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Zhou LJ, Peng J, Xu YN, Zeng WJ, Zhang J, Wei X, Mai CL, Lin ZJ, Liu Y, Murugan M, Eyo UB, Umpierre AD, Xin WJ, Chen T, Li M, Wang H, Richardson JR, Tan Z, Liu XG, Wu LJ. Microglia Are Indispensable for Synaptic Plasticity in the Spinal Dorsal Horn and Chronic Pain. Cell Rep 2020; 27:3844-3859.e6. [PMID: 31242418 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal long-term potentiation (LTP) at C-fiber synapses is hypothesized to underlie chronic pain. However, a causal link between spinal LTP and chronic pain is still lacking. Here, we report that high-frequency stimulation (HFS; 100 Hz, 10 V) of the mouse sciatic nerve reliably induces spinal LTP without causing nerve injury. LTP-inducible stimulation triggers chronic pain lasting for more than 35 days and increases the number of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) terminals in the spinal dorsal horn. The behavioral and morphological changes can be prevented by blocking NMDA receptors, ablating spinal microglia, or conditionally deleting microglial brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). HFS-induced spinal LTP, microglial activation, and upregulation of BDNF are inhibited by antibodies against colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). Together, our results show that microglial CSF1 and BDNF signaling are indispensable for spinal LTP and chronic pain. The microglia-dependent transition of synaptic potentiation to structural alterations in pain pathways may underlie pain chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jiyun Peng
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ya-Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei-Jie Zeng
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chun-Lin Mai
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhen-Jia Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ukpong B Eyo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Wen-Jun Xin
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology and K.K. Leung Brain Research Center, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Mingtao Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 22600, China
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Zhi Tan
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pain Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Liu C, Liu S, Wang S, Sun Y, Lu X, Li H, Li G. IGF-1 Via PI3K/Akt/S6K Signaling Pathway Protects DRG Neurons with High Glucose-induced Toxicity. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:502-514. [PMID: 33817186 PMCID: PMC7874800 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia-induced toxicity of neurons contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic neuropathy (DNP). High concentration glucose triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and induced cell apoptosis of neurons from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in vitro. Currently, there is no effective therapeutic method to retard this devastating complication or neurotoxicity induced by high glucose. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) has multi-neurotrophic actions which need to be explored regarding its actions and mechanisms on relieving high glucose induced neurotoxicity. Herein, high concentration glucose was exposed to the DRG neurons in vitro. The effects of IGF-1 on relieving high glucose-induced neurotoxicity were evaluated. We illustrated that IGF-1 enhanced regeneration of neurites sent from DRG neuronal cell bodies and increased neuronal viability which inhibited by high glucose challenge. IGF-1 alleviated neuronal apoptosis caused by high glucose exposure. IGF-1 also suppressed the intracellular ROS overproduction and ATF3 expression upregulation which was induced by high glucose insult. The anti-neurotoxic effects of IGF-1 might be through restoration of prosurvival PI3K/Akt/S6K signaling. These data shed some light on the treatment of intractable DNP and suggested that IGF-1 might be a potential effective agent on relieving high glucose induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Siyan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264100, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Guibao Li
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250012, China
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Sun W, Kou D, Yu Z, Yang S, Jiang C, Xiong D, Xiao L, Deng Q, Xie H, Hao Y. A Transcriptomic Analysis of Neuropathic Pain in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 22:250-263. [PMID: 31858405 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive and unbiased understanding at the molecular correlates of peripheral nerve injury. In this study, we screened the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the DRG from rats using RNA-seq technique. Moreover, the bioinformatics methods were used to figure out the signaling pathways and expression regulation pattern of the DEGs enriched in. In addition, quantitative real-time RT-PCR was carried out to further confirm the expression of DEGs. 414 genes were upregulated, while 184 genes were downregulated in the DRG of rats 7 days after partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL) surgery. Moreover, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that most of the altered genes were involved in inflammatory responses and signaling transduction. In addition, our results state that they shared similar characters in the DRG among four types of neuropathic pain models. Eighteen genes have been altered (17 of them were upregulated) in the DRG of all four types of neuropathic pain models, in which Vgf, Atf3, Cd74, Gal, Jun, Npy, Serpina3n, and Hspb1 have been reported to be involved in neuropathic pain. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR results further confirmed the mRNA expression levels of Vgf, Atf3, Cd74, Gal, Jun, Npy, Serpina3n, and Hspb1 in the DRG of rats with pSNL surgery. The present study suggested that these eight genes may play important roles in neuropathic pain, revealing that these genes might serve as therapeutic targets for neuropathic pain. Moreover, anti-inflammatory therapy might be an effective approach for neuropathic pain treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuping Sun
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Dongquan Kou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, 400080, China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shaomin Yang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Changyu Jiang
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Donglin Xiong
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Lizu Xiao
- Department of Pain Medicine and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Pain Medicine, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Hengtao Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yue Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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CCL2-CCR2 Axis Potentiates NMDA Receptor Signaling to Aggravate Neuropathic Pain Induced by Brachial Plexus Avulsion. Neuroscience 2019; 425:29-38. [PMID: 31805255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Brachial plexus avulsion (BPA) represents the most devastating nerve injury in the upper extremity and is always considered as a sophisticated problem due to its resistance to most standard pain relief medications or neurosurgical interventions. There is also a lack of understanding on the underlying mechanisms. Our study aimed to investigate whether spinal CCL2-CCR2 signaling contributed to the development of neuropathic pain following BPA via modulating glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). A rat model of BPA on lower trunk (C8-T1) was established, and the sham- and BPA-operated animals were intrathecally injected with saline, C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) inhibitor INCB3344 and NMDAR antagonist DL-AP5 one week postoperatively, the behavioral performance of the treated animals and expressions of C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), CCR2, and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor 2B (NR2B) in spinal cord sections of each group were examined. It was shown that BPA injury significantly reduced mechanic withdrawal thresholds the next day after surgery until the end of the observation. Both CCL2 and CCR2 expressions increased in BPA rats compared to those in sham rats. CCL2 was mainly localized in astrocytes, and CCR2 was preferably expressed on astrocytes and neurons. Besides, NMDAR subunit NR2B increased in BPA-operated rats, which was reversed in response to CCR2 and NR2B inhibition. However, these inhibitors didn't change the spinal NMDAR level in sham rats. CCR2 and NMDAR inhibition efficiently alleviated mechanical allodynia caused by BPA either at early or late phase of neuropathic pain. Collectively, CCL2-CCR2 axis is associated with mechanical pain after BPA by elevating NMDAR signaling.
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Kummer KK, Kalpachidou T, Kress M, Langeslag M. Signatures of Altered Gene Expression in Dorsal Root Ganglia of a Fabry Disease Mouse Model. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 10:449. [PMID: 29422837 PMCID: PMC5788883 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder with involvement of the nervous system. Accumulation of glycosphingolipids within peripheral nerves and/or dorsal root ganglia results in pain due to small-fiber neuropathy, which affects the majority of patients already in early childhood. The α-galactosidase A deficient mouse proved to be an adequate model for Fabry disease, as it shares many symptoms including altered temperature sensitivity and pain perception. To characterize the signatures of gene expression that might underlie Fabry disease-associated sensory deficits and pain, we performed one-color based hybridization microarray expression profiling of DRG explants from adult α-galactosidase A deficient mice and age-matched wildtype controls. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and pathway analyses were performed for differentially regulated mRNAs. We found 812 differentially expressed genes between adult α-galactosidase A deficient mice and age-matched wildtype controls, 506 of them being upregulated, and 306 being downregulated. Among the enriched pathways and processes, the disease-specific pathways “lysosome” and “ceramide metabolic process” were identified, enhancing reliability of the current analysis. Novel pathways that we identified include “G-protein coupled receptor signaling” and “retrograde transport” for the upregulated genes. From the analysis of downregulated genes, immune-related pathways, autoimmune, and infection pathways emerged. The current analysis is the first to present a differential gene expression profile of DRGs from α-galactosidase A deficient mice, thereby providing knowledge on possible mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain related symptoms in Fabry patients. Therefore, the presented data provide new insights into the development of the pain phenotype and might lead to new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai K Kummer
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theodora Kalpachidou
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michaela Kress
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michiel Langeslag
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Duffy SS, Perera CJ, Makker PGS, Lees JG, Carrive P, Moalem-Taylor G. Peripheral and Central Neuroinflammatory Changes and Pain Behaviors in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:369. [PMID: 27713744 PMCID: PMC5031691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain is a widespread and debilitating symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although central neuroinflammation and demyelination have been implicated in MS-related pain, the contribution of peripheral and central mechanisms during different phases of the disease remains unclear. In this study, we used the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to examine both stimulus-evoked and spontaneous pain behaviors, and neuroinflammatory changes, over the course of chronic disease. We found that mechanical allodynia of the hind paw preceded the onset of clinical EAE but was unmeasurable at clinical peak. This mechanical hypersensitivity coincided with increased microglial activation confined to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The development of facial mechanical allodynia also emerged in preclinical EAE, persisted at the clinical peak, and corresponded with pathology of the peripheral trigeminal afferent pathway. This included T cell infiltration, which arose prior to overt central lesion formation and specific damage to myelinated neurons during the clinical peak. Measurement of spontaneous pain using the mouse grimace scale, a facial expression-based coding system, showed increased facial grimacing in mice with EAE during clinical disease. This was associated with multiple peripheral and central neuroinflammatory changes including a decrease in myelinating oligodendrocytes, increased T cell infiltration, and macrophage/microglia and astrocyte activation. Overall, these findings suggest that different pathological mechanisms may underlie stimulus-evoked and spontaneous pain in EAE, and that these behaviors predominate in unique stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Duffy
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia) , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Chamini J Perera
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia) , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Preet G S Makker
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia) , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Justin G Lees
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia) , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Pascal Carrive
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia) , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Gila Moalem-Taylor
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales (UNSW Australia) , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Benitez SU, Barbizan R, Spejo AB, Ferreira RS, Barraviera B, Góes AM, de Oliveira ALR. Synaptic plasticity and sensory-motor improvement following fibrin sealant dorsal root reimplantation and mononuclear cell therapy. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:96. [PMID: 25249946 PMCID: PMC4158877 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Root lesions may affect both dorsal and ventral roots. However, due to the possibility of generating further inflammation and neuropathic pain, surgical procedures do not prioritize the repair of the afferent component. The loss of such sensorial input directly disturbs the spinal circuits thus affecting the functionality of the injuried limb. The present study evaluated the motor and sensory improvement following dorsal root reimplantation with fibrin sealant (FS) plus bone marrow mononuclear cells (MC) after dorsal rhizotomy. MC were used to enhance the repair process. We also analyzed changes in the glial response and synaptic circuits within the spinal cord. Female Lewis rats (6–8 weeks old) were divided in three groups: rhizotomy (RZ group), rhizotomy repaired with FS (RZ+FS group) and rhizotomy repaired with FS and MC (RZ+FS+MC group). The behavioral tests electronic von-Frey and Walking track test were carried out. For immunohistochemistry we used markers to detect different synapse profiles as well as glial reaction. The behavioral results showed a significant decrease in sensory and motor function after lesion. The reimplantation decreased glial reaction and improved synaptic plasticity of afferent inputs. Cell therapy further enhanced the rewiring process. In addition, both reimplanted groups presented twice as much motor control compared to the non-treated group. In conclusion, the reimplantation with FS and MC is efficient and may be considered an approach to improve sensory-motor recovery following dorsal rhizotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana U Benitez
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Roberta Barbizan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Aline B Spejo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rui S Ferreira
- Center for Studies of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), University of Sao Paulo "Julio de Mesquita Filho," Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Center for Studies of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), University of Sao Paulo "Julio de Mesquita Filho," Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Alfredo M Góes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L R de Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
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