Metastatic thymoma presenting as spontaneous epidural lumbar haematoma

Treatment strategy and prognostic analysis of spinal metastases from thymomas: A retrospective study from a single center

OBJECTIVE

Thymomas are rare in clinical practice, and cases of metastatic spinal thymoma are extremely scarce, with only a few case reports or case series described in the literature. In this study, we characterized the clinical features, treatment options and prognostic analysis of patients with metastatic spinal thymomas.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study included seven patients with metastatic spinal thymoma who underwent open surgery or minimally invasive surgery, and adjuvant treatment in a single center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2010 to 2019. The basic clinical data of the patients were analyzed retrospectively. The possible prognostic factors of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were studied using the Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS

This retrospective study included six male patients and one female patient, with a median age of 58.4 (47-75) years. The time from initial diagnosis to detection of spinal metastasis was 54.2 (30-108) months. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed the number of spinal metastasis and adjuvant therapies were favorable factors for improving OS and PFS in patients with metastatic spinal thymomas.

CONCLUSION

Radiation therapy after the primary operation is an efficient adjuvant therapy, since patients who received postoperative radiation treatment have longer OS and PFS than those who receive chemoradiotherapy. The number of spinal metastases seems to be an effective prognostic factor for longer OS and PFS of patients with spinal metastasis of thymoma.

Surgical management of spinal metastases of thymic carcinoma: A case report and literature review

RATIONALE

Metastatic thymic carcinoma in the spine is a rare disease with no standard curative managements yet. The objective of this study is to report a very rare case of spinal metastases of thymic carcinoma successfully operated by combination of instrumentation and cement augmentation together with adjuvant treatment. The management of these unique cases has yet to be well-documented.

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 57-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of continuous and progressive back pain. The patient, who had been diagnosed of thymic carcinoma (stage IV B) for 3 years, received surgical treatment of median sternotomy thymectomy, followed by 3 cycles of chemotherapy and 12 cycles of radiotherapy.

DIAGNOSIS

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of spine showed spinal cord compression secondary to the epidural component of the T4 mass, with increased metastatic marrow infiltration of the left T4 vetebral body, which presented as a solid tumor. Post-operative pathology confirmed the diagnosis of spinal metastases of thymic carcinoma.

INTERVENTIONS

The patient underwent exploratory surgery, circumferential spinal cord decompression, cement augmentation and a stabilization procedure via a posterior approach.

OUTCOMES

The patient's neurological deficits improved significantly after the surgery, and the postoperative period was uneventful at the 3-month follow-up visit. There were no other complications associated with the operation during the follow-up period.

LESSONS

Taken together, the lesion's clinical features, imaging results, and pathological characteristics are unique. Combined efforts of specialists from orthopedics, neurosurgery, thoracic surgery, and medical oncology led to the successful diagnosis and management of this patient. Metastatic thymic carcinoma of the spine, although rare, should be part of the differential diagnosis when the patient has a history of thymic carcinoma and presents with back pain and radiculopathy. We recommend the posterior approach for spinal decompression of the metastatic thymic carcinoma when the tumor has caused neurological deficits. Osteoplasty by cement augmentation is also a good choice for surgical treatment.

Successful treatment of malignant thymoma with sacrum metastases: A case report and review of literature

RATIONALE

Malignant thymoma in the spine is a rare disease without standard curative managements so far. The objective of this article is to report a very rare case of recurrent malignant thymoma with sacrum metastases causing severe lumbosacral pain, which was presented with acute radiculopathy and treated with 2 operations combined with stabilization and cement augmentation. The management of these unique cases is not well-documented.

PATIENT CONCERNS

A 75-year-old man presented with lumbosacral pain, radiating pain and numbness of the left extremity. The patient underwent thymectomy in 2008, and posterior spinal cord decompression, tumor resection and a stabilization procedure in 2011. Pathologic results confirmed malignant thymomas of the spine. Imaging studies revealed the density of soft tissues, obvious bony destruction in the sacrum, and significant spinal cord obstruction.

DIAGNOSES

We believe this is a less-documented case of metastatic thymoma of the sacral spine presenting with back pain and radiculopathy, and presenting as a giant solid tumor.

INTERVENTIONS

The patient underwent osteoplasty via a posterior approach. Pathologic results confirmed malignant thymomas of the sacral spine.

OUTCOMES

The patient's neurological deficits improved significantly after the surgery, and the postoperative period was uneventful at the 6-month and 1-year follow-up visit. There were no other complications associated with the operation during the follow-up period.

LESSONS

This article emphasizes metastatic thymoma of the spine, although rare, should be part of the differential when the patient presents with back pain and radiculopathy. We recommend the posterior approach for spinal decompression of the metastatic thymoma when the tumor has caused neurological deficits. Osteoplasty by cement augmentation is also a good choice for surgical treatment.