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Sebastian-Valles F, Arranz Martin JA, Martínez-Alfonso J, Jiménez-Díaz J, Hernando Alday I, Navas Moreno V, Armenta Joya T, Fandiño García MDM, Román Gómez GL, Garai Hierro J, Lander Lobariñas LE, Martinez de Icaya P, Sampedro-Nuñez MA, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Marazuela M. Effect of Christmas Holidays on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Users of Glucose Flash Systems. Endocr Pract 2024; 30:372-379. [PMID: 38307457 DOI: 10.1016/j.eprac.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Christmas holidays can impact weight and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, but their effect on type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains understudied. This study assessed how Christmas holidays affect individuals with T1D who use flash continuous glucose monitoring systems. METHODS This retrospective study involved 812 adults diagnosed with T1D recruited from 3 hospitals. Clinical, anthropometric, and socioeconomic data were collected. Glucose metrics from 14 days before January 1st, and before December 1st and February 1st as control periods, were recorded. Analyses adjusted for multiple variables were conducted to assess the holiday season's impact on glycemic control. RESULTS The average time in range during the holidays (60.0 ± 17.2%) was lower compared to December (61.9 ± 17.2%, P < .001) and February (61.7 ± 17.7%, P < .001). Time above range (TAR > 180 mg/dL) was higher during Christmas (35.8 ± 18.2%) compared to December (34.1 ± 18.3%, P < .001) and February (34.2 ± 18.4%, P < .001). Differences were also observed in TAR >250 mg/dL, coefficient of variation, and average glucose (P < .05). No differences were found in time below range or other metrics. Linear regression models showed that the holidays reduced time in range by 1.9% (β = -1.92, P = .005) and increased TAR >180 mg/dL by 1.8% (β = 1.75, P = .016). CONCLUSION Christmas holidays are associated with a mild and reversible deterioration in glucose metrics among individuals with T1D using flash continuous glucose monitoring, irrespective of additional influencing factors. These discoveries can be useful to advise individuals with diabetes during the festive season and to recognize potential biases within studies conducted during this timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sebastian-Valles
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose A Arranz Martin
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Martínez-Alfonso
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Hospital La Princesa/Centro de Salud Daroca, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Jiménez-Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo Hernando Alday
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Victor Navas Moreno
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Armenta Joya
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gisela L Román Gómez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jon Garai Hierro
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis E Lander Lobariñas
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Sampedro-Nuñez
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Health and Social Care Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Mónica Marazuela
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de La Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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