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Johnson CD, Green BN, Agaoglu M, Amorin-Woods L, Brown R, Byfield D, Clum GW, Crespo W, Da Silva KL, Dane D, Daniels CJ, Edwards M, Foshee WK, Goertz C, Henderson C, Hynes R, Johnson V, Killinger L, Konarski-Hart K, Kopansky-Giles D, Kowalski M, Little C, McAllister S, Mrozek J, Nixdorf D, Peeace LD, Peterson C, Petrocco-Napuli KL, Phillips R, Snow G, Sorrentino A, Wong YK, Yelverton C, Young KJ. Chiropractic Day 2023: A Report and Qualitative Analysis of How Thought Leaders Celebrate the Present and Envision the Future of Chiropractic. JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC HUMANITIES 2023; 30:23-45. [PMID: 37841068 PMCID: PMC10569958 DOI: 10.1016/j.echu.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to (1) collect and analyze statements about how to celebrate chiropractic in the present and roles that chiropractors may fulfill in the future, (2) identify if there was congruence among the themes between present and future statements, and (3) offer a model about the chiropractic profession that captures its complex relationships that encompass its interactions within microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem levels. Methods For this qualitative analysis, we used pattern and grounded theory approaches. A purposive sample of thought leaders in the chiropractic profession were invited to answer the following 2 open-ended questions: (1) envision the chiropractor of the future, and (2) recommendations on how to celebrate chiropractic. Information was collected during April 2023 using Survey Monkey. The information was entered into a spreadsheet and analyzed for topic clusters, which resulted in matching concepts with social-ecological themes. The themes between the responses to the 2 questions were analyzed for congruence. We used the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research to report our findings. Results Of the 54 experts invited, 32 (59%) participated. Authors represented 7 countries and have a median of 32 years of chiropractic experience, with a range of 5 to 51 years. Nineteen major topics in the future statements and 23 major topics in statements about celebrating chiropractic were combined in a model. The topics were presented using the 4 levels of the social-ecological framework. Individual (microsystem): chiropractors are competent, well-educated experts in spine and musculoskeletal care who apply evidence-based practices, which is a combination of the best available evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values. Interpersonal relationships (mesosystem): chiropractors serve the best interests of their patients, provide person-centered care, embrace diversity, equity, and inclusion, consider specific health needs and the health of the whole person. Community (exosystem): chiropractors provide care within integrated health care environments and in private practices, serve the best interests of the public through participation in their communities, participate through multidisciplinary collaboration with and within the health care system, and work together as a profession with a strong professional identity. Societal (macrosystem): chiropractors contribute to the greater good of society and participate on a global level in policy, leadership, and research. There was concordance between both the future envisioning statements and the present celebration recommendations, which suggest logical validity based on the congruence of these concepts. Conclusion A sample of independent views, including the perceptions from a broad range of chiropractic thought leaders from various backgrounds, philosophies, diversity characteristics, and world regions, were assembled to create a comprehensive model of the chiropractic profession. The resulting model shows an array of intrinsic values and provides the roles that chiropractors may provide to serve patients and the public. This study offers insights into the roles that future chiropractors may fulfill and how these are congruent with present-day values. These core concepts and this novel model may have utility during dialogs about identity, applications regarding chiropractic in policy, practice, education, and research, and building positive relationships and collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart N. Green
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, Illinois
| | - Mustafa Agaoglu
- AECC University College, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
- Turkish Chiropractic Association, Turkey
| | - Lyndon Amorin-Woods
- College of Health & Education, School of Allied Health, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - David Byfield
- Welsh Institute of Chiropractic, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Kendrah L. Da Silva
- Chiropractic Association of South Africa, Centurion, South Africa
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dawn Dane
- Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clinton J. Daniels
- Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Tacoma, Washington
| | | | | | | | - Charles Henderson
- Henderson Technical Consulting and Life Chiropractic College West, Hayward, California
| | - Roger Hynes
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport, Iowa
| | - Valerie Johnson
- Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Kowalski
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Craig Little
- Council on Chiropractic Education, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia Peterson
- European Council on Chiropractic Education and Councils on Chiropractic Education International, British Columbia, Canada
- University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Gregory Snow
- Palmer College of Chiropractic West, San Jose, California
| | | | - Yi Kai Wong
- Association of Chiropractic Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Maiers MJ. The John A. Sweaney Lecture: Virtual, September 2021, Given by Dr Michele Maiers. A Time to Lead: Reflections During a Pandemic. JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC HUMANITIES 2022; 29:7-14. [PMID: 35899149 PMCID: PMC9307899 DOI: 10.1016/j.echu.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The following is The John A. Sweaney Lecture delivered by Dr Michele Maiers at the biannual Congress of the World Federation of Chiropractic that was held virtually on September 25, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele J. Maiers
- American Chiropractic Association, Arlington, Virginia
- Northwestern Health Sciences University, Bloomington, Minnesota
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Salik E, Ozden AV, Alptekin HK. Chiropractic Care and Quality of Life Among Office Workers With Nonspecific Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Chiropr Med 2022; 21:157-167. [PMID: 36118107 PMCID: PMC9479198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life by a self-administered World Health Organization Quality of Life short version survey (WHOQoL-BREF) among office workers with nonspecific pain receiving chiropractic care in Istanbul, Turkey. Methods This cross-sectional study included 77 office workers (age interval, 18-65) with nonspecific neck, thoracic, back and/or extremity pain who underwent chiropractic care. Two weeks later, the quality of life was evaluated by a self-administered WHOQoL-BREF. The Numeric Pain Scale to evaluate the perceived pain was administered to all of the participants in the beginning and at the end of the study. Group-level changes on WHOQoL-BREF total score and subdimensions were compared according to descriptive data of office workers. The significance level was set at P ≤ .05. Results WHOQoL-BREF scale scores after chiropractic care (mean ± standard deviation) were 71.21% ± 7.91% (total score), 81.49% ± 14.43% (general health), 80.38% ± 10.49% (physical health), 73.16% ± 11.68% (psychological), 70.41% ± 12.43% (social), and 65.58% ± 10.91% (environment). Numeric Pain Scale scores decreased in a statistically significant way when compared with baseline (P ≤ .05). The descriptive statistical analysis of WHOQoL-BREF dimensions revealed that women had significantly higher scores than men, the 18-to-35 age group had higher scores compared with the 50-to-65 age group, and those married had significantly higher scores than those who were not married (P ≤ .05). Conclusion The findings of our study suggest that chiropractic care had positive effects on the quality of life of office workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emsal Salik
- Corresponding author: Emsal Salik, MD, PhD, DC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Abbasaga, Ihlamur Yildiz Cd. No:8, 34353 Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
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Shetty GM, Jain S, Thakur H, Khanna K. Prevalence of low back pain in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Work 2022; 73:429-452. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-205300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although many studies have investigated the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) among Indian subjects, no meta-analysis has been conducted to determine the comprehensive epidemiological point, annual, lifetime prevalence of LBP among Indian subjects. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the point, annual, and lifetime prevalence of LBP in the Indian population. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases for relevant studies that reported point, annual, or lifetime prevalence of LBP among Indian subjects,. Pooled point, annual and lifetime prevalence rates were calculated. Meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and publication bias assessment were performed. RESULTS: Ninety-seven studies were included in this review. Fifty-four studies included in the review (55.5%) were found to be of higher methodological quality. The pooled point, annual, and lifetime prevalence of LBP in India was 48% (95% CI 40–56%); 51% (95% CI 45–58%), and 66% (95% CI 56–75%), respectively. The pooled prevalence rates were highest among females, the rural population, and among elementary workers. CONCLUSION: The point, annual, and lifetime prevalence rates of LBP in the Indian population is higher compared to global and other ethnic populations affecting a large proportion of the population, especially among women, rural population and in elementary workers. The findings of this study can be the basis for formulating policy regarding the prevention and treatment of LBP in a large part of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam M. Shetty
- Knee and Orthopaedic Clinic, Mumbai, India
- QI Spine Clinic, New Delhi, India
- AIMD Research, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Harshad Thakur
- National Institute of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Angotti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G. Michael Mallow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arnold Wong
- International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Scott Haldeman
- World Spine Care, Santa Ana, CA, USA,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Howard S. An
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dino Samartzis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,International Spine Research and Innovation Initiative, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Dino Samartzis, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Orthopaedic Building, Suite 204-G, 1611 W. Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Johnson CD, Green BN. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 6: Preparing for the lawsuit. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2021; 35:85-96. [PMID: 34544154 PMCID: PMC8493525 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is the sixth article in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of the plaintiffs, lead lawyer, and the events immediately before the lawsuit was filed. METHODS This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 articles following a successive timeline. This article, the sixth of the series, explores the plaintiffs' stories. RESULTS Because of the AMA's boycott on chiropractic, chiropractors were not able to collaborate with medical physicians or refer patients to medical facilities, which resulted in restricted trade and potential harm to patients' well-being. The plaintiffs, Patricia Arthur, James Bryden, Michael Pedigo, and Chester Wilk, came from different regions of the United States. Each had unique experiences and were compelled to seek justice. The lead lawyer, Mr George McAndrews, was the son of a chiropractor and had witnessed the effect that the AMA's attacks on chiropractic had on his father. It took several years to gather enough resources to file the suit, which was submitted in 1976. CONCLUSION The conflicts that the plaintiffs experienced stimulated them to pursue a lawsuit against the AMA and other organized political medicine groups.
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Johnson CD, Green BN. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 4: Committee on Quackery. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2021; 35:55-73. [PMID: 34544155 PMCID: PMC8493528 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is the fourth article in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit, in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of the history of the origins of AMA's increased efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession and the development of the Chiropractic Committee, which would later become the AMA Committee on Quackery. METHODS This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 articles following a successive timeline. This article is the fourth of the series that explores the origins of AMA's increased efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. RESULTS In the 1950s, the number of chiropractors grew in Iowa, and chiropractors were seeking equity with other health professions through legislation. In response, the Iowa State Medical Society created a Chiropractic Committee to contain chiropractic and prompted the creation of the "Iowa Plan" to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. The AMA leadership was enticed by the plan and hired the Iowa State Medical Society's legislative counsel, who structured the operation. The AMA adopted the Iowa Plan for nationwide implementation to eradicate chiropractic. The formation of the AMA's Committee on Chiropractic, which was later renamed the Committee on Quackery (CoQ), led overt and covert campaigns against chiropractic. Both national chiropractic associations were fully aware of many, but not all, of organized medicine's plans to restrain chiropractic. CONCLUSION By the 1960s, organized medicine heightened its efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. The intensified campaign began in Iowa and was adopted by the AMA as a national campaign. Although the meetings of the AMA committees were not public, the war against chiropractic was distributed widely in lay publications, medical sources, and even chiropractic journals. Details about events would eventually be more fully revealed during the Wilk v AMA trials.
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Johnson CD, Green BN. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 2: Rise of the American Medical Association. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2021; 35:25-44. [PMID: 34544158 PMCID: PMC8493523 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper is the second in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated anti-trust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the history of how the AMA rose to dominate health care in the United States, and within this social context, how the chiropractic profession fought to survive in the first half of the 20th century. METHODS This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive timeline. This paper is the second of the series that explores the growth of medicine and the chiropractic profession. RESULTS The AMA's code of ethics established in 1847 continued to direct organized medicine's actions to exclude other health professions. During the early 1900s, the AMA established itself as "regular medicine." They labeled other types of medicine and health care professions, such as chiropractic, as "irregulars" claiming that they were cultists and quacks. In addition to the rise in power of the AMA, a report written by Abraham Flexner helped to solidify the AMA's control over health care. Chiropractic as a profession was emerging and developing in practice, education, and science. The few resources available to chiropractors were used to defend their profession against attacks from organized medicine and to secure legislation to legalize the practice of chiropractic. After years of struggle, the last state in the US legalized chiropractic 79 years after the birth of the profession. CONCLUSION In the first part of the 20th century, the AMA was amassing power as chiropractic was just emerging as a profession. Events such as publication of Flexner's report and development of the medical basic science laws helped to entrench the AMA's monopoly on health care. The health care environment shaped how chiropractic grew as a profession. Chiropractic practice, education, and science were challenged by trying to develop outside of the medical establishment. These events added to the tensions between the professions that ultimately resulted in the Wilk v AMA lawsuit.
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Johnson CD, Green BN. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 1: Origins of the conflict. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2021; 35:9-24. [PMID: 34544156 PMCID: PMC8493520 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper is the first in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the history of the AMA and the origins of chiropractic and to explore how the AMA began its monopoly of health care in the United States, possible reasons that organized medicine acted against chiropractic, and how these events influenced the chiropractic profession. METHODS This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. We used primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers that follow a successive time line. This paper is the first of the series and explores the origins of the aversion of organized American medicine to other health professions and the origins of the chiropractic profession. RESULTS The AMA began in the mid-1800s to unify like-minded "regular" medical physicians who developed a code of ethics and promoted higher educational standards. Their efforts to unify had excluded other types of health care providers, which they called "irregular" practitioners. However, Americans were seeking more natural alternatives to the harsh methods that regular medical physicians offered at that time. Nearly 50 years after the AMA began, the chiropractic profession attempted to emerge during a time when many patients valued vitalism and their freedom to choose what health care provider they would access. CONCLUSION During the years that chiropractic developed as a healing profession, organized medicine was already well established and developing a monopoly in American health care. These events created the foundation on which the tensions between these professions were built and ultimately resulted in the Wilk v AMA lawsuit.
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Johnson CD, Green BN. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 7: Lawsuit and decisions. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2021; 35:97-116. [PMID: 34544149 PMCID: PMC8493524 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is the seventh paper in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a summary of the lawsuit that was first filed in 1976 and concluded with the final denial of appeal in 1990. METHODS This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive time line. This paper, the seventh of the series, considers the information of the 2 trials and the judge's decision. RESULTS By the time the first trial began in 1980, the AMA had already changed its anti-chiropractic stance to allow medical doctors to associate with chiropractors if they wished. In the first trial, the chiropractors were not able to overcome the very stigma that organized medicine worked so hard to create over many decades, which resulted in the jury voting in favor of the AMA and other defendants. The plaintiffs, Drs Patricia Arthur, James Bryden, Michael Pedigo, and Chester Wilk, continued with their pursuit of justice. Their lawyer, Mr George McAndrews, fought for an appeal and was allowed a second trial. The second trial was a bench trial in which Judge Susan Getzendanner declared her final judgment that "the American Medical Association (AMA) and its members participated in a conspiracy against chiropractors in violation of the nation's antitrust laws." After the AMA's appeal was denied by the Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in 1990, the decision was declared permanent. The injunction that was ordered by the judge was published in the January 1, 1988, issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association. CONCLUSION The efforts by Mr McAndrews and his legal team and the persistence of the plaintiffs and countless others in the chiropractic profession concluded in Judge Getzendanner's decision, which prevented the AMA from rebuilding barriers or developing another boycott. The chiropractic profession was ready to move into its next century.
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Johnson CD, Green BN. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 3: Chiropractic growth. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2021; 35:45-54. [PMID: 34544153 PMCID: PMC8493526 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is the third paper in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief review of the history of the growth of chiropractic, its public relations campaigns, and infighting that contributed to the events surrounding the Wilk v AMA lawsuit. METHODS This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive timeline. This paper is the third of the series that explores the growth the chiropractic profession. RESULTS By the 1930s, the AMA was already under investigation for violation of antitrust laws and the National Chiropractic Association was suggesting that the AMA was establishing a health care monopoly. Chiropractic schools grew and the number of graduates rose quickly. Public relations campaigns and publications in the popular press attempted to educate the public about chiropractic. Factions within the profession polarized around differing views of how they thought that chiropractic should be practiced and portrayed to the public. The AMA leaders noted the infighting and used it to their advantage to subvert chiropractic. CONCLUSION Chiropractic grew rapidly and established its presence with the American public through public relations campaigns and popular press. However, infighting would give the AMA material to further its efforts to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession.
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Johnson CD, Green BN. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 8: Judgment impact. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2021; 35:117-131. [PMID: 34544159 PMCID: PMC8493530 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper is the eighth in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the possible impact that the final decision in favor of the plaintiffs may have had on the chiropractic profession. METHODS This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 papers following a successive timeline. This paper is the eighth of the series that discusses how the trial decision may have influenced the chiropractic that we know today in the United States. RESULTS Chiropractic practice, education, and research have changed since before the lawsuit was filed. There are several areas in which we propose that the trial decision may have had an impact on the chiropractic profession. CONCLUSION The lawsuit removed the barriers that were implemented by organized medicine against the chiropractic profession. The quality of chiropractic practice, education, and research continues to improve and the profession continues to meet its most fundamental mission: to improve the lives of patients. Chiropractors practicing in the United States today are allowed to collaborate freely with other health professionals. Today, patients have the option to access chiropractic care because of the dedicated efforts of many people to reduce the previous barriers. It is up to the present-day members of the medical and chiropractic professions to look back and to remember what happened. By recalling the events surrounding the lawsuit, we may have a better understanding about our professions today. This information may help to facilitate interactions between medicine and chiropractic and to develop more respectful partnerships focused on creating a better future for the health of the public. The future of the chiropractic profession rests in the heads, hearts, and hands of its current members to do what is right.
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Johnson CD, Green BN. Looking back at the lawsuit that transformed the chiropractic profession part 5: Evidence exposed. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2021; 35:74-84. [PMID: 34544152 PMCID: PMC8493522 DOI: 10.7899/jce-21-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is the fifth article in a series that explores the historical events surrounding the Wilk v American Medical Association (AMA) lawsuit in which the plaintiffs argued that the AMA, the American Hospital Association, and other medical specialty societies violated antitrust law by restraining chiropractors' business practices. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief review of events surrounding the eventual end of the AMA's Committee on Quackery and the exposure of evidence of the AMA's efforts to boycott the chiropractic profession. METHODS This historical research study used a phenomenological approach to qualitative inquiry into the conflict between regular medicine and chiropractic and the events before, during, and after a legal dispute at the time of modernization of the chiropractic profession. Our methods included obtaining primary and secondary data sources. The final narrative recount was developed into 8 articles following a successive timeline. This article, the fifth of the series, explores the exposure of what the AMA had been doing, which provided evidence that was eventually used in the Wilk v AMA antitrust lawsuit. RESULTS The prime mission of the AMA's Committee on Quackery was "first, the containment of chiropractic and, ultimately, the elimination of chiropractic." However, the committee did not complete its mission and quietly disbanded in 1974. This was the same year that the chiropractic profession finally gained licensure in all 50 of the United States; received recognition from the US Commissioner of Education, Department of Health, Education and Welfare; and was successfully included in Medicare. In 1975, documents reportedly obtained by the Church of Scientology covert operatives under Operation AMA Doom revealed the extent to which the AMA and its Committee on Quackery had been working to contain and eliminate the chiropractic profession. The AMA actions included influencing mainstream media, decisions made by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Other actions included publishing propaganda against chiropractic and implementing an anti-chiropractic program aimed at medical students, medical societies, and the American public. CONCLUSION After more than a decade of overt and covert actions, the AMA chose to end its Committee on Quackery. The following year, documents exposed the extent of AMA's efforts to enact its boycott of chiropractic.
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Kesiena O, Ajayi KV, Rene A, Benden M. Sociodemographic and work-related predictors of chronic lower back pain in the United States: the 2018 National Health Interview Survey data. Public Health 2021; 198:30-34. [PMID: 34348193 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to explore the current characteristics of people with chronic lower back (CLB) pain, and the sociodemographic and work-related predictors of this pain. STUDY DESIGN The study design used in the study is a cross-sectional study. METHOD The 2018 National Health Interview Survey data were used. Chi-squared analysis was used to assess the sociodemographic characteristics, and logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors after multiple imputation. RESULTS Of the 72,831 respondents, 25,397 had provided data on CLB pain and were eligible for this study. People with CLB pain were more likely to be obese, white, female, older than 40 years, and did not have a college degree. They were more likely to carry out less than 150 min of moderate aerobic exercise per week. Age was the sociodemographic predictor of CLB pain (P-value <0.001). After imputation and adjusting for covariates, construction and extraction and military-specific occupational groups were associated with an increased risk of CLB pain [odds ratios (OR): 1.32, confidence interval (CI): 1.10-1.59, P-value = 0.004; OR: 2.20, CI: 1.36-3.55, P-value = 0.001]. Working between 41 and 60 h/week significantly also had an increased risk of developing CLB pain (OR: 1.13, CI: 1.01-1.27, P-value 0.043; OR: 1.23, CI: 1.10-1.37, P-value <0.001). CONCLUSION Low socio-economic status, poor physical fitness, work-life imbalance, and the type of occupation contribute to the development of CLB pain. An improvement in preventive measures is needed to address this morbidity. More studies should be carried out to analyze the type of workplace movements that increase the risk of developing CLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kesiena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Piedmont Athens Regional Medical Center, Athens, GA, USA; School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - K V Ajayi
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - A Rene
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - M Benden
- School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Hawk C, Amorin-Woods L, Evans MW, Whedon JM, Daniels CJ, Williams RD, Parkin-Smith G, Taylor DN, Anderson D, Farabaugh R, Walters SA, Schielke A, Minkalis AL, Crivelli LS, Alpers C, Hinkeldey N, Hoang J, Caraway D, Whalen W, Cook J, Redwood D. The Role of Chiropractic Care in Providing Health Promotion and Clinical Preventive Services for Adult Patients with Musculoskeletal Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline. J Altern Complement Med 2021; 27:850-867. [PMID: 34314609 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2021.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To develop evidence-based recommendations on best practices for delivery of clinical preventive services by chiropractors and to offer practical resources to empower provider applications in practice. Design: Clinical practice guideline based on evidence-based recommendations of a panel of practitioners and experts on clinical preventive services. Methods: Synthesizing the results of a literature search for relevant clinical practice guidelines and systematic reviews, a multidisciplinary steering committee with training and experience in health promotion, clinical prevention, and/or evidence-based chiropractic practice drafted a set of recommendations. A Delphi panel of experienced practitioners and faculty, primarily but not exclusively chiropractors, rated the recommendations by using the formal consensus methodology established by the RAND Corporation/University of California. Results: The Delphi consensus process was conducted during January-February 2021. The 65-member Delphi panel reached a high level of consensus on appropriate application of clinical preventive services for screening and health promotion counseling within the chiropractic scope of practice. Interprofessional collaboration for the successful delivery of clinical preventive services was emphasized. Recommendations were made on primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention of musculoskeletal pain. Conclusions: Application of this guideline in chiropractic practice may facilitate consistent and appropriate use of screening and preventive services and foster interprofessional collaboration to promote clinical preventive services and contribute to improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Hawk
- Texas Chiropractic College, Pasadena, Texas, USA
| | | | - Marion W Evans
- University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
| | - James M Whedon
- Southern California University of Health Sciences, Whittier, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Derek Anderson
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System American Lake Division, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Cook
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Cupler ZA, Daniels CJ, Anderson DR, Anderson MT, Napuli JG, Tritt ME. Suicide prevention, public health, and the chiropractic profession: a call to action. Chiropr Man Therap 2021; 29:14. [PMID: 33853629 PMCID: PMC8048297 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-021-00372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a major public health concern that has wide-reaching implications on individuals, families, and society. Efforts to respond to a public health concern as a portal-of-entry provider can reduce morbidity and mortality of patients. The objective of this commentary is a call to action to initiate dialogue regarding suicide prevention and the role the chiropractic profession may play. DISCUSSION This public health burden requires doctors of chiropractic to realize current strengths and recognize contemporaneous deficiencies in clinical, research, and policy environments. With this better understanding, only then can the chiropractic profession strive to enhance knowledge and promote clinical acumen to target and mitigate suicide risk to better serve the public. CONCLUSION We implore the profession to transition from bystander to actively engaged in the culture of suicide prevention beholden to all aspects of the biopsychosocial healthcare model. The chiropractic profession's participation in suicide prevention improves the health and wellness of one's community while also impacting the broader public health arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Cupler
- Butler VA Health Care System, Butler, PA, USA.
- Institute for Clinical Research Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Bubanj S, Đorđević S, Milenković S, Stanković R, Vidojević M, Đokić M. Postural disorders and muscle power in primary school children. ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/afmnai38-29283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the research was to contribute to better understanding of the correlation between postural disorders and muscle power in primary school children. The sample of respondents consisted of 1,120 children, aged 7 to 12 years (549 boys and 571 girls) from the territory of the municipality of Knjaževac. In the assessment of the spinal column status, the device "Spinal Mouse" (Switzerland) was used, while in the analysis of the status of the feet, the podoscope "Pedic" (Hungary) was used. A handheld dynamometer "Lafayette" (USA) and tensiometric force platform "Vernier Force Plate" (USA) were used in the analysis of muscle power. Spinal column and feet status were measured in the static condition, with children being in the upright standing position. Muscle power status was measured in both static (a clinician was applying muscle force to the dominant upper extremity of a child trying to overcome or "break" the child's muscle resistance) and dynamic conditions (Counter Movement Jump). Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were used in data processing by the means of the SPSS software version 24. Results revealed poor postural and muscle power status, and correlations suggesting to possible kinetic chain reaction causing the disruption of the normal postural status in primary school children. Determined postural disorders are characterized by the early functional stage that can be reduced by appropriate corrective exercise programme application and augmented level of proper physical activity. Those programmes and activities are being guided and implemented by physicians and PE teachers in the municipality of Knjaževac.
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18
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Johnson CD. Chiropractic Day: A Historical Review of a Day Worth Celebrating. JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC HUMANITIES 2020; 27:1-10. [PMID: 34061916 PMCID: PMC8074684 DOI: 10.1016/j.echu.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss historical concepts about the celebration of Chiropractic Day. DISCUSSION Daniel David Palmer attributed September 18, 1895 to be the day that he delivered the first chiropractic adjustment. As the chiropractic profession grew, the celebration of Chiropractic Day became more widespread throughout the United States and the world. This paper offers suggestions about how to celebrate Chiropractic Day. Activities include educating, learning, honoring, volunteering, and engaging. CONCLUSION The chiropractic profession celebrates its birth on September 18. Regardless of the many different names used over the past 125 years, including Chiropractic Founder's Day, Chiropractic Rally Day, Chiropractic Anniversary, and Chiropractic Discovery Day, the celebration of this special day provides an opportunity to reflect on how far the profession has come and how chiropractors continue to help and serve their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D. Johnson
- Corresponding author: Claire D. Johnson, DC, MSEd, PhD, 200 E Roosevelt Dr., Lombard, IL 60148
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19
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Niquen-Jimenez M, Wishart D, Garcia RM, Shlobin NA, Steinle J, Weiss H, Reynolds RA, Lam S, Rosseau G. A Bibliographic Analysis of the Most Cited Articles in Global Neurosurgery. World Neurosurg 2020; 144:e195-e203. [PMID: 32829020 PMCID: PMC7895493 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Global neurosurgery is the practice of neurosurgery with the primary purpose of delivering timely, safe, and affordable neurosurgical care to all who need it. The aim of this study is to identify the most frequently cited articles in global neurosurgery through a bibliographic review to characterize articles and trends around this growing topic. METHODS The top most-cited articles in global neurosurgery were determined by searching the Web of Science database using a priori search terms. Articles with at least 5 citations were selected, and there were no time period or language restrictions. The data were extracted from each included article and all characteristics were summarized. RESULTS A total of 932 articles were identified using the search terms; 69 articles fulfilled inclusion criteria and 17 articles were selected that had more than 5 citations. The articles' number of citations ranged from 6 to 98 for the most-cited article. Authors from, or affiliated with, 14 countries contributed to the 17 articles, and the country that had the greatest representation was the United States. The main topic discussed was surgical capacity, the second topic was the treatment of different neurosurgical conditions, and volunteerism was the third topic. CONCLUSIONS There is currently a deficit in both the amount of literature surrounding the topic of global neurosurgery and how much that literature is cited. Developing innovative ways to increase academic productivity within, or in collaboration with, low-middle income countries is essential to contribute to global neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Niquen-Jimenez
- Facultad de Medicina Humana Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Danielle Wishart
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Roxanna M Garcia
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Institute for Global Health, Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Nathan A Shlobin
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julia Steinle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hannah Weiss
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rebecca A Reynolds
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sandi Lam
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Division of Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Gail Rosseau
- Department of Neurosurgery, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
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Obrero-Gaitán E, Molina F, Del-Pino-Casado R, Ibáñez-Vera AJ, Rodríguez-Almagro D, Lomas-Vega R. Visual Verticality Perception in Spinal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1725. [PMID: 32503240 PMCID: PMC7356295 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with traumatic or non-traumatic spinal pain and idiopathic scoliosis frequently suffer from imbalance. The evaluation of the perception of verticality by means of visual tests emerges as a quick and easy tool for clinical management of the balance disorders. Several studies have assessed the visual perception of verticality in spinal diseases obtaining controversial results. The aim of our study is to analyze the perception of visual verticality in subjects with several spinal diseases in comparison with healthy subjects. A meta-analysis was carried out. PubMed MEDLINE, Scopus, WoS, CINAHL, and SciELO databases were searched until January 2020. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated to analyze differences between patients and healthy controls. Fifteen studies with a total of 2052 patients were included. In comparison with healthy subjects, a misperception of verticality was found in patients with spinal pain when the perception of the verticality was assessed with the rod and frame test (SMD = 0.339; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.181, 0.497; p < 0.001). It seems that the perception of visual verticality is not altered in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (p = 0.294). The present meta-analysis shows a misperception of visual verticality only in patients with spinal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Obrero-Gaitán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Francisco Molina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Rafael Del-Pino-Casado
- Department of Nursing, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Alfonso Javier Ibáñez-Vera
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Almagro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Rafael Lomas-Vega
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
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21
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Diebo BG, Shah NV, Boachie-Adjei O, Zhu F, Rothenfluh DA, Paulino CB, Schwab FJ, Lafage V. Adult spinal deformity. Lancet 2019; 394:160-172. [PMID: 31305254 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult spinal deformity affects the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine throughout the ageing process. Although adolescent spinal deformities taken into adulthood are not uncommon, the most usual causes of spinal deformity in adults are iatrogenic flatback and degenerative scoliosis. Given its prevalence in the expanding portion of the global population aged older than 65 years, the disorder is of growing interest in health care. Physical examination, with a focus on gait and posture, along with radiographical assessment are primarily used and integrated with risk stratification indices to establish optimal treatment planning. Although non-operative treatment is regarded as the first-line response, surgical outcomes are considerably favourable. Global disparities exist in both the assessment and treatment of adults with spinal deformity across countries of varying incomes, which represents an area requiring further investigation. This Seminar presents evidence and knowledge that represent the evolution of data related to spinal deformity in adults over the past several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel G Diebo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Neil V Shah
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dominique A Rothenfluh
- Division of Spinal Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl B Paulino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank J Schwab
- Spine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Virginie Lafage
- Spine Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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22
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Brown R. Chiropractic as Part of the Solution to the World Crisis in Spine-related Disability. JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC HUMANITIES 2018; 25:6-9. [PMID: 31019416 PMCID: PMC6472117 DOI: 10.1016/j.echu.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to explore the concepts related to how chiropractic can contribute to addressing the issue of spine-related disability. This article is an edited transcription of the presentation made by Dr Richard Brown, Secretary General of the World Federation of Chiropractic, at the Florida Chiropractic Association National Conference on August 17, 2018, in Orlando, Florida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Brown
- Corresponding author: Richard Brown, DC, LLM, World Federation of Chiropractic, 160 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 601, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 3B5. Tel.: +1 416 484 9978.
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Controlling the burden of spinal disorders in low- and middle-income countries. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018; 27:773-775. [PMID: 30151806 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Haldeman S, Nordin M, Chou R, Côté P, Hurwitz EL, Johnson CD, Randhawa K, Green BN, Kopansky-Giles D, Acaroğlu E, Ameis A, Cedraschi C, Aartun E, Adjei-Kwayisi A, Ayhan S, Aziz A, Bas T, Blyth F, Borenstein D, Brady O, Brooks P, Camilleri C, Castellote JM, Clay MB, Davatchi F, Dudler J, Dunn R, Eberspaecher S, Emmerich J, Farcy JP, Fisher-Jeffes N, Goertz C, Grevitt M, Griffith EA, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Hartvigsen J, Hondras M, Kane EJ, Laplante J, Lemeunier N, Mayer J, Mior S, Mmopelwa T, Modic M, Moss J, Mullerpatan R, Muteti E, Mwaniki L, Ngandeu-Singwe M, Outerbridge G, Rajasekaran S, Shearer H, Smuck M, Sönmez E, Tavares P, Taylor-Vaisey A, Torres C, Torres P, van der Horst A, Verville L, Vialle E, Kumar GV, Vlok A, Watters W, Wong CC, Wong JJ, Yu H, Yüksel S. The Global Spine Care Initiative: World Spine Care executive summary on reducing spine-related disability in low- and middle-income communities. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018; 27:776-785. [PMID: 30151809 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spinal disorders, including back and neck pain, are major causes of disability, economic hardship, and morbidity, especially in underserved communities and low- and middle-income countries. Currently, there is no model of care to address this issue. This paper provides an overview of the papers from the Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI), which was convened to develop an evidence-based, practical, and sustainable, spinal healthcare model for communities around the world with various levels of resources. METHODS Leading spine clinicians and scientists around the world were invited to participate. The interprofessional, international team consisted of 68 members from 24 countries, representing most disciplines that study or care for patients with spinal symptoms, including family physicians, spine surgeons, rheumatologists, chiropractors, physical therapists, epidemiologists, research methodologists, and other stakeholders. RESULTS Literature reviews on the burden of spinal disorders and six categories of evidence-based interventions for spinal disorders (assessment, public health, psychosocial, noninvasive, invasive, and the management of osteoporosis) were completed. In addition, participants developed a stratification system for surgical intervention, a classification system for spinal disorders, an evidence-based care pathway, and lists of resources and recommendations to implement the GSCI model of care. CONCLUSION The GSCI proposes an evidence-based model that is consistent with recent calls for action to reduce the global burden of spinal disorders. The model requires testing to determine feasibility. If it proves to be implementable, this model holds great promise to reduce the tremendous global burden of spinal disorders. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Haldeman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,World Spine Care, Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Margareta Nordin
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,World Spine Care Europe, Holmfirth, UK
| | - Roger Chou
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Pierre Côté
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric L Hurwitz
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Claire D Johnson
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA. .,Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Kristi Randhawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bart N Green
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA.,Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Kopansky-Giles
- Department of Research, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Arthur Ameis
- Certification Program in Insurance Medicine and MedicoLegal Expertise, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Cedraschi
- Division of General Medical Rehabilitation, Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Aartun
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Afua Adjei-Kwayisi
- Ridge Regional Hospital, Ghana World Spine Care, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Selim Ayhan
- ARTES Spine Center, Acibadem University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Amer Aziz
- Orthopaedics and Spine Department, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital Lahore Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Teresa Bas
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitario and Politecnico La Fe, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fiona Blyth
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - David Borenstein
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Associates, The George Washington University Medical Center, Potomac, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter Brooks
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Toorak, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Juan M Castellote
- National School of Occupational Medicine, Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael B Clay
- Rehabilitation Care Line, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fereydoun Davatchi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean Dudler
- Department of Rheumatology, HFR Fribourg - Hospital Cantonal, Fribourg, FR, Switzerland
| | - Robert Dunn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Juan Emmerich
- University of La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jean Pierre Farcy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery (retired), New York University, Piermont, NY, USA
| | - Norman Fisher-Jeffes
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Panorama Medi Clinic, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Christine Goertz
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport, IA, USA.,The Spine Institute for Quality, Davenport, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jan Hartvigsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Hondras
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Edward J Kane
- College of Rehabilitative Sciences, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Julie Laplante
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - John Mayer
- U.S. Spine and Sport Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Silvano Mior
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiro Mmopelwa
- ARTES Ankara Spine Centre, Life Gaborone Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Michael Modic
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean Moss
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, President Emerita, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajani Mullerpatan
- MGM School of Physiotherapy, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Elijah Muteti
- Moi University/Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Madeleine Ngandeu-Singwe
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Center Region, Cameroon
| | - Geoff Outerbridge
- World Spine Care and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Chelsea, QC, Canada
| | | | - Heather Shearer
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Smuck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Erkin Sönmez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Anne Taylor-Vaisey
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos Torres
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paola Torres
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander van der Horst
- Department of Surgery, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Hospital, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Leslie Verville
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Adriaan Vlok
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Stellenbosch, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - William Watters
- Department of Orthopedic, Weill Cornell Medical School and Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jessica J Wong
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hainan Yu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, ON, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Selcen Yüksel
- Department of Biostatistics, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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Kopansky-Giles D, Johnson CD, Haldeman S, Chou R, Côté P, Green BN, Nordin M, Acaroğlu E, Ameis A, Cedraschi C, Hurwitz EL, Ayhan S, Borenstein D, Brady O, Brooks P, Davatchi F, Dunn R, Goertz C, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Hartvigsen J, Hondras M, Lemeunier N, Mayer J, Mior S, Moss J, Mullerpatan R, Muteti E, Mwaniki L, Ngandeu-Singwe M, Outerbridge G, Randhawa K, Torres C, Torres P, Vlok A, Wong CC. The Global Spine Care Initiative: resources to implement a spine care program. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018; 27:915-924. [PMID: 30151804 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to describe the development of a list of resources necessary to implement a model of care for the management of spine-related concerns anywhere in the world, but especially in underserved communities and low- and middle-income countries. METHODS Contents from the Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI) Classification System and GSCI care pathway papers provided a foundation for the resources list. A seed document was developed that included resources for spine care that could be delivered in primary, secondary and tertiary settings, as well as resources needed for self-care and community-based settings for a wide variety of spine concerns (e.g., back and neck pain, deformity, spine injury, neurological conditions, pathology and spinal diseases). An iterative expert consensus process was used using electronic surveys. RESULTS Thirty-five experts completed the process. An iterative consensus process was used through an electronic survey. A consensus was reached after two rounds. The checklist of resources included the following categories: healthcare provider knowledge and skills, materials and equipment, human resources, facilities and infrastructure. The list identifies resources needed to implement a spine care program in any community, which are based upon spine care needs. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first international and interprofessional attempt to develop a list of resources needed to deliver care in an evidence-based care pathway for the management of people presenting with spine-related concerns. This resource list needs to be field tested in a variety of communities with different resource capacities to verify its utility. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Kopansky-Giles
- Department of Research, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Claire D Johnson
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA.
- Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Scott Haldeman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- World Spine Care, Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Roger Chou
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Pierre Côté
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bart N Green
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA
- Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Margareta Nordin
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- World Spine Care Europe, Holmfirth, UK
| | | | - Arthur Ameis
- Certification Program in Insurance Medicine and MedicoLegal Expertise, University of Montreal Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Cedraschi
- Division of General Medical Rehabilitation, Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric L Hurwitz
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'I, Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Selim Ayhan
- ARTES Spine Center, Acibadem University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - David Borenstein
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Associates, The George Washington University Medical Center, Potomac, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter Brooks
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Toorak, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fereydoun Davatchi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert Dunn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Christine Goertz
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport, IA, USA
- The Spine Institute for Quality, Davenport, IA, USA
| | | | - Jan Hartvigsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Hondras
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - John Mayer
- U.S. Spine and Sport Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Silvano Mior
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Moss
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, President Emerita, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajani Mullerpatan
- MGM School of Physiotherapy, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Elijah Muteti
- Moi University/Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Madeleine Ngandeu-Singwe
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Center Region, Cameroon
| | - Geoff Outerbridge
- World Spine Care and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Chelsea, QC, Canada
| | - Kristi Randhawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carlos Torres
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paola Torres
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adriaan Vlok
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Stellenbosch, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
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26
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Haldeman S, Johnson CD, Chou R, Nordin M, Côté P, Hurwitz EL, Green BN, Kopansky-Giles D, Cedraschi C, Aartun E, Acaroğlu E, Ameis A, Ayhan S, Blyth F, Borenstein D, Brady O, Davatchi F, Goertz C, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Hartvigsen J, Hondras M, Lemeunier N, Mayer J, Mior S, Mmopelwa T, Modic M, Mullerpatan R, Mwaniki L, Ngandeu-Singwe M, Outerbridge G, Randhawa K, Sönmez E, Torres C, Torres P, Watters W, Yu H. The Global Spine Care Initiative: classification system for spine-related concerns. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018; 27:889-900. [PMID: 30151807 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to describe the development of a classification system that would apply to anyone with a spine-related concern and that can be used in an evidence-based spine care pathway. METHODS Existing classification systems for spinal disorders were assembled. A seed document was developed through round-table discussions followed by a modified Delphi process. International and interprofessional clinicians and scientists with expertise in spine-related conditions were invited to participate. RESULTS Thirty-six experts from 15 countries participated. After the second round, there was 95% agreement of the proposed classification system. The six major classifications included: no or minimal symptoms (class 0); mild symptoms (i.e., neck or back pain) but no interference with activities (class I); moderate or severe symptoms with interference of activities (class II); spine-related neurological signs or symptoms (class III); severe bony spine deformity, trauma or pathology (class IV); and spine-related symptoms or destructive lesions associated with systemic pathology (class V). Subclasses for each major class included chronicity and severity when different interventions were anticipated or recommended. CONCLUSIONS An international and interprofessional group developed a comprehensive classification system for all potential presentations of people who may seek care or advice at a spine care program. This classification can be used in the development of a spine care pathway, in clinical practice, and for research purposes. This classification needs to be tested for validity, reliability, and consistency among clinicians from different specialties and in different communities and cultures. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Haldeman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,World Spine Care, Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Claire D Johnson
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA. .,Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Roger Chou
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Margareta Nordin
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,World Spine Care Europe, Holmfirth, UK
| | - Pierre Côté
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric L Hurwitz
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Bart N Green
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA.,Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Kopansky-Giles
- Department of Research, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Cedraschi
- Division of General Medical Rehabilitation, Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Aartun
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Arthur Ameis
- Faculty of Medicine, Certification Program in Insurance Medicine and MedicoLegal Expertise, University of Montreal, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Selim Ayhan
- ARTES Spine Center, Acibadem University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fiona Blyth
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - David Borenstein
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Associates, The George Washington University Medical Center, Potomac, MD, USA
| | | | - Fereydoun Davatchi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Christine Goertz
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport, IA, USA.,The Spine Institute for Quality, Davenport, IA, USA
| | | | - Jan Hartvigsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Hondras
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - John Mayer
- U.S. Spine and Sport Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Silvano Mior
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiro Mmopelwa
- ARTES Ankara Spine Centre, Life Gaborone Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Michael Modic
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rajani Mullerpatan
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences, MGM School of Physiotherapy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Madeleine Ngandeu-Singwe
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Center Region, Cameroon
| | - Geoff Outerbridge
- World Spine Care and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Chelsea, QC, Canada
| | - Kristi Randhawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erkin Sönmez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Carlos Torres
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paola Torres
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - William Watters
- Department of Orthopedic, Weill Cornell Medical School and Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hainan Yu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
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27
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The Global Spine Care Initiative: model of care and implementation. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018; 27:925-945. [PMID: 30151805 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spine-related disorders are a leading cause of global disability and are a burden on society and to public health. Currently, there is no comprehensive, evidence-based model of care for spine-related disorders, which includes back and neck pain, deformity, spine injury, neurological conditions, spinal diseases, and pathology, that could be applied in global health care settings. The purposes of this paper are to propose: (1) principles to transform the delivery of spine care; (2) an evidence-based model that could be applied globally; and (3) implementation suggestions. METHODS The Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI) meetings and literature reviews were synthesized into a seed document and distributed to spine care experts. After three rounds of a modified Delphi process, all participants reached consensus on the final model of care and implementation steps. RESULTS Sixty-six experts representing 24 countries participated. The GSCI model of care has eight core principles: person-centered, people-centered, biopsychosocial, proactive, evidence-based, integrative, collaborative, and self-sustaining. The model of care includes a classification system and care pathway, levels of care, and a focus on the patient's journey. The six steps for implementation are initiation and preparation; assessment of the current situation; planning and designing solutions; implementation; assessment and evaluation of program; and sustain program and scale up. CONCLUSION The GSCI proposes an evidence-based, practical, sustainable, and scalable model of care representing eight core principles with a six-step implementation plan. The aim of this model is to help transform spine care globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries and underserved communities. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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28
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Johnson CD, Haldeman S, Nordin M, Chou R, Côté P, Hurwitz EL, Green BN, Kopansky-Giles D, Randhawa K, Cedraschi C, Ameis A, Acaroğlu E, Aartun E, Adjei-Kwayisi A, Ayhan S, Aziz A, Bas T, Blyth F, Borenstein D, Brady O, Brooks P, Camilleri C, Castellote JM, Clay MB, Davatchi F, Dudler J, Dunn R, Eberspaecher S, Emmerich J, Farcy JP, Fisher-Jeffes N, Goertz C, Grevitt M, Griffith EA, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Hartvigsen J, Hondras M, Kane EJ, Laplante J, Lemeunier N, Mayer J, Mior S, Mmopelwa T, Modic M, Moss J, Mullerpatan R, Muteti E, Mwaniki L, Ngandeu-Singwe M, Outerbridge G, Rajasekaran S, Shearer H, Smuck M, Sönmez E, Tavares P, Taylor-Vaisey A, Torres C, Torres P, van der Horst A, Verville L, Vialle E, Kumar GV, Vlok A, Watters W, Wong CC, Wong JJ, Yu H, Yüksel S. The Global Spine Care Initiative: methodology, contributors, and disclosures. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018; 27:786-795. [PMID: 30151808 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5723-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to describe the Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI) contributors, disclosures, and methods for reporting transparency on the development of the recommendations. METHODS World Spine Care convened the GSCI to develop an evidence-based, practical, and sustainable healthcare model for spinal care. The initiative aims to improve the management, prevention, and public health for spine-related disorders worldwide; thus, global representation was essential. A series of meetings established the initiative's mission and goals. Electronic surveys collected contributorship and demographic information, and experiences with spinal conditions to better understand perceptions and potential biases that were contributing to the model of care. RESULTS Sixty-eight clinicians and scientists participated in the deliberations and are authors of one or more of the GSCI articles. Of these experts, 57 reported providing spine care in 34 countries, (i.e., low-, middle-, and high-income countries, as well as underserved communities in high-income countries.) The majority reported personally experiencing or having a close family member with one or more spinal concerns including: spine-related trauma or injury, spinal problems that required emergency or surgical intervention, spinal pain referred from non-spine sources, spinal deformity, spinal pathology or disease, neurological problems, and/or mild, moderate, or severe back or neck pain. There were no substantial reported conflicts of interest. CONCLUSION The GSCI participants have broad professional experience and wide international distribution with no discipline dominating the deliberations. The GSCI believes this set of papers has the potential to inform and improve spine care globally. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Johnson
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA. .,Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Scott Haldeman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,World Spine Care, Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Margareta Nordin
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,World Spine Care Europe, Holmfirth, UK
| | - Roger Chou
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Pierre Côté
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric L Hurwitz
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii, Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Bart N Green
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA.,Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deborah Kopansky-Giles
- Department of Research, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, North York, ON, Canada.,Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristi Randhawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christine Cedraschi
- Division of General Medical Rehabilitation, Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Ameis
- University of Montreal Faculty of Medicine Certification Program in Insurance Medicine and MedicoLegal Expertise, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ellen Aartun
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Afua Adjei-Kwayisi
- Ghana World Spine Care, Ridge Regional Hospital, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Selim Ayhan
- ARTES Spine Center, Acibadem University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Amer Aziz
- Orthopaedics and Spine Department, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital Lahore Pakistan, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Teresa Bas
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitario and Politecnico La Fe, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fiona Blyth
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - David Borenstein
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Associates, The George Washington University Medical Center, Potomac, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter Brooks
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Toorak, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Juan M Castellote
- National School of Occupational Medicine, Carlos III Institute of Health and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael B Clay
- Rehabilitation Care Line, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fereydoun Davatchi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean Dudler
- Department of Rheumatology, HFR Fribourg - Hospital Cantonal, Fribourg, FR, Switzerland
| | - Robert Dunn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Juan Emmerich
- University of La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Norman Fisher-Jeffes
- Panorama Medi Clinic, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Christine Goertz
- Palmer College of Chiropractic and The Spine Institute for Quality, Davenport, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jan Hartvigsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Nordic Institute of Chiropractic and Clinical Biomechanics, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Hondras
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Edward J Kane
- College of Rehabilitative Sciences, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Julie Laplante
- School of Sociological and Anthropological Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - John Mayer
- U.S. Spine and Sport Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Silvano Mior
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tiro Mmopelwa
- ARTES Ankara Spine Centre, Life Gaborone Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Michael Modic
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean Moss
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, President Emerita, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajani Mullerpatan
- MGM School of Physiotherapy, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Elijah Muteti
- Moi University/Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Madeleine Ngandeu-Singwe
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Center Region, Cameroon
| | - Geoff Outerbridge
- World Spine Care and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Chelsea, QC, Canada
| | | | - Heather Shearer
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Matthew Smuck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Erkin Sönmez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Anne Taylor-Vaisey
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carlos Torres
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paola Torres
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander van der Horst
- Department of Surgery, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.,Central Hospital, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Leslie Verville
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gomatam Vijay Kumar
- Head of Neurosurgery, AMRI Hospitals, Salt Lake, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Adriaan Vlok
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Stellenbosch, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - William Watters
- Department of Orthopedic, Weill Cornell Medical School and Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jessica J Wong
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hainan Yu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada.,UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Selcen Yüksel
- Department of Biostatistics, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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29
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Haldeman S, Johnson CD, Chou R, Nordin M, Côté P, Hurwitz EL, Green BN, Cedraschi C, Acaroğlu E, Kopansky-Giles D, Ameis A, Adjei-Kwayisi A, Ayhan S, Blyth F, Borenstein D, Brady O, Brooks P, Camilleri C, Castellote JM, Clay MB, Davatchi F, Dunn R, Goertz C, Griffith EA, Hondras M, Kane EJ, Lemeunier N, Mayer J, Mmopelwa T, Modic M, Moss J, Mullerpatan R, Muteti E, Mwaniki L, Ngandeu-Singwe M, Outerbridge G, Randhawa K, Shearer H, Sönmez E, Torres C, Torres P, Verville L, Vlok A, Watters W, Wong CC, Yu H. The Global Spine Care Initiative: care pathway for people with spine-related concerns. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2018; 27:901-914. [PMID: 30151811 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to describe the development of an evidence-based care pathway that can be implemented globally. METHODS The Global Spine Care Initiative (GSCI) care pathway development team extracted interventions recommended for the management of spinal disorders from six GSCI articles that synthesized the available evidence from guidelines and relevant literature. Sixty-eight international and interprofessional clinicians and scientists with expertise in spine-related conditions were invited to participate. An iterative consensus process was used. RESULTS After three rounds of review, 46 experts from 16 countries reached consensus for the care pathway that includes five decision steps: awareness, initial triage, provider assessment, interventions (e.g., non-invasive treatment; invasive treatment; psychological and social intervention; prevention and public health; specialty care and interprofessional management), and outcomes. The care pathway can be used to guide the management of patients with any spine-related concern (e.g., back and neck pain, deformity, spinal injury, neurological conditions, pathology, spinal diseases). The pathway is simple and can be incorporated into educational tools, decision-making trees, and electronic medical records. CONCLUSION A care pathway for the management of individuals presenting with spine-related concerns includes evidence-based recommendations to guide health care providers in the management of common spinal disorders. The proposed pathway is person-centered and evidence-based. The acceptability and utility of this care pathway will need to be evaluated in various communities, especially in low- and middle-income countries, with different cultural background and resources. These slides can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Haldeman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- World Spine Care, Santa Ana, CA, USA
| | - Claire D Johnson
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA.
- Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Roger Chou
- Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology and Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Margareta Nordin
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- World Spine Care Europe, Holmfirth, UK
| | - Pierre Côté
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric L Hurwitz
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawai'i, Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Bart N Green
- National University of Health Sciences, Lombard, IL, USA
- Qualcomm Health Center, Stanford Health Care, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine Cedraschi
- Division of General Medical Rehabilitation and Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Deborah Kopansky-Giles
- Department of Research, Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, North York, ON, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Ameis
- Faculty of Medicine Certification Program in Insurance Medicine and MedicoLegal Expertise, University of Montreal, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Afua Adjei-Kwayisi
- Ridge Regional Hospital, Ghana World Spine Care, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Selim Ayhan
- ARTES Spine Center, Acibadem University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fiona Blyth
- Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - David Borenstein
- Arthritis and Rheumatism Associates, The George Washington University Medical Center, Potomac, MD, USA
| | | | - Peter Brooks
- Centre for Health Policy, School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Toorak, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Juan M Castellote
- National School of Occupational Medicine, Carlos III Institute of Health and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Complutense, Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael B Clay
- Rehabilitation Care Line, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fereydoun Davatchi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert Dunn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Christine Goertz
- Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport, IA, USA
- The Spine Institute for Quality, Davenport, IA, USA
| | | | - Maria Hondras
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Kansas, Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Edward J Kane
- College of Rehabilitative Sciences, Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | | | - John Mayer
- U.S. Spine & Sport Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tiro Mmopelwa
- ARTES Ankara Spine Centre, Life Gaborone Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Michael Modic
- Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean Moss
- Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, President Emerita, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajani Mullerpatan
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences, MGM School of Physiotherapy, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Elijah Muteti
- Moi University/Moi Teaching & Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Madeleine Ngandeu-Singwe
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Center Region, Cameroon
| | - Geoff Outerbridge
- World Spine Care and Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Chelsea, QC, Canada
| | - Kristi Randhawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Heather Shearer
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Erkin Sönmez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Başkent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Carlos Torres
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paola Torres
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leslie Verville
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adriaan Vlok
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Stellenbosch, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - William Watters
- Department of Orthopedic Weill Cornell Medical School and Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Hainan Yu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
- UOIT-CMCC Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, Toronto, Canada
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