Acute pancreatitis, bacterial translocation, and different octreotide regimens: an experimental study. Surg Today. 2009;39:876-883. [PMID: 19784727 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-009-3972-2]

Altered intestinal microflora and barrier injury in severe acute pancreatitis can be changed by zinc

To investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) supplementation on intestinal microflora changes and bacterial translocation in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), the rats were divided into the sham surgery (SS), SAP, SS + Zn, and SAP + Zn groups. Saline (0.1 mL/100g) and 5% sodium taurocholate were injected into the pancreaticobiliary duct of the rats in the SS and SAP + Zn groups, respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg/kg Zn was performed immediately after injecting saline or 5% sodium taurocholate into the rats in both groups. Serum amylase and Zn levels, plasma endogenous endotoxin, intestinal permeability, and the positive rate of intestinal bacterial translocation were detected, haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed, and the pancreatic tissue scores were calculated for each group. In addition, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to evaluate the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to quantify the gene copy numbers of Escherichia, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus in the cecum. The levels of amylase and plasma endotoxin in the SAP group were significantly higher than those in the SS and SS + Zn groups. Intestinal mucosal permeability and intestinal bacterial translocation in the liver, pancreas, and mesenteric lymph nodes were increased in the SAP group. However, the levels of amylase and plasma endotoxin were decreased as a result of zinc supplementation in the SAP group. The expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was also reduced to a greater degree in the SAP + Zn group than in the SAP group. Moreover, alleviated intestinal mucosal permeability and intestinal bacterial translocation in the liver, pancreas, and mesenteric lymph nodes were found in the SAP + Zn group. The results of real-time quantitative PCR showed that the gene copy number of Escherichia increased with time, and the gene copy numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium decreased over time. Zn supplementation prevented the release of TNF-α and IL-1β, alleviated intestinal permeability and endotoxemia, reduced bacterial translocation, and inhibited changes in pathogenic intestinal flora in rats with SAP.

Meta-analysis of effectiveness and safety of octreotide combined with alprostadil for acute pancreatitis

AIM: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of octreotide combined with alprostadil in the treatment of acute pancreatitis (AP).

METHODS: Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were searched via databases including PubMed, CBM, VIP, CNKI and WanFang Data from their inception to October 2015, and the references of the included studies were also screened. Two reviewers screened the literature, assessed the quality of studies and extracted the data. RevMan 5.2 software was used to complete the meta-analysis.

RESULTS: Eighteen trials involving 1277 participants were included. The results of the systematic review showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group was superior with regard to clinical effective rate (RR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.15-1.26), time to relief of bellyache [SMD = -2.68, 95%CI: -3.11-(-2.25)], time to relief of signs of abdominal tenderness [SMD = -2.54, 95%CI: -2.79-(-2.30)], time to recovery of blood amylase [SMD = -1.95, 95%CI: -2.15-(-1.76)], incidence of AP complications (RR = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.13-0.69), and average length of hospital stay [SMD = -8.95, 95%CI: -13.61-(-4.29)].

CONCLUSION: Octreotide combined with alprostadil for treating AP is superior to octreotide alone. Due to the limited quality of the included studies, our conclusion needs to be verified by more high quality studies.

Knockdown of Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in Pancreatic Ductal Cells

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to explore the potential role of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which acts as an adaptor in the TLR4 signalling pathway, in immune responses of the pancreatic duct during acute pancreatitis.

METHODS

Primary cultures of pancreatic duct epithelial cells from Wistar rats and cultures of the pancreatic ductal ARIP cell line were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and expression of toll-like receptor 4 mRNA was determined using real-time PCR, expression of MyD88 protein using Western blot, and levels of inflammatory cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These experiments were repeated using ARIP cells in which MyD88 expression was stably knocked down.

RESULTS

Toll-like receptor 4 and MyD88 expression were similar between pancreatic duct epithelial cells and ARIP cells after LPS stimulation. Myeloid differentiation factor 88 knockdown led to significantly lower levels of inflammatory cytokines after LPS induction in ARIP cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 knockdown attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory responses in pancreatic ductal cells, suggesting that the MyD88 pathway plays a critical role in their immune defense activity.

Study on acute recent stage pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas which involves the pancreas and surrounding tissue, and systemic inflammation with a characteristic systemic increase of vascular permeability and increased risk of multiple organ dysfunction. Currently, the pathogenesis of AP is fuzzy, and the diagnosis and treatment need to be standardized. Nevertheless, increased knowledge of AP may achieve more thorough understanding of the pathogenesis. The use of further advanced diagnostic tools and superior treatment, potentially will help clinicians to manage AP at an appropriate stage. However, in view of the multi factorial disease and the complex clinical manifestations, the management of patients with AP is also remaining areas for improvement.

High-dose versus low-dose octreotide in the treatment of acute pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial

To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of high-dose octreotide in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) or SAP, two hundred and thirty-six patients with predicted SAP and 136 patients with SAP were randomized into control, high-dose octreotide (High-O) and low-dose octreotide (Low-O) groups. In addition to the conventional managements administrated in control group, High-O group received an intravenous infusion of octreotide at 50 μg/h × 3d + 25 μg/h × 4d, and Low-O group received octreotide at 25 μg/h × 7d. The major primary outcomes included the numbers of predicted SAP patients which developed SAP after intervention and the number of patients with SAP amelioration. Secondary outcomes included APACHE II, SIRS scores, plasma levels of somatostatin (SST), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). There were no significant differences between the control and Low-O groups in terms of prevention and treatment for SAP. The incidence of SAP in patients with predicted SAP who received High-O was significantly lower than the Low-O group: 37.5% vs. 59.8%, p=0.005. Compared with Low-O group, the number of SAP patients in the SAP arm in the High-O group was reduced by 29.8%. Plasma levels of SST in both predicted SAP and the SAP patients were efficiently recovered (from 132.71±31.40 pg/ml to 180.00±23.50 pg/ml, p<0.05) after high-dose octreotide supplementation, which concomitantly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels. High-dose octreotide administration within 48h after AP onset may efficiently reduce the risk of SAP developing and partly attenuate SAP through raising plasma SST to a normal level and decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α.

Continuous regional arterial infusion with fluorouracil and octreotide attenuates severe acute pancreatitis in a canine model

Aim

To investigate the therapeutic effects of fluorouracil (5-Fu) and octreotide (Oct) continuous regional arterial infusion (CRAI,) alone or in combination, was administered in a canine model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).

Materials and Methods

The animals were divided into five groups; group A (Sham), group B (SAP), group C (SAP and 5-Fu), group D (SAP and Oct), and group E (SAP and 5-Fu + Oct). Levels of amylase, α-tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, thromboxane B2 and 6-keto- prostaglandin F1α were measured both before and after the induction of SAP. Pathologic examination of the pancreas and kidneys was performed after termination of the study.

Results

Pathologic changes noted in the pancreas in SAP significantly improved following CRAI with either single or combined administration of 5-Fu and Oct, where combination therapy demonstrated the lowest injury score. All treatment groups had significantly lower levels of serum TNF-α and amylase activity (P<0.05), though only groups D and E had a lower BUN level as compared to group B. The plasma thromboxane B₂ level increased in SAP, but the ratio of thromboxane B₂/6-keto- prostaglandin F_1α decreased in the treatment groups, with the combination therapy (group E) demonstrating the lowest ratio as compared to the other 3 experimental groups (P<0.05).

Conclusions

The findings in the present study demonstrate an attenuation of SAP in a canine model following CRAI administration with 5-Fu or Oct, alone or in combination.

Is there a relationship between beginning time and efficiency of octreotide in the treatment of experimental acute pancreatitis?

Purpose

The efficacy of octreotide in the treatment of acute pancreatitis is controversial. Octreotide treatment for acute pancreatitis often shows poor correlation between results obtained in experimental studies and results of clinical trials. In a clinical setting, there is always a delay between the onset of the disease and initiation of the octreotide treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the beginning of treatment and alteration in effectiveness of octreotide.

Methods

Acute pancreatitis was induced by pancreatic duct ligation in 50 rats. The rats were randomly divided into five groups. Octreotide was not used in group 1 (control group). Only single dose (4 µg/kg) octreotide was administered subcutaneously to rats in group 2, having induced pancreatitis. Octreotide treatment was begun at different times (8th, 24th, 48th hour) in three other groups and continued treatment at a dosage of 4 µg/kg t.i.d. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the 72nd hour and blood and tissue samples were collected.

Results

Leukocyte count and plasma amylase values were less in groups 2 and 3. Hemorrhagic focuses were encountered less at pancreas tissues in group 3. Pancreatic necrosis and alveolar capillary basal membrane damage were lower in groups 3 and 4. No difference was found in fasting blood glucose, calcium and hematocrit.

Conclusion

Octreotide had benefical effects in acute pancreatitis when octreotide treatment was begun in the first 24 hours.

Continuous regional arterial infusion and laparotomic decompression for severe acute pancreatitis with abdominal compartment syndrome

AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of abdominal decompression plus continuous regional arterial infusion (CRAI) via a drug delivery system (DDS) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients with abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS).

METHODS: We presented our recent experience in 8 patients with SAP. The patients developed clinical ACS, which required abdominal decompression. During the operation, a DDS was inserted into the peripancreatic artery (the catheter was inserted from the right gastroepiploic artery until it reached the junction between the pancreaticoduodenal and gastroduodenal artery). Through this DDS, a protease inhibitor, antibiotics and octreotide were infused continuously. The duration of the regional artery infusion ranged from 8 to 41 d. The outcomes and the changes in the APACHE II score, computed tomography (CT) severity index and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) of the patients were retrospectively evaluated.

RESULTS: Eight patients with an initial APACHE IIscore of 18.9 (range, 13-27) and a Balthazar CT severity index of 9.1 (range, 7-10) developed severe local and systemic complications. These patients underwent subsequent surgical decompression and CRAI therapy because of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). After a mean interval of 131.9 ± 72.3 d hospitalization, 7 patients recovered with decreased APACHE II scores, CT severity indexes and IAP. The mean APACHE II score was 5.4 (range, 4-8), the CT severity index was 2.3 (range, 1-3), and IAP decreased to 7.7 mmHg (range, 6-11 mmHg) 60 d after operation. One patient died of multiple organ failure 1 wk after surgery.

CONCLUSION: CRAI and laparotomic decompression might be a therapeutic option for SAP patients with ACS.

Pancreatic injury after major hepatectomy: a study in a porcine model

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to investigate the pathophysiology of pancreatitis after major hepatectomy.

METHODS

The study used ten female pigs. Three served as sham animals (sham group) and were killed after laparotomy to obtain normal tissue samples. Seven animals were subjected to major hepatectomy (70-75%), using the Pringle maneuver for 150 min, after constructing a portacaval side-to-side anastomosis (hepatectomy group). Duration of reperfusion was 24 h.

RESULTS

Pancreatic tissue sampled 24 h after reperfusion had increased necrosis and edema in comparison to sham group and to tissue sampled at 12 h. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) did not differ significantly between samples at 12 and 24 h but was increased in the hepatectomy group in comparison to sham animals. Percentage increase in portal MDA content during reperfusion was greater at 12 h of reperfusion in comparison to the increase after 24 h. Portal pressure increased significantly after 12 h of reperfusion. Serum amylase and C-peptide increased during reperfusion in comparison to baseline levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest that intraoperative portal congestion is not the only cause of the development of pancreatitis after major hepatectomy. The oxidative markers suggest that reactive oxygen species produced during vascular control may be responsible as well.