1
|
Shankar DS, Vasavada KD, Gillinov LA, Kirschner N, Mojica ES, Blaeser AM, Borowski LE, Jazrawi LM, Cardone DA. Female patients have greater improvement in pain symptoms and physical activity after fasciotomy for treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2024. [PMID: 38690978 DOI: 10.1002/ksa.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify sex differences in postoperative outcomes and return-to-sport rates after fasciotomy for treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the lower leg. It was hypothesised that male CECS patients would have a higher rate of return to sport than female CECS patients. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving patients who underwent primary fasciotomy of one to four leg compartments for treatment of CECS at a single centre from 2010 to 2020. Each affected leg was treated as a separate subject. Postoperative outcomes included CECS pain frequency and severity, return to sport and Tegner activity level. Multivariable regression was used to determine if sex was an independent predictor of outcomes after adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates. p < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Eighty-one legs (44 M, 37 F) of 47 unique patients (34 of whom had bilateral symptoms) were included with a mean follow-up time of 51.5 ± 31.4 months. Male subjects were older (p < 0.001) and had higher body mass index (p < 0.001) compared to female subjects. Most subjects (84.0%) underwent two- or four-compartment fasciotomies. Female sex was found to be predictive of lower overall postoperative pain severity (p = 0.007), higher odds of return to sport (p = 0.04) and higher postoperative Tegner score (p = 0.005). However, female sex was not predictive of postoperative pain frequency, odds of reoperation or odds of return to sport to at least the presymptomatic level (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Female sex is independently predictive of reduced overall pain severity, higher odds of return to sport and higher postoperative improvement in Tegner score following fasciotomy for treatment of lower-limb CECS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv S Shankar
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kinjal D Vasavada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lauren A Gillinov
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Noah Kirschner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edward S Mojica
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Anna M Blaeser
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lauren E Borowski
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Laith M Jazrawi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dennis A Cardone
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gawel RJ, Kemler BR, Coladonato C, Freedman KB. Rehabilitation and return to activity criteria after operative management of chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the leg: a systematic review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:125-133. [PMID: 37191583 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2214192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endurance athletes with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) frequently require fasciotomy to return to activity, but there are no existing comprehensive evidence-based rehabilitation guidelines. We aimed to summarize rehabilitation protocols and return to activity criteria after CECS surgery. METHODS Through a systematic literature review, we identified 27 articles that explicitly defined physician-imposed restrictions or guidelines for patients to resume athletic activities following CECS surgery. RESULTS Common rehabilitation parameters included running restrictions (51.9%), postoperative leg compression (48.1%), immediate postoperative ambulation (44.4%), and early range of motion exercises (37.0%). Most studies (70.4%) reported return to activity timelines, but few (11.1%) utilized subjective criteria for guiding return to activity. No studies utilized objective functional criteria. CONCLUSIONS Rehabilitation and return to activity guidelines after CECS surgery remain poorly defined, and further investigation is needed to develop such guidelines that will enable endurance athletes to safely return to activities and minimize recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Gawel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bryson R Kemler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carlo Coladonato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin B Freedman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rothman R, Berke C, Jivanelli B, Casey E, Cheng J. Sex and gender differences in lower limb chronic exertional compartment syndrome: a systematic review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:1-11. [PMID: 36698053 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2173489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a cause of exertional leg pain and has been reported in varying frequencies in males and females. Currently, it is unclear whether there are significant sex and gender differences in lower-limb CECS. Delineating sex and gender differences is vital in determining the causes of CECS and best treatments. This systematic review aimed to determine the sex/gender distribution of CECS and to assess for sex and gender differences in CECS diagnosis and outcomes. METHODS PubMed (Medline), Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases were searched for studies that were published from January 2000-March 2022 and reported lower-limb CECS data in males and/or females. Data on CECS diagnosis (intracompartmental pressures) and outcomes (e.g. post-surgical return-to-sport, need for re-operation) with sex/gender breakdowns were extracted. The sex/gender distribution of CECS and prevalence of CECS by sex/gender were calculated. RESULTS Forty-one studies were included in the systematic review; there were 27 retrospective reviews, 8 prospective studies, and 6 retrospective studies with prospective follow-ups. Thirty studies involved surgical populations. Sex/gender distribution of CECS was calculated using data from 24 studies; 51% were female. Prevalence of CECS was available in five studies and ranged widely for males (54%-73%) and females (43%-65%). Intracompartmental pressure data varied by sex/gender. Male athletes were more likely than female athletes to return to sport following surgery for CECS, but variations in all other post-surgical outcomes were observed between sexes and genders in the general population. CONCLUSION Females represented 51% of the patients who were diagnosed with CECS among studies. Most CECS diagnosis and outcomes data varied by sex/gender, except for post-surgical outcomes data in athletes, which demonstrated that males had higher rates of return to sport than females. Future studies are needed to examine factors contributing to sex and gender differences in CECS diagnosis and outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rothman
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chandler Berke
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Bridget Jivanelli
- Kim Barrett Memorial Library, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Casey
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Cheng
- Department of Physiatry, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dean RS, Farley KX, Waterman BR, Guettler J, Bicos J. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is frequently diagnosed through static compartment pressure measurements and managed with fasciotomy: A systematic review. J ISAKOS 2024; 9:71-78. [PMID: 37778507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) can be diagnosed either clinically or with intra-compartmental pressure monitor measurements and can be treated surgically or conservatively. METHODS A systematic review was performed on diagnostic and treatment modalities for CECS. Included studies were those that reported both their specific diagnostic modality and treatment regimens. Both surgical and conservative treatment strategies were considered. Demographic variables, diagnostic modalities, patient satisfaction and return to sport, the number of surgical incisions used for the anterior compartment fasciotomy, and the specific conservative treatment regimens were also recorded. Diagnostic modalities were grouped into one of three groups: 1) static compartment pressure monitor, 2) dynamic pressure monitoring, and 3) strictly clinical diagnosis. RESULTS The literature search identified 373 studies, of which 29 were included for final analysis. In total, there were 1270 total patients. Twenty-four studies used static compartment pressure monitors, 5 studies used dynamic pressure monitors and 2 studies used a strictly clinical diagnosis. Surgical management with fasciotomy was performed in 25 studies with a total of 1018 patients, while conservative management was used in 252 patients in 9 studies (5 studies included surgical and conservative treatments). Among surgical studies, 15 used a single-incision technique for anterior compartment fasciotomy, while 6 used a 2-incision technique. The reported satisfaction after fasciotomy was 42-94% while the return to sport was 26-100%. The reported return to sport in conservative management studies was 25-35%. CONCLUSION This systematic review found that the majority of clinical reports utilize static compartment pressure measurements to diagnose CECS, with fewer studies using dynamic intra-compartment pressure monitors. Additionally, surgical fasciotomy using a single-incision technique was the most common treatment strategy for anterior compartment CECC, with some studies reporting success with the two-incision technique. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review, level 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian R Waterman
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27103 USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Weiss C, Vogels S, Wee L, Janssen L, de Bie RA, Scheltinga MR. Two-Compartment or 4-Compartment Fasciotomy for Lower Leg Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A Systematic Review. J Foot Ankle Surg 2022; 61:1124-1133. [PMID: 35337738 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients with lower leg chronic exertional compartment syndrome are impaired due to exercise-related pain. Fasciotomy is the surgical gold standard. However, it is unknown whether number of simultaneously opened compartments affects outcome. The purpose of this systematic review was to compare patient-reported outcomes of a 2-compartment fasciotomy with a 4-compartment fasciotomy. Controlled clinical trials (randomized/nonrandomized), cohort studies and case series reporting on outcome following either 2-compartment or 4-compartment fasciotomy for lower leg chronic exertional compartment syndrome were searched until May 31, 2021 in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane. Results were qualitatively synthesized. Risk of bias and levels of evidence were determined. Seven studies reporting on altogether 194 athletes and military personnel (mean age 24 y) were included. Quality assessment revealed a high risk of bias in all studies. Both 2-compartment and 4-compartment fasciotomy were associated with a 50% to 100% "return to activity" rate (in studies reporting group results separately: 2-compartment 90%-100%; 4-compartment 50%-100%) and a 41% to 100% "return to previous activity" rate (in studies reporting group results separately: 2-compartment 82-100%; 4-compartment 50%-100%) without significant differences. Mean Marx activity score of 1 study found a small significant standardized mean difference (0.196 [0.524,0.916]) favoring 4-compartment fasciotomy. Rate of satisfaction (2-compartment 74%-89%; 4-compartment 75%-100%) and residual symptoms (2-compartment 0%-36%; 4-compartment 0%-50%) indicated no group differences. In conclusion, a 2-compartment fasciotomy or a 4-compartment fasciotomy for lower leg chronic exertional compartment syndrome appears to be equally successful. However, included studies were hampered by methodological shortcomings (low sample size, selection bias, heterogeneity and no uniform outcome measures).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Weiss
- Department of Surgery, Máxima MC, Veldhoven, DB, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, ER, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanne Vogels
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, GA, The Netherlands; Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, GD, The Netherlands
| | - Leonard Wee
- Clinical Data Science, Maastricht University and Department of Radiotherapy (MAASTRO), GROW School of Oncology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, ER, The Netherlands
| | - Loes Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Máxima MC, Veldhoven, DB, The Netherlands
| | - Rob A de Bie
- Department of Epidemiology, Caphri Care and Public Health Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, MD, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vogels S, Ritchie ED, van der Burg BLSB, Scheltinga MRM, Zimmermann WO, Hoencamp R. Clinical Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Leg: A Delphi Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:3055-3064. [PMID: 35904751 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Defining universally accepted guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is hampered by the absence of high-quality scientific research. The aim of this Delphi study was to establish consensus on practical issues guiding diagnosis and treatment of CECS of the leg in civilian and military patient populations. METHODS An international expert group was queried using the Delphi technique with a traditional three-round electronic consultation. Results of previous rounds were anonymously disclosed in the questionnaire of rounds 2 and 3, if relevant. Consensus was defined as > 70% positive or negative agreement for a question or statement. RESULTS The panel consisted of 27 civilian and military healthcare providers. Consensus was reached on five essential key characteristics of lower leg CECS. The panel achieved partial agreement regarding standardization of the diagnostic protocol, including muscle tissue pressure measurements. Consensus was reached on conservative and surgical treatment regimens. However, the experts did not attain consensus on their approach of postoperative rehabilitation and preferred treatment approach of recurrent or residual disease. A summary of best clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of CECS was formulated by experts working in civilian and military healthcare facilities. CONCLUSION The Delphi panel reached consensus on key criteria for signs and symptoms of CECS and several aspects for conservative and surgical treatment. The panel did not agree on the role of ICP values in the diagnostic process, postoperative rehabilitation guidelines protocol, or the preferred treatment approach for recurrent or residual disease. These aspects serve as a first attempt to initiate simple guidelines for clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Vogels
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Simon Smitweg 1, 2353 GA, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands. .,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - E D Ritchie
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Simon Smitweg 1, 2353 GA, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - W O Zimmermann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Royal Netherlands Army, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Hoencamp
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Simon Smitweg 1, 2353 GA, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Defense Healthcare Organization, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome: a review of the literature. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000001130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Surgical Management of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Extremity: Outcome Analysis and Return to Sport. Clin J Sport Med 2022; 32:272-277. [PMID: 32941371 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate patient-reported outcomes and return to sport after open fasciotomy for lower extremity chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Foot and ankle specialty service at a large multisite academic medical center. PATIENTS All patients undergoing lower extremity fasciotomy for CECS from 2009 to 2017 by one surgeon were eligible. Patients that underwent a fasciotomy for trauma, infection, or an acute pathologic process were excluded. Fifty-nine patients that underwent 63 procedures were included. The average age was 26.6 years, and 35 (59%) patients were women. Thirty-seven patients underwent simultaneous bilateral fasciotomies, 4 had staged bilateral fasciotomies, and 18 underwent unilateral fasciotomy. Four-compartment fasciotomy was performed 15 times. INTERVENTIONS Retrospective email/telephone follow-up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Return to sports questionnaire, the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Sports subscale, and visual analog scale for pain. RESULTS At a mean follow-up of 58.8 months, significant postoperative improvement was seen in patient-reported outcome scores compared with preoperative scores (P < 0.0001). Overall, 55 (93%) patients were able to return to sport, 42 (76%) returned to the same level of sport, and 13 (24%) returned to a lower level of competition. Bivariate regression analysis demonstrated that a higher preoperative body mass index [odds ratio: 0.829 (95% confidence interval: 0.688, 0.999); P = 0.049] was associated with a lower likelihood of return to sport. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that lower extremity fasciotomy for CECS results in improvement of patient-reported outcomes and a high rate of return to sport.
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliver WM, Rhatigan D, Mackenzie SP, White TO, Duckworth AD, Molyneux SG. Outcome following mini-open lower limb fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY AND TRAUMATOLOGY 2021; 32:27-36. [PMID: 33675406 PMCID: PMC8741684 DOI: 10.1007/s00590-021-02919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to report outcomes following mini-open lower limb fasciotomy (MLLF) in active adults with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). Methods From 2013–2018, 38 consecutive patients (mean age 31 years [16–60], 71% [n = 27/38] male) underwent MLLF. There were 21 unilateral procedures, 10 simultaneous bilateral and 7 staged bilateral. There were 22 anterior fasciotomies, five posterior and 11 four-compartment. Early complications were determined from medical records of 37/38 patients (97%) at a mean of four months (1–19). Patient-reported outcomes (including EuroQol scores [EQ-5D/EQ-VAS], return to sport and satisfaction) were obtained via postal survey from 27/38 respondents (71%) at a mean of 3.7 years (0.3–6.4).
Results Complications occurred in 16% (n = 6/37): superficial infection (11%, n = 4/37), deep infection (3%, n = 1/37) and wound dehiscence (3%, n = 1/37). Eight per cent (n = 3/37) required revision fasciotomy for recurrent leg pain. At longer-term follow-up, 30% (n = 8/27) were asymptomatic and another 56% (n = 15/27) reported improved symptoms. The mean pain score improved from 6.1 to 2.5 during normal activity and 9.1 to 4.7 during sport (both p < 0.001). The mean EQ-5D was 0.781 (0.130–1) and EQ-VAS 77 (33–95). Of 25 patients playing sport preoperatively, 64% (n = 16/25) returned, 75% (n = 12/16) reporting improved exercise tolerance. Seventy-four per cent (n = 20/27) were satisfied and 81% (n = 22/27) would recommend the procedure. Conclusion MLLF is safe and effective for active adults with CECS. The revision rate is low, and although recurrent symptoms are common most achieve symptomatic improvement, with reduced activity-related leg pain and good health-related quality of life. The majority return to sport and are satisfied with their outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William M Oliver
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK.
| | - Dominic Rhatigan
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Samuel P Mackenzie
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Timothy O White
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Andrew D Duckworth
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK.,Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Samuel G Molyneux
- Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vogels S, Ritchie ED, van Dongen TTCF, Scheltinga MRM, Zimmermann WO, Hoencamp R. Systematic review of outcome parameters following treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the lower leg. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1827-1845. [PMID: 32526086 PMCID: PMC7540008 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Surgery is the gold standard in the management of chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) of the lower extremity, although recent studies also reported success following gait retraining. Outcome parameters are diverse, and reporting is not standardized. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the current evidence regarding treatment outcome of CECS in the lower leg. Material and Methods A literature search and systematic analysis were performed according to the PRISMA criteria. Studies reporting on outcome following treatment of lower leg CECS were included. Results A total of 68 reports fulfilled study criteria (n =; 3783; age range 12‐70 year; 7:4 male‐to‐female ratio). Conservative interventions such as gait retraining (n =; 2) and botulinum injection (n =; 1) decreased ICP (x- =; 68 mm Hg tox- =; 32 mm Hg) and resulted in a 47% (±42%) rate of satisfaction and a 50% (±45%) rate of return to physical activity. Fasciotomy significantly decreased ICP (x- =; 76 mm Hg to x- =; 24 mm Hg) and was associated with an 85% (±13%) rate of satisfaction and an 80% (±17%) rate of return to activity. Return to activity was significantly more often achieved (P < .01) in surgically treated patients, except in one study favoring gait retraining in army personnel. Conclusion Surgical treatment of CECS in the lower leg results in higher rates of satisfaction and return to activity, compared to conservative treatment. However, the number of studies is limited and the level of evidence is low. Randomized controlled trials with multiple treatment arms and standardized outcome parameters are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Vogels
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewan D Ritchie
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs T C F van Dongen
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Defense Healthcare Organization, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wes O Zimmermann
- Department of Sports Medicine, Royal Netherlands Army, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rigo Hoencamp
- Department of Surgery, Alrijne Hospital, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.,Trauma Research Unit, Department of Trauma Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Defense Healthcare Organization, Ministry of Defense, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Salzler M, Maguire K, Heyworth BE, Nasreddine AY, Micheli LJ, Kocher MS. Outcomes of Surgically Treated Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome in Runners. Sports Health 2020; 12:304-309. [PMID: 32163722 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120907897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is primarily seen in running athletes. Previous outcomes of surgical treatment with fasciotomy have suggested moderate pain relief, but evidence is lacking regarding postoperative return to running. HYPOTHESIS Running athletes with limiting symptoms of CECS will show high rates of return to running after fasciotomy. STUDY DESIGN Case series. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS Running athletes treated with fasciotomy for CECS at a single institution were identified using a surgical database and asked to complete a questionnaire designed to assess postoperative pain, activity level, return to running, running distances, overall satisfaction, and rate of revision fasciotomy. RESULTS A total of 43 runners met the inclusion criteria, and 32 runners completed outcomes questionnaires at a mean postoperative follow-up of 66 months. In total, 27 of these 32 patients (84%) returned to sport(s) after fasciotomy. However, 9 (28%) of these patients pursued nonrunning sports, 5 (16%) due to recurrent pain with running. Of the 18 patients who returned to running sports (56%), the mean weekly running distance decreased postoperatively. Recurrence of symptoms was reported in 6 patients (19%), 4 of whom had returned to running and 2 of whom had been unable to return to sports. All of these 6 patients elected to undergo revision fasciotomy surgery. Twenty-five (78.1%) patients reported being satisfied with their procedure. In the overall cohort, the mean visual analog scale scores for pain during activities/sports decreased from 7.9 preoperatively to 1.7 postoperatively. CONCLUSION Fasciotomy for CECS in runners may provide significant improvement in pain and satisfaction in over three-quarters of patients and return to sports in 84% of patients. However, only 56% returned to competitive running activity, with a subset (19%) developing recurrent symptoms resulting in revision surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fasciotomy has been shown to decrease pain in most patients with CECS. This study provides outcomes in running athletes after fasciotomy for CECS with regard to return to sports, maintenance of sports performance, and rates of revision surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Salzler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kathleen Maguire
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benton E Heyworth
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adam Y Nasreddine
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lyle J Micheli
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mininder S Kocher
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Buerba RA, Fretes NF, Devana SK, Beck JJ. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome: current management strategies. Open Access J Sports Med 2019; 10:71-79. [PMID: 31213933 PMCID: PMC6537460 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s168368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is an underdiagnosed condition that causes lower and upper extremity pain in certain at-risk populations. Lower-extremity CECS is most often observed in running athletes and marching military members. Upper-extremity CECS is most commonly seen in rowers and professional motorcyclists. Although early outcome research on CECS has been based mostly on adult male patients, there has been an increase in the number of studies in pediatric and adolescent patient populations, particularly in females. Evaluation of CECS must include a thorough history and physical exam to rule out other causes of exertional leg pain, but differential diagnosis must remain high on the list. Needle manometry can be used to confirm diagnosis of CECS by measuring intracompartmental pressure. Operative treatment of CECS with fasciotomy has been shown to be effective in resolution of CECS, and new surgical techniques are being developed. In the pediatric population, endoscopy-assisted compartment release has provided high success rates with low complication rates. Nonoperative management of CECS is more commonly described in the literature, and consists of cessation of activities, altering foot-strike pattern, physical therapy, taping, and injections of botulinum toxin A. Nonetheless, larger samples and a more diverse population are needed to better understand the outcomes of nonoperative management. There have been fewer studies on upper-extremity CECS, given its rarity. Success has been found in the treatment of upper-extremity CECS with open fasciotomy, but more studies are needed to understand the efficacy of minimally invasive techniques in the upper extremity. Further research also needs to be done to understand why a large portion (approximately 20%) of the patient population does not experience full resolution of symptoms after fasciotomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A Buerba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nickolas F Fretes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sai K Devana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer J Beck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maher JM, Brook EM, Chiodo C, Smith J, Bluman EM, Matzkin EG. Patient-Reported Outcomes Following Fasciotomy for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome. Foot Ankle Spec 2018; 11:471-477. [PMID: 29931999 DOI: 10.1177/1938640018783496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower extremity chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) can negatively affect exercise and activity and may require operative intervention to release the fascia. Few studies have evaluated or compared patient-reported outcomes for bilateral versus single-leg staged fasciotomy and number of compartments released. METHODS A total of 27 eligible patients who underwent a fasciotomy procedure for CECS at a single institution were identified. A retrospective review of the medical record was performed, and individuals were contacted by phone to collect patient-reported outcomes, including ability to return to desired exercise level, postoperative expectation assessment, European Quality of Life-Five Dimensions, and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure sports subscale. RESULTS A total of 21 patients were available for follow-up (average follow-up 36.9 months). The average single numeric assessment evaluation of lower-extremity function in sport was 87.5% in those who underwent a simultaneous bilateral fasciotomy (n = 10), 94% in those who had a staged unilateral fasciotomy (n = 5), and 74% in those who underwent an isolated single-leg fasciotomy. In all, 91% (n = 10) of patients who had all 4 compartments released intra-operatively were able to return to their desired exercise level versus 66.7% (n = 6) of those who did not have all 4 compartments released. CONCLUSION The patient-reported outcomes of a staged unilateral fasciotomy and simultaneous bilateral fasciotomy for CECS are similar. Those who did not have all 4 compartments released reported worse outcomes. Further research should be conducted on the short-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of a bilateral versus staged fasciotomy procedure. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Level IV: Case series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Maher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JMM, EM Brook, CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM).,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts (CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM)
| | - Emily M Brook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JMM, EM Brook, CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM).,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts (CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM)
| | - Christopher Chiodo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JMM, EM Brook, CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM).,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts (CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM)
| | - Jeremy Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JMM, EM Brook, CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM).,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts (CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM)
| | - Eric M Bluman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JMM, EM Brook, CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM).,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts (CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM)
| | - Elizabeth G Matzkin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (JMM, EM Brook, CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM).,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts (CC, JS, EM Bluman, EGM)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Roscoe D, Roberts AJ, Hulse D, Shaheen AF, Hughes MP, Bennet AN. Effects of anterior compartment fasciotomy on intramuscular compartment pressure in patients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2018; 164:338-342. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2017-000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundPatients with chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) have pain during exercise that usually subsides at rest. Diagnosis is usually confirmed by measurement of intramuscular compartment pressure (IMCP) following exclusion of other possible causes. Management usually requires fasciotomy but reported outcomes vary widely. There is little evidence of the effectiveness of fasciotomy on IMCP. Testing is rarely repeated postoperatively and reported follow-up is poor. Improved diagnostic criteria based on preselection and IMCP levels during dynamic exercise testing have recently been reported.Objectives(1) To compare IMCP in three groups, one with classical symptoms and no treatment and the other with symptoms of CECS who have been treated with fasciotomy and an asymptomatic control group. (2) Establish if differences in IMCP in these groups as a result of fasciotomy relate to functional and symptomatic improvement.MethodsTwenty subjects with symptoms of CECS of the anterior compartment, 20 asymptomatic controls and 20 patients who had undergone fasciotomy for CECS were compared. All other possible diagnoses were excluded using rigorous inclusion criteria and MRI. Dynamic IMCP was measured using an electronic catheter wire before, during and after participants exercised on a treadmill during a standardised 15 min exercise challenge. Statistical analysis included t-tests and analysis of variance.ResultsFasciotomy results in reduced IMCP at all time points during a standardised exercise protocol compared with preoperative cases. In subjects responding to fasciotomy, there is a significant reduction in IMCP below that of preoperative groups (P<0.001). Postoperative responders to fasciotomy have no significant differences in IMCP from asymptomatic controls (P=0.182).ConclusionFasciotomy reduces IMCP in all patients. Larger studies are required to confirm that the reduction in IMCP accounts for differences in functional outcomes and pain reductions seen in postoperative patients with CECS.
Collapse
|
15
|
Current Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40141-018-0184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
16
|
Baumfeld D, Pereira AL, Lage CFG, Miura GM, Gomes YVT, Nery C. Segmental decompressive fasciotomy for acute non-traumatic compartment syndrome in a professional soccer player: case report. Rev Bras Ortop 2018; 53:244-247. [PMID: 29911093 PMCID: PMC6001402 DOI: 10.1016/j.rboe.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute compartment syndrome in athletes is a rare orthopedic emergency associated with strenuous exercise. It is often diagnosed late and can lead to severe complications and high morbidity. This report describes the case of a young soccer player with acute compartment syndrome with no history of trauma, diagnosed and treated 24 h after the onset of symptoms, through minimally invasive decompressive fasciotomy, with good postoperative evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baumfeld
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Departamento Médico, Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Mendes Miura
- Departamento Médico, Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Hospital Biocor, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Caio Nery
- Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Síndrome compartimental aguda não traumática em atleta de futebol tratada por fasciotomia descompressiva segmentar: relato de caso. Rev Bras Ortop 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbo.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
18
|
Vajapey S, Miller TL. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic exertional compartment syndrome: a review of current literature. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2017; 45:391-398. [PMID: 28952402 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2017.1384289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a rare condition that usually affects distance runners and other running athletes. It is characterized by pain and pressure in one or multiple muscle compartments with repetitive physical activity. Reduction in pain typically occurs with cessation of activity. Evaluation of CECS consists of a thorough history of patient symptoms and ruling out of other causes of symptoms. Post-exercise pressure measurements can help confirm the diagnosis when symptoms are consistent and imaging evaluation negative for other causes. Non-operative treatment is a viable option for hindfoot runners and patients with anterior compartment syndrome of the leg. Limited-incision fasciotomy has been shown to be the most effective treatment and remains the gold standard for treatment. Minimal-incision open fasciotomy and endoscopic fasciotomy have surgical outcomes similar to wide-open fasciotomy. Military patients treated with fasciotomy have higher failure rates compared to civilians. Pediatric patients have similar outcomes compared to adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sravya Vajapey
- a Wexner Medical Center, Orthopaedics , Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Timothy L Miller
- a Wexner Medical Center, Orthopaedics , Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lavery KP, Parcells BW, Hosea T. Posterior Tibial Arterial System Deficiency Mimicking Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2016; 6:e72. [PMID: 29252649 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.15.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CASE A 15-year-old female competitive high school basketball player presented as an outpatient with a 3-month history of bilateral exertional calf pain. Patient history and compartment pressure measurements were consistent with the diagnosis of chronic exertional compartment syndrome, and the patient underwent bilateral fasciotomies. Postoperatively, her symptoms recurred and she was found to have a deficient posterior tibial arterial system bilaterally, as confirmed on advanced imaging. CONCLUSION We advocate the careful consideration of vascular etiologies in athletes who present with exertional leg pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P Lavery
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Voleti PB, Lebrun DG, Roth CA, Kelly JD. Endoscopic Thermal Fasciotomy for Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome. Arthrosc Tech 2015; 4:e525-9. [PMID: 26900549 PMCID: PMC4722179 DOI: 10.1016/j.eats.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is an activity-induced condition that occurs when intracompartmental pressures within an osteofascial envelope increase during exercise, leading to reversible ischemic symptoms such as pain, cramping, numbness, or weakness. Nonoperative treatment options for this condition have shown limited success and are often undesirable for the patient given the requirement for activity modification. Traditional surgical treatment options involving open or subcutaneous fasciotomies have more favorable results, but these techniques are associated with significant morbidity. Endoscopically assisted fasciotomy techniques afford the advantages of being minimally invasive, providing excellent visualization, and allowing accelerated rehabilitation. The purpose of this article is to describe a technique for performing endoscopically assisted fasciotomies for chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the lower leg using an entirely endoscopic thermal ablating device. The endoscopic thermal fasciotomy technique is associated with minimal morbidity, ensures excellent hemostasis, and affords an early return to sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod B. Voleti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Drake G. Lebrun
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Cameron A. Roth
- Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - John D. Kelly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Address correspondence to John D. Kelly IV, M.D., Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3737 Market St, Ste 600, Philadelphia, PA 19104, U.S.A.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome in a High School Soccer Player. Case Rep Orthop 2015; 2015:965257. [PMID: 26229700 PMCID: PMC4502308 DOI: 10.1155/2015/965257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a relatively rare condition that affects young adult athletes and often causes them to present to the emergency department. If left untreated, those who continue to compete at high levels may experience debilitating leg pain. Physicians may have difficulty differentiating CECS from other syndromes of the lower leg such as medial tibial stress syndrome, stress fractures, and popliteal artery entrapment. The gold standard for diagnosing CECS is intramuscular compartment pressure monitoring before and/or after 10 minutes of exercise. Some patients may choose to stop participation in sports in order to relieve their pain, which otherwise does not respond well to nonoperative treatments. In patients who wish to continue to participate in sports and live an active life, fasciotomy provides relief in 80% or more. The typical athlete can return to training in about 8 weeks. This is a case of a high school soccer player who stopped competing due to chronic exertional compartment syndrome. She had a fascial hernia, resting intramuscular pressure of 30 mmHg, and postexercise intramuscular pressure of 99 mmHg. Following fasciotomy she experienced considerable life improvement and is once again training and playing soccer without symptoms.
Collapse
|