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Soh RCC, Chen BZ, Hartono S, Lee MS, Lee W, Lim SL, Gan J, Maréchal B, Chan LL, Lo YL. The hindbrain and cortico-reticular pathway in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Radiol 2024; 79:e759-e766. [PMID: 38388254 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2024.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM To characterise the corticoreticular pathway (CRP) in a case-control cohort of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients using high-resolution slice-accelerated readout-segmented echo-planar diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to enhance the discrimination of small brainstem nuclei in comparison to automated whole-brain volumetry and tractography and their clinical correlates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-four participants (16 AIS patients, 18 healthy controls) underwent clinical and orthopaedic assessments and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on a 3 T MRI machine. Automated whole-brain volume-based morphometry, tract-based spatial statistics analysis, and manual CRP tractography by two independent raters were performed. Intra-rater and inter-rater agreement of DTI metrics from CRP tractography were assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient. Normalised structural brain volumes and DTI metrics were compared between groups using Student's t-tests. Linear correlation analysis between imaging parameters and clinical scores was also performed. RESULTS AIS patients demonstrated a significantly larger pons volume compared to controls (p=0.006). Significant inter-side CRP differences in mean (p=0.02) and axial diffusivity (p=0.01) were found in patients only. Asymmetry in CRP fractional anisotropy significantly correlated with the Cobb angle (p=0.03). CONCLUSION Relative pontine hypertrophy and asymmetry in CRP DTI metrics suggest central supranuclear inter-hemispheric imbalance in AIS, and support the role of the CRP in axial muscle tone. Longitudinal evaluation of CRP DTI metrics in the prediction of AIS progression may be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C C Soh
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - B Z Chen
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - S Hartono
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - M S Lee
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - W Lee
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - S L Lim
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - J Gan
- Siemens Healthineers, Singapore
| | - B Maréchal
- Advanced Clinical Imaging Technology, Siemens Healthcare AG, Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland; Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS 5), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L L Chan
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
| | - Y L Lo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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Šoda J, Pavelin S, Vujović I, Rogić Vidaković M. Assessment of Motor Evoked Potentials in Multiple Sclerosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23010497. [PMID: 36617096 PMCID: PMC9824873 DOI: 10.3390/s23010497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive technique mainly used for the assessment of corticospinal tract integrity and excitability of the primary motor cortices. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) play a pivotal role in TMS studies. TMS clinical guidelines, concerning the use and interpretation of MEPs in diagnosing and monitoring corticospinal tract integrity in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), were established almost ten years ago and refer mainly to the use of TMS implementation; this comprises the magnetic stimulator connected to a standard EMG unit, with the positioning of the coil performed by using the external landmarks on the head. The aim of the present work was to conduct a narrative literature review on the MEP assessment and outcome measures in clinical and research settings, assessed by TMS Methodological characteristics of different TMS system implementations (TMS without navigation, line-navigated TMS and e-field-navigated TMS); these were discussed in the context of mapping the corticospinal tract integrity in MS. An MEP assessment of two case reports, by using an e-field-navigated TMS, was presented; the results of the correspondence between the e-field-navigated TMS with MRI, and the EDSS classifications were presented. Practical and technical guiding principles for the improvement of TMS studies in MEP assessment for MS are discussed, suggesting the use of e-field TMS assessment in the sense that it can improve the accuracy of corticospinal tract integrity testing by providing a more objective correspondence of the neurophysiological (e-field-navigated TMS) and clinical (Expanded Disability Status Scale-EDSS) classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joško Šoda
- Signal Processing, Analysis, and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sanda Pavelin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Igor Vujović
- Signal Processing, Analysis, and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), Faculty of Maritime Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Maja Rogić Vidaković
- Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Lo YL, Zhu L, Soh RC, Guo CM. Intraoperative Motor Evoked Potential Improvement in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Comparison of Cortical Stimulation Parameters. J Clin Neurol 2020; 16:102-107. [PMID: 31942765 PMCID: PMC6974831 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intraoperative monitoring of the motor pathways is a routine procedure for ensuring the integrity of descending motor tracts during spinal surgery. Intraoperative motor evoked potential improvement (MEPI) may be associated with a better postsurgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). To compare the efficacy of two cortical stimulation parameters in eliciting MEPI intraoperatively during CSM surgery. METHODS We studied 69 patients who underwent decompression surgery for CSM over a 9-month period using either 5 (Group 1) or 9 (Group 2) stimuli. MEPI was defined as the increase in the amplitude of MEPs from baseline at the end of CSM surgery just prior to skin closure. RESULTS An MEPI of 100% from baseline was observed in 10 patients (53%) in Group 1 and 36 patients (72%) in Group 2. Comparisons of the baseline mean MEP amplitudes of muscles bilaterally between Groups 1 and 2 did not reveal any significant differences. Supramaximal stimulation showed that a significantly higher mean intensity was required for Group 1 than for Group 2. CONCLUSIONS MEPI is observed in a much larger proportion of cervical decompression surgery cases than previously thought. Intraoperative MEPI with longer-train cortical stimulation may reflect adequacy of decompression and provide additional guidance for the surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew Long Lo
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Neurology, Duke-NUS Medical School, College Road, Singapore.
| | - Lisa Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Reuben C Soh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chang Ming Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Preclinical and Clinical Evidence on Ipsilateral Corticospinal Projections: Implication for Motor Recovery. Transl Stroke Res 2017; 8:529-540. [PMID: 28691140 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-017-0551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Motor impairment is the most common complication after stroke, and recovery of motor function has been shown to be dependent on the extent of lesion in the ipsilesional corticospinal tract (iCST) and activity within ipsilesional primary and secondary motor cortices. However, work from neuroimaging research has suggested a role of the contralesional hemisphere in promoting recovery after stroke potentially through the ipsilateral uncrossed CST fibers descending to ipsilateral spinal segments. These ipsilateral fibers, sometimes referred to as "latent" projections, are thought to contribute to motor recovery independent of the crossed CST. The aim of this paper is to evaluate using cumulative evidence from animal models and human patients on whether an uncrossed CST component is present in mammals and conserved through primates and humans, and whether iCST fibers have a functional role in hemiparetic/hemiplegic human conditions. This review highlights that an ipsilateral uncrossed CST exists in human during development, but the evidence on a functionally relevant iCST component in adult humans is still elusive. In addition, this review argues that whereas activity within the ipsilesional cortex is essential for enhancing motor recovery after stroke, the role of iCST projections specifically is still controversial. Finally, conclusions from current literature emphasize the importance of activity in the ipsilesional cortex and the integrity of crossed CST fibers as major determinants of motor recovery after brain injury.
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Tiruchelvarayan R, Tang MH, Perera S, Lo YL. Outcomes following Aggressive Surgical Resection of Intra-Medullary Spinal Cord Tumours with Intra-Operative Neuro-Monitoring. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/201010581302200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Intra-medullary spinal cord tumours (IMCST) are relatively uncommon tumours of the central nervous system which can result in severe neurological disorder if untreated. Histologically, IMCSTs are often either biopsied or excised subtotal, but this may lead to early tumour recurrence and progressive neurological impairment. In an attempt to improve outcomes, the recent trend is to perform more radical tumour resection guided by intra-operative monitoring (IOM). However, there are no controlled studies comparing the resection of IMCSTs with or without IOM. In this single surgeon series, we analyse outcomes following optimal resection of IMCSTs in conjunction with IOM. Methods: In this retrospective single surgeon series, case notes and history of patients who underwent surgery between 2006–2012 at the Singapore General Hospital's Neurosurgery Department, were studied. IOM with somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) were utilised to facilitate optimal tumour resection. Neurological status were compared pre- and post-operatively with long-term follow-up on outcomes. Magnetic resonance imaging was used pre- and post-operatively to assess the degree of tumour resection. Results: Thirteen consecutive patients with IMCSTs (five males, mean age 36 years, range 12–60) underwent surgical treatment and were included in this study. Radical surgical resection was performed for 11 patients, while the remaining two had biopsies and partial debulking as frozen section showed high grade astrocytomas. Histology revealed six cases of ependymoma, five cases of astrocytoma, and one of hemangioblastoma and neuroenteric cyst. There was one case of wound infection which was treated successfully. There were no cases of cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Two patients had pre-existing spinal deformity, and underwent posterior instrumented fusion concomitantly. The neurological state improved or remained stable in 11 (85%) patients, and two patients had immediate post-operative neurological deterioration which improved subsequently with physiotherapy over one to two months. Favourable functional outcomes were observed in the majority of patients during follow-up. The patients with high grade tumours were treated with adjuvant radiotherapy post-operatively, however, they showed a poorer long-term outcome. The mean follow-up was 3.2 years from operation. Conclusion: Radical resection of intra-medullary tumours with IOM leads to a favourable functional outcome in selected groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Tiruchelvarayan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Man Hon Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Sanjaya Perera
- Department of Neurosurgery, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
| | - Yew Long Lo
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital Campus, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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Motor and somatosensory abnormalities are significant etiological factors for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. J Neurol Sci 2015; 359:117-23. [PMID: 26671099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), we explore the role of lateralized motor and somatosensory abnormalities as a possible etiological factor. METHODS Intraoperative transcranial electrical stimulation was performed in 15 AIS and 14 adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS) patients. Inter-side motor output balance (MOB) by comparing the ratios of right to left motor evoked potentials (MEP) amplitudes, and inter-side motor output excitability (MOE) computed with MEP amplitude, was determined separately for both patients groups. For somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), peak to peak P37 amplitudes from right and left lower limb SSEP and inter-side P37 amplitude ratios were obtained. RESULTS Inter-side MOB was significantly asymmetric in AIS patients, contributed mainly by inter-side MOB changes in the upper than the lower limbs. Inter-side MOE comparisons of ipsilateral and contralateral MEP amplitudes were significantly different between AIS and ADS patients. Mean upper limb MEP amplitudes were significantly reduced in AIS patients. Amplitude of the right upper limb MEPs were positively correlated with inter-side MEP ratio. AIS patients show larger mean MEP amplitudes on the same side as the scoliotic curve. Overall, no correlation of Cobb's angle or total levels of scoliosis involvement with inter-side MOB and MOE parameters was found. Inter-side SSEP ratios were significantly higher in AIS patients. CONCLUSIONS Primary dysfunctional and distributed motor output contributing to abnormalities of inter-side MOB and MOE changes involving the upper limbs is evident in AIS. Simultaneous but independent somatosensory and motor observations seen these patients suggest a central mechanism as an etiological factor.
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Wang S, Zhuang Q, Zhang J, Tian Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Li S, Weng X, Qiu G, Shen J. Intra-operative MEP monitoring can work well in the patients with neural axis abnormality. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 25:3194-3200. [PMID: 26324282 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-4205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explain the intra-operative transcranial motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring can work well in patients with neural axis abnormality (NAA). METHODS One hundred eighteen consecutive NAA and 334 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients who underwent spinal deformity surgery between June 2010 and April 2013 in our spine center were included. The MEP data including the success rate of obtaining a baseline, amplitude, sensitivity and specificity were analyzed. RESULTS High-efficiency MEPs baseline could be obtained in 117/118 NAA (74 congenital scoliosis, 32 neuromuscular scoliosis, 8 adult scoliosis, 3 congenital kyphoscoliosis and 1 neurofibromatosis scoliosis) and 334 AIS cases. They had an approximate level in success rate of MEPs baseline (99.2 vs. 99.7 %) and MEPs amplitude (317 μV, n = 118; vs. 312 μV, n = 334). The sensitivity and specificity for MEP were 100 and 98.2 % in patients with NAA. And the MEPs amplitude value fitted positive-skewed distribution in both of NAA and AIS. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative MEP monitoring can be used accurately and satisfactorily in NAA patients and show no difference compared with AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianyu Zhuang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixing Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Lo Y, Dan Y, Tan Y, Teo A, Tan S, Yue W, Guo C, Fook-Chong S. Clinical and physiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation position on motor evoked potentials in scoliosis surgery. SCOLIOSIS 2010; 5:3. [PMID: 20175933 PMCID: PMC2834632 DOI: 10.1186/1748-7161-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background During intraoperative monitoring for scoliosis surgery, we have previously elicited ipsilateral and contralateral motor evoked potentials (MEP) with cross scalp stimulation. Ipsilateral MEPs, which may have comprised summation of early ipsilaterally conducted components and transcallosally or deep white matter stimulated components, can show larger amplitudes than those derived purely from contralateral motor cortex stimulation. We tested this hypothesis using two stimulating positions. We compared intraoperative MEPs in 14 neurologically normal subjects undergoing scoliosis surgery using total intravenous anesthetic regimens. Methods Trancranial electrical stimulation was applied with both cross scalp (C3C4 or C4C3) or midline (C3Cz or C4Cz) positions. The latter was assumed to be more focal and result in little transcallosal/deep white matter stimulation. A train of 5 square wave stimuli 0.5 ms in duration at up to 200 mA was delivered with 4 ms (250 Hz) interstimulus intervals. Averaged supramaximal MEPs were obtained from the tibialis anterior bilaterally. Results The cross scalp stimulating position resulted in supramaximal MEPs that were of significantly higher amplitude, shorter latency and required lower stimulating intensity to elicit overall (Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, p < 0.05 for all), as compared to the midline stimulating position. However, no significant differences were found for all 3 parameters comparing ipsilaterally and contralaterally recorded MEPs (p > 0.05 for all), seen for both stimulating positions individually. Conclusions Our findings suggest that cross scalp stimulation resulted in MEPs obtained ipsilaterally and contralaterally which may be contributed to by summation of ipsilateral and simultaneous transcallosally or deep white matter conducted stimulation of the opposite motor cortex. Use of this stimulating position is advocated to elicit MEPs under operative circumstances where anesthetic agents may cause suppression of cortical and spinal excitability. Although less focal in nature, cross scalp stimulation would be most suitable for infratentorial or spinal surgery, in contrast to supratentorial neurosurgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yl Lo
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore.
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Lo YL, Dan YF, Teo A, Tan YE, Yue WM, Raman S, Tan SB. The value of bilateral ipsilateral and contralateral motor evoked potential monitoring in scoliosis surgery. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2007; 17 Suppl 2:S236-8. [PMID: 17874145 PMCID: PMC2525889 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-007-0498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) of the motor pathways is a routine procedure for ensuring integrity of corticospinal tracts during scoliosis surgery. We have previously demonstrated presence of ipsilateral motor evoked potentials (MEPs) during IOM for scoliosis surgery, but its significance was uncertain. In this case series, we show concurrent ipsilateral and contralateral MEP amplitude changes obtained with cortical stimulation are of value in reducing false positive observations during IOM. The use of this easily recordable MEP is thus advocated as a diagnostic adjunct to contralateral MEPs for scoliosis and spinal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Lo
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, Singapore 169608.
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