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Sousa RS, Sousa CS, Oliveira FLC, Firmino PR, Sousa IKF, Paula VV, Caruso NM, Ortolani EL, Minervino AHH, Barrêto-Júnior RA. Impact of Acute Blood Loss on Clinical, Hematological, Biochemical, and Oxidative Stress Variables in Sheep. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050229. [PMID: 35622757 PMCID: PMC9147502 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood loss in sheep can have different causes and may result in anemia. We aimed to evaluate the clinical, hematological, and biochemical alterations and the oxidative stress generated by acute blood loss. Eighteen healthy sheep underwent phlebotomy to remove 40% of the blood volume and were evaluated clinically and by laboratory tests for clinical, biochemical, and blood gas variables and to assess oxidative stress before induction (T0), 30 min (T30 min), and 6 (T6 h), 12 (T12 h), and 24 h (T24 h) after blood loss. The sheep showed tachycardia from T30 min until T24 h, reduction in the hematocrit, number of erythrocytes, and hemoglobin concentration, with lower values at T24 h and increase in the number of leukocytes from T12 h on. There was a reduction in blood pH and oxygen pressure at T30 min, increased lactate concentration and reduced blood bicarbonate at this time. There was an increase in urea concentration from T6 h until the end of the study, with no change in creatinine levels. The animals did not show changes in the concentration of malonaldehyde, and in the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase, but there was a reduction in the concentration of reduced glutathione at T24 h. The acute loss of 40% of blood volume is capable of promoting relevant clinical, hematological, blood gas, and biochemical alterations, and contributed to the appearance of oxidative stress with reduced glutathione concentration, suggesting that this process generated free radicals in sufficient quantity to diminish the action of antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Santos Sousa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (R.S.S.); (C.S.S.); (F.L.C.O.); (I.K.F.S.); (E.L.O.)
| | - Caroline Santos Sousa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (R.S.S.); (C.S.S.); (F.L.C.O.); (I.K.F.S.); (E.L.O.)
| | - Francisco Leonardo Costa Oliveira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (R.S.S.); (C.S.S.); (F.L.C.O.); (I.K.F.S.); (E.L.O.)
| | - Paulo Ricardo Firmino
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid Region, Av. Francisco Mota 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossoró 59625-000, RN, Brazil; (P.R.F.); (V.V.P.); (R.A.B.-J.)
| | - Isadora Karolina Freitas Sousa
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (R.S.S.); (C.S.S.); (F.L.C.O.); (I.K.F.S.); (E.L.O.)
| | - Valeria Veras Paula
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid Region, Av. Francisco Mota 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossoró 59625-000, RN, Brazil; (P.R.F.); (V.V.P.); (R.A.B.-J.)
| | - Nohora Mercado Caruso
- Departamento Productividad e Innovación, Universidad de la Costa (CUC), Calle 58 n.55-66, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia;
| | - Enrico Lippi Ortolani
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-270, SP, Brazil; (R.S.S.); (C.S.S.); (F.L.C.O.); (I.K.F.S.); (E.L.O.)
| | - Antonio Humberto Hamad Minervino
- Laboratory of Animal Health, LARSANA, Federal University of Western Pará (UFOPA), Rua Vera Paz S/N, Salé, Santarém 68040-255, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Raimundo Alves Barrêto-Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Semiarid Region, Av. Francisco Mota 572, Bairro Costa e Silva, Mossoró 59625-000, RN, Brazil; (P.R.F.); (V.V.P.); (R.A.B.-J.)
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The Effects of Pre-Storage Leukoreduction on the Conservation of Bovine Whole Blood in Plastic Bags. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120444. [PMID: 33291543 PMCID: PMC7761855 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Blood transfusion is a life-saving veterinary therapeutic procedure. While fractionated blood components are used in humans, whole blood is most commonly used in animals, especially for farm animals. Whole blood contains white blood cells that can cause a transfusion reaction in animals. Here, we proposed that using a blood bag with leukocyte filtration is sufficient for blood conservation under field conditions and thus can be an option for transfusion medicine in the case of farm animals. The filtered bag was efficient in removing white cells from cattle whole blood and could be used under field conditions. Blood stored after white blood cells were removed showed less acidic load. Further experimental studies are required to prove that blood without white cells results in a decrease in transfusion reactions in cattle. Abstract Leukoreduction (LR) is a technique that consists of reducing the number of leukocytes in whole blood or blood components that can contribute to decreasing storage lesions and the occurrence of post-transfusion complications. We propose that using a blood bag with pre-storage leukocyte filtration is sufficient for blood conservation under field conditions. Ten healthy Nelore cows were used. Whole blood was sampled from each animal and stored at 2 to 6 °C in CPD/SAG-M (citrate phosphate dextrose bag with a saline, adenine, glucose, mannitol satellite bag) triple bags (Control) and in CPD/SAG-M quadruple bags with a leukocyte filter (Filter). At baseline and after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days (D0, D7, D14, D21, D28, D35, and D42, respectively), complete hematological, blood gas, and biochemical evaluations were determined. The filtered bag removed 99.3% of white blood cells from cattle blood, and the entire filtration process was performed in the field. There was a reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in both groups from D14 onward, with a decrease of 19.7% and 17.1% at D42 for the Control and Filter bags, respectively. The hemoglobin (Hb) concentration had variation in both groups. Potassium, pO2, pCO2, and sO2 increased, and sodium, bicarbonate, and pH decreased during storage. The filtered bag was efficient in removing white cells from cattle whole blood and could be used under field conditions. Blood stored after LR showed differences (p < 0.05) in blood gas analysis towards a better quality of stored blood (e.g., higher pH, lower pCO2, higher sO2). Further experimental studies are required to prove that blood without white cells results in a decrease in transfusion reactions in cattle.
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Spada E, Perego R, Baggiani L, Proverbio D. Haematological and morphological evaluation of feline whole blood units collected for transfusion purposes. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:732-740. [PMID: 30226393 PMCID: PMC10814294 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18798841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the increasing availability of feline blood collected and stored for transfusion purposes, few studies have been performed on feline blood units. The aim of this prospective in vitro study was to evaluate haematological and morphological changes in feline blood cells in whole blood units between collection and end of storage. METHODS Haematological examination (red blood cells [RBCs], haemoglobin, haematocrit, red cell distribution width, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, mean cell haemoglobin, white blood cells [WBCs] and platelet [PLT] count) was performed on 40 non-leukoreduced feline whole blood units at the time of collection (day[D]0) and after storage (D35). The blood was collected into citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine anticoagulant-preservative solution using an open system in a veterinary blood bank and stored for 35 days at 4 ± 2°C. Twenty of these feline whole blood units were also analysed for blood cell morphology (normal RBCs, macrocytes, echinocytes, spherocytes, schistocytes, lysed RBCs, RBCs with Heinz bodies and recognisable WBC and PLT count). Differences between the two examination times were statistically analysed. RESULTS There was a statistically significant decrease in WBC and PLT counts after storage at D35 (P <0.0001 for both). The most significant cellular morphological changes after storage were an increase in echinocyte count (P = 0.0001), and lysed RBCs (P <0.0001), and a decrease in normal RBCs (P <0.0001). Recognisable WBCs - mainly lymphocytes - were present at the end of storage. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study showed that significant morphological changes occur in RBCs in feline blood units during storage for 35 days. In vivo studies are required to establish if these changes could affect the ability of stored RBCs to circulate and provide adequate oxygen delivery after transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Spada
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Perego
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luciana Baggiani
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Proverbio
- Veterinary Transfusion Research Laboratory (REVLab), Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Lehmann H, Hindricks E, Hassdenteufel EM, Moritz A, Bauer N. Prospective Comparative Quality Control Study of a Novel Gravity-Driven Hollow-Fiber Whole Blood Separation System for the Production of Canine Blood Products. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:149. [PMID: 31157246 PMCID: PMC6533853 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this prospective study was to compare quality of blood products produced either by a novel gravity-driven hollow-fiber separation system (HF) or by centrifugation (C). Whole blood was obtained from 31 healthy non-greyhound canine blood donors and separated into fresh frozen plasma and packed red blood cells using either HF or C in a university teaching hospital. Red blood cell (RBC) count, albumin and fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and coagulation factor activity (FV, FVIII), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and antithrombin activity were assessed. Plasma obtained with the HF showed a significantly higher median PT (9.4 vs. 7.9 s, P = 0.0006) and aPTT (14.9 vs. 13.1 s, P = 0.0128) than plasma prepared with C. Lower albumin (21.7 vs. 23.5 g/l, P = 0.0162) and fibrinogen (1.0 vs. 1.5 g/l, P = 0.0005) concentrations and activities of FV (105 vs. 114%, P = 0.0021) and antithrombin (104 vs. 117%, P = 0.0024) were seen in blood products obtained with the HF. In contrast, vWF was not affected by the method of plasma separation. Compared to HF, RBC count as well as hematocrit were not significantly higher (8.0 vs. 8.9 1012/l, P = 0.1308; 0.57 vs. 0.62 l/l, P = 0.0736) when blood products were prepared with C. In conclusion, higher quality of blood products especially regarding coagulation parameters and RBCs was achieved by using C compared to HF. Despite the statistical significances, however, the clinical relevance has to be further elucidated. Nevertheless, HF provides an alternative to produce blood products if a centrifuge is not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Lehmann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Esther Hindricks
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Esther Maria Hassdenteufel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Natali Bauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinical Pathology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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