these spore trapping methods with species-specific quantitative real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq to determine the spore abundance. Significantly more MiSeq proportional reads were generated for both ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal species using filter traps than were obtained using funnel traps. The spores of 37 fungal species that produced fruiting bodies in the study plots were identified. Spore community composition changed considerably over time due to the emergence of ephemeral fruiting bodies and rapid spore deposition (lasting from 1 to 2 weeks), which occurred in the absence of rainfall events. For many species, the emergence of epigeous fruiting bodies was followed by a peak in the relative abundance of their airborne spores. There were significant positive relationships between fruiting body yields and spore abundance in time for five of seven fungal species. There was no relationship between fruiting body yields and their spore abundance at plot level, indicating that some of the spores captured in each plot were arriving from the surrounding areas. Differences in fungal detection capacity by spore trapping may indicate different dispersal ability between fungal species. Further research can help to identify the spore rain patterns for most common fungal species.IMPORTANCE Mushroom monitoring represents a serious challenge in economic and logistical terms because sampling approaches demand extensive field work at both the spatial and temporal scales. In addition, the identification of fungal taxa depends on the expertise of experienced fungal taxonomists. Similarly, the study of fungal dispersal has been constrained by technological limitations, especially because the morphological identification of spores is a challenging and time-consuming task. Here, we demonstrate that spores from ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal species can be identified using simple spore traps together with either MiSeq fungus-specific amplicon sequencing or species-specific quantitative real-time PCR. In addition, the proposed methodology can be used to characterize the airborne fungal community and to detect mushroom emergence in forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Castaño
- Forest Bioengineering Solutions S.A., Solsona, Spain
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Lleida, Spain
| | - Jonàs Oliva
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Lleida, Spain
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Juan Martínez de Aragón
- Forest Bioengineering Solutions S.A., Solsona, Spain
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, CTFC-CEMFOR, Solsona, Spain
| | - Josu G Alday
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Lleida, Spain
| | - Javier Parladé
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Pera
- Protecció Vegetal Sostenible, IRTA, Centre de Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Bonet
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida-AGROTECNIO, Lleida, Spain
- Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, CTFC-CEMFOR, Solsona, Spain
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12
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Yamaguchi M, Narimatsu M, Fujita T, Kawai M, Kobayashi H, Ohta A, Yamada A, Matsushita N, Neda H, Shimokawa T, Murata H. A qPCR assay that specifically quantifies Tricholoma matsutake biomass in natural soil. MYCORRHIZA 2016; 26:847-861. [PMID: 27371100 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete that produces prized, yet uncultivable, "matsutake" mushrooms along densely developed mycelia, called "shiro," in the rhizosphere of coniferous forests. Pinus densiflora is a major host of this fungus in Japan. Measuring T. matsutake biomass in soil allows us to determine the kinetics of fungal growth before and after fruiting, which is useful for analyzing the conditions of the shiro and its surrounding mycorrhizosphere, predicting fruiting timing, and managing forests to obtain better crop yields. Here, we document a novel method to quantify T. matsutake mycelia in soil by quantifying a single-copy DNA element that is uniquely conserved within T. matsutake but is absent from other fungal species, including close relatives and a wide range of ectomycorrhizal associates of P. densiflora. The targeted DNA region was amplified quantitatively in cultured mycelia that were mixed with other fungal species and soil, as well as in an in vitro co-culture system with P. densiflora seedlings. Using this method, we quantified T. matsutake mycelia not only from shiro in natural environments but also from the surrounding soil in which T. matsutake mycelia could not be observed by visual examination or distinguished by other means. It was demonstrated that the core of the shiro and its underlying area in the B horizon are predominantly composed of fungal mycelia. The fungal mass in the A or A0 horizon was much lower, although many white mycelia were observed at the A horizon. Additionally, the rhizospheric fungal biomass peaked during the fruiting season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneyoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Mushroom Science, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Maki Narimatsu
- Iwate Prefectural Forestry Technology Center, Kemuyama, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3623, Japan
| | - Toru Fujita
- Kyoto Prefectural Forestry Technology Center, 1 Tsuchiya Honjo, Kyotanba, Kyoto, 629-1121, Japan
| | - Masataka Kawai
- Nara Forest Research Institute, Takatori, Nara, 635-0133, Japan
| | - Hisayasu Kobayashi
- Ibaraki Prefectural Forestry Research Institute, Naka, Ibaraki, 311-0122, Japan
| | - Akira Ohta
- Shiga Forest Research Center, Yasu, Shiga, 520-2321, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minami-minowa, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Neda
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Mushroom Science, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Tomoko Shimokawa
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Mushroom Science, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Murata
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Mushroom Science, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan
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13
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Cejpková J, Gryndler M, Hršelová H, Kotrba P, Řanda Z, Synková I, Borovička J. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals, metalloids, and chlorine in ectomycorrhizae from smelter-polluted area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:176-185. [PMID: 27569718 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi contribute to the survival of host trees on metal-rich soils by reducing the transfer of toxic metals into roots. However, little is known about the ability of ECM fungi to accumulate elements in ectomycorrhizae (ECMs). Here we report Ag, As, Cd, Cl, Cu, Sb, V, and Zn contents in wild-grown Norway spruce ECMs collected in a smelter-polluted area at Lhota near Příbram, Czech Republic. The ECMs data were compared with the element concentrations determined in the corresponding non-mycorrhizal fine roots, soils, and soil extracts. Bioaccumulation factors were calculated to differentiate the element accumulation ability of ECMs inhabited by different mycobionts, which were identified by ITS rDNA sequencing. Among the target elements, the highest contents were observed for Ag, Cl, Cd, and Zn; Imleria badia ECMs showed the highest capability to accumulate these elements. ECMs of Amanita muscaria, but not of other species, accumulated V. The analysis of the proportions of I. badia and A. muscaria mycelia in ECMs by using species-specific quantitative real-time PCR revealed variable extent of the colonization of roots, with median values close to 5% (w/w). Calculated Ag, Cd, Zn and Cl concentrations in the mycelium of I. badia ECMs were 1 680, 1 510, 2 670, and 37,100 mg kg-1 dry weight, respectively, indicating substantial element accumulation capacity of hyphae of this species in ECMs. Our data strengthen the idea of an active role of ECM fungi in soil-fungal-plant interactions in polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslava Cejpková
- Nuclear Physic Institute, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 130, CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic; Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, J. E. Purkyně University, České mládeže 8, CZ-40096 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hršelová
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kotrba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, CZ-16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Řanda
- Nuclear Physic Institute, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 130, CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Synková
- Nuclear Physic Institute, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 130, CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic; Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, CZ-12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Borovička
- Nuclear Physic Institute, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež 130, CZ-25068 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic; Institute of Geology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Büntgen U, Egli S, Galván JD, Diez JM, Aldea J, Latorre J, Martínez-Peña F. Drought-induced changes in the phenology, productivity and diversity of Spanish fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Taschen E, Sauve M, Taudiere A, Parlade J, Selosse MA, Richard F. Whose truffle is this? Distribution patterns of ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity in T
uber melanosporum
brûlés developed in multi-host Mediterranean plant communities. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:2747-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Taschen
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Mathieu Sauve
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Adrien Taudiere
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
| | - Javier Parlade
- Sustainable Plant Protection; IRTA; Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils km. 2 Cabrils, Barcelona 08348 Spain
| | - Marc-André Selosse
- Département Systématique et Evolution (UMR 7205 ISYEB); Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP 50, 45 rue Buffon Paris 75005 France
| | - Franck Richard
- UMR 5175; CEFE; CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE - 1919 route de Mende Montpellier 34293 France
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16
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Iotti M, Leonardi M, Lancellotti E, Salerni E, Oddis M, Leonardi P, Perini C, Pacioni G, Zambonelli A. Spatio-temporal dynamic of Tuber magnatum mycelium in natural truffle grounds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115921. [PMID: 25535741 PMCID: PMC4275250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuber magnatum produces the world's most expensive truffle. This fungus produces very rare ectomycorrhizas which are difficult or even impossible to detect in the field. A “real-time” PCR assay was recently developed to quantify and to track T. magnatum mycelium in soil. Here, this technique was used to investigate the spatial distribution of T. magnatum extra-radical mycelium in soil productive patches and its dynamic across seasons. This study was carried out in four different natural T. magnatum truffle grounds located in different Italian regions. During the fruiting seasons, the amount of T. magnatum mycelium was significantly higher around the fruiting points and decreased going farther away from them. Moreover, T. magnatum mycelium inside the productive patches underwent seasonal fluctuations. In early spring, the amount of T. magnatum mycelium was significantly higher than in summer. In summer, probably due to the hot and dry season, T. magnatum mycelium significantly decreased, whereas in autumn it increased again and was concentrated at the putative fruiting points. These results give new insights on T. magnatum ecology and are useful to plan the most appropriate sampling strategy for evaluating the management of a truffle ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Iotti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Elena Salerni
- Department of Life Science, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Marilena Oddis
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pamela Leonardi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Perini
- Department of Life Science, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, L'Aquila University, L'Aquila, Italy
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17
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Endo N, Kawamura F, Kitahara R, Sakuma D, Fukuda M, Yamada A. Synthesis of Japanese Boletus edulis ectomycorrhizae with Japanese red pine. MYCOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Sánchez S, Ágreda T, Águeda B, Martín M, de Miguel AM, Barriuso J. Persistence and detection of black truffle ectomycorrhizas in plantations: comparison between two field detection methods. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24 Suppl 1:S39-S46. [PMID: 24509698 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Owners of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) plantations are concerned about the persistence of its mycorrhizas and mycelium in the soil, especially until the appearance of the "truffle burn" areas and the triggering of sporocarp production, at least 5-7 years after planting truffle-inoculated seedlings. During this period, the farmer does not know whether his management is promoting black truffle development. To study the presence and abundance of T. melanosporum ectomycorrhizas in plantations, two sampling methods, direct sampling of root tips and soil core collection, are compared by analyzing 48 evergreen oak trees (Quercus ilex) inoculated with truffle. Those trees are grouped by age (<6, 6-9, >9 years old) and presence or absence of truffle production. T. melanosporum was present in 46 out of the 48 studied trees, and its ectomycorrhizas appeared in 65% of the ectomycorrhizal tips. Its abundance is significantly higher with productive trees and young trees. Direct sampling of root tips and soil core collection were equally effective in detecting this species, although soil core collection proved a better method to also evaluate ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity. To detect the presence of T. melanosporum in a given plantation, three samples suffice, with a single sample per random tree. Although the presence of mycorrhizas is not a sure sign of the future success of a black truffle plantation, its absence influences managers as to whether to continue culturing truffles in a plantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón, Avenida de Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain,
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19
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Liu B, Fischer C, Bonet JA, Olivera A, Inchusta A, Colinas C. Pattern of Tuber melanosporum extramatrical mycelium expansion over a 20-year chronosequence in Quercus ilex-truffle orchards. MYCORRHIZA 2014; 24 Suppl 1:S47-S54. [PMID: 24469788 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Successful cultivation of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) requires a long-term investment and the maintenance of the symbiosis throughout its preproductive and productive years. Monitoring the symbiosis over time is challenging, as it requires methods that can detect the belowground proliferation of the fungus associated with its host tree. In this study, we used a chronosequence design to study the expansion pattern of this fungus as the host tree grows. We hypothesize that this expansion can be estimated by monitoring T. melanosporum DNA from soil beneath host trees of different ages (3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 20 years old) and at different distances from the trunk of the trees (40, 100, and 200 cm). We also wished to evaluate the presences of Tuber brumale and Tuber indicum, potentially problematic truffle species, in these plantations. To detect the mycelium of T. melanosporum in these soils, we extracted DNA and performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Tuber species-specific primers, and to estimate DNA amount, we measured relative band intensities from the amplicons in agarose gels. Both age and distance were related to T. melanosporum DNA quantity, which was more abundant in the oldest age classes, reaching a plateau in 5-7 years. At 40 cm from the tree, there were no differences in T. melanosporum DNA amounts in orchards of different ages, but at 100 and 200 cm, younger orchards had less T. melanosporum DNA. We did not detect DNA from T. brumale or T. indicum in any of our samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Universitat de Lleida/Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 177, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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20
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Gryndler M, Trilčová J, Hršelová H, Streiblová E, Gryndlerová H, Jansa J. Tuber aestivum Vittad. mycelium quantified: advantages and limitations of a qPCR approach. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:341-348. [PMID: 23271632 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) marker Ta0 with hydrolysis probe ("TaqMan"), targeted to the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA, has been developed for quantification of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) mycelium. Gene copy concentrations determined by the qPCR were calibrated against pure culture mycelium of T. aestivum, enabling quantification of the mycelium in soil and in host roots from the fields. Significant concentrations of the fungus were observed not only in the finest roots with ectomycorrhizae but also in other root types, indicating that the fungus is an important component of the microbial film at the root surface. The concentration of T. aestivum in soil is relatively high compared to other ectomycorrhizal fungi. To evaluate the reliability of the measurement of the soil mycelium density using qPCR, the steady basal extracellular concentration of the stabilized T. aestivum DNA should be known and taken into account. Therefore, we addressed the stability of the qPCR signal in soil subjected to different treatments. After the field soil was sieved, regardless of whether it was dried/rewetted or not, the T. aestivum DNA was quickly decomposed. It took just about 4 days to reach a steady concentration. This represents a conserved pool of T. aestivum DNA and determines detection limit of the qPCR quantification in our case. When the soil was autoclaved and recolonized by saprotrophic microorganisms, this conserved DNA pool was eliminated and the soil became free of T. aestivum DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Gryndler
- Institute of Microbiology, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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21
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De la Varga H, Águeda B, Ágreda T, Martínez-Peña F, Parladé J, Pera J. Seasonal dynamics of Boletus edulis and Lactarius deliciosus extraradical mycelium in pine forests of central Spain. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:391-402. [PMID: 23392533 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-013-0481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The annual belowground dynamics of extraradical soil mycelium and sporocarp production of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Boletus edulis and Lactarius deliciosus, have been studied in two different pine forests (Pinar Grande and Pinares Llanos, respectively) in Soria (central Spain). Soil samples (five per plot) were taken monthly (from September 2009 to August 2010 in Pinar Grande and from September 2010 to September 2011 in Pinares Llanos) in eight permanent plots (four for each site). B. edulis and L. deliciosus extraradical soil mycelium was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction, with DNA extracted from soil samples, using specific primers and TaqMan® probes. The quantities of B. edulis soil mycelium did not differ significantly between plots, but there was a significant difference over time with a maximum in February (0.1576 mg mycelium/g soil) and a minimum in October (0.0170 mg mycelium/g soil). For L. deliciosus, significant differences were detected between plots and over time. The highest amount of mycelium was found in December (1.84 mg mycelium/g soil) and the minimum in February (0.0332 mg mycelium/g soil). B. edulis mycelium quantities were positively correlated with precipitation of the current month and negatively correlated with the mean temperature of the previous month. Mycelium biomass of L. deliciosus was positively correlated with relative humidity and negatively correlated with mean temperature and radiation. No significant correlation between productivity of the plots with the soil mycelium biomass was observed for any of the two species. No correlations were found between B. edulis sporocarp production and weather parameters. Sporocarp production of L. deliciosus was positively correlated with precipitation and relative humidity and negatively correlated with maximum and minimum temperatures. Both species have similar distribution over time, presenting an annual dynamics characterized by a seasonal variability, with a clear increase on the amounts of biomass during the coldest months of the year. Soil mycelial dynamics of both species are strongly dependent on the weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herminia De la Varga
- IRTA, Sustainable Plant Protection, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. de Cabrils, Km 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Parladé J, De la Varga H, De Miguel AM, Sáez R, Pera J. Quantification of extraradical mycelium of Tuber melanosporum in soils from truffle orchards in northern Spain. MYCORRHIZA 2013; 23:99-106. [PMID: 22772310 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of extraradical mycelium of black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) has been carried out in a natural truffle ground and in seven truffle orchards (around 20 years old) established in Tierra Estella and Valdorba sites, within the natural distribution area of the black truffles in Navarre (northern Spain). Specific primers and a Taqman® probe were designed to perform real-time PCR with DNA extracted from soil samples. Amplification of T. melanosporum DNA was obtained from 131 out of the 160 soil samples. The detection limit of the technique was 1.48 μg mycelium/g of soil. The extraradical mycelium biomass detected in the soil from the natural truffle ground was significantly greater (up to ten times higher) than the mycelium biomass detected in any of the orchards. Soil from productive, nonirrigated orchards in the Tierra Estella site contained significantly more extraradical mycelium than the rest of orchards irrigated, productive of T. brumale, or nonproductive. The comparison of soil mycelium biomass in nonirrigated evergreen oak orchards in both sites showed significantly more mycelium biomass in the Tierra Estella site. This study is the first attempt to quantify extraradical mycelium of T. melanosporum in the soil using Taqman® probes. The obtained quantitative results are of special interest to evaluate the fungal response to cultural treatments and to monitor the dynamics of the extraradical mycelium of T. melanosporum in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Parladé
- IRTA, Sustainable Plant Protection, Centre de Cabrils, Ctra. Cabrils km. 2, 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Iotti M, Leonardi M, Oddis M, Salerni E, Baraldi E, Zambonelli A. Development and validation of a real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Tuber magnatum in soil. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:93. [PMID: 22672347 PMCID: PMC3438110 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuber magnatum, the Italian white truffle, is the most sought-after edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom. Previous studies report the difficulties of detecting its mycorrhizas and the widespread presence of its mycelium in natural production areas, suggesting that the soil mycelium could be a good indicator to evaluate its presence in the soil. In this study a specific real-time PCR assay using TaqMan chemistry was developed to detect and quantify T. magnatum in soil. This technique was then applied to four natural T. magnatum truffières located in different regions of Italy to validate the method under different environmental conditions. RESULTS The primer/probe sets for the detection and quantification of T. magnatum were selected from the ITS rDNA regions. Their specificity was tested in silico and using qualitative PCR on DNA extracted from 25 different fungal species. The T. magnatum DNA concentration was different in the four experimental truffières and higher in the productive plots. T. magnatum mycelium was however also detected in most of the non-productive plots. Ascoma production during the three years of the study was correlated with the concentration of T. magnatum DNA. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that the specific real-time PCR assay perfected in this study could be an useful tool to evaluate the presence and dynamics of this precious truffle in natural and cultivated truffières.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Iotti
- Dipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione Agroalimentare, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Leonardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università dell’Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Marilena Oddis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università dell’Aquila, via Vetoio, Coppito 1, 67100, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Elena Salerni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali “G. Sarfatti”, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Dipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione Agroalimentare, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zambonelli
- Dipartimento di Protezione e Valorizzazione Agroalimentare, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Fanin 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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