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Kumar N, Yadav S, Sadique MA, Khan R. Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene Quantum Dots Based Biosensor for CD44 Breast Cancer Biomarker. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12110966. [PMID: 36354475 PMCID: PMC9688700 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An innovative electrochemical biosensor based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is developed for a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive primary diagnosis of the breast cancer biomarker cluster of differentiation-44 (CD44) antigen. Herein, electrochemical exfoliation of waste dry batteries provides facile, eco-friendly, and cost-effective synthesis of GQDs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals that GQDs exhibit spherical shapes with an average diameter of 4.75 nm. Further, electrochemical analysis through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) reveals that the electrochemical properties of GQDs are suitable for biosensing applications. Subsequently, GQDs have a large electroactive surface area that has been utilized for the immobilization of CD44 antibodies to fabricate the electrochemical biosensor. The electroanalytical performance of GQDs for CD44 biosensing capabilities is studied by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The developed electrochemical biosensor has high sensitivity with the lowest detection limit (LOD) of 2.11 fg/mL in the linear range of 0.1 pg/mL to 100.0 ng/mL in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Further, the linear response of the electrochemical biosensor for CD44 antigen concentration is in the range of 1.0 pg/mL to 100.0 ng/mL with a LOD of 2.71 fg/mL in spiked serum samples. The outcomes suggest that the synthesized GQDs demonstrate promising attributes to be utilized as a viable nanomaterial in biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shalu Yadav
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mohd Abubakar Sadique
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Raju Khan
- Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Hoshangabad Road, Bhopal 462026, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Yang Q, Chen N, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Yang Y. Construction of La2O3-CeO2 Composites Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Novel Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Nitrite. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Department of Resources & Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Ninghua Chen
- Department of Resources & Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Resources & Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Zhixiang Ye
- Department of Resources & Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Yingchun Yang
- Department of Resources & Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
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3
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Mokhtar B, Kandiel TA, Ahmed AY, Komy ZR. New application for TiO 2 P25 photocatalyst: A case study of photoelectrochemical sensing of nitrite ions. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:128847. [PMID: 33190913 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors based on photocatalytic materials has recently attracted great interest as an emerging technology for environmental monitoring. TiO2 P25 is a well-known highly active photocatalyst, cheap, and produced commercially on a large scale. In the current work, a practical and durable TiO2-based PEC sensor has been fabricated by immobilizing TiO2 P25 nanoparticles at disposable screen-printed carbon substrates using drop-casting method. The fabricated PEC sensor has been applied for the anodic-detection and determination of nitrite (NO2-) ions under UV(A) light (LED, 365 nm) using chronoamperometry (CA) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Linear calibration curves were obtained between the photocurrent responses and the concentrations of NO2- ions in the ranges of 0.1-5.0 and 0.5-10 mg L-1 for CA and DPV, respectively. Surprisingly, the detection limits (sensitivities) of the fabricated sensor towards NO2- ions under light were enhanced by a factor of 4.75 (4.1) and 8.3 (37.4) for CA and DPV, respectively, in comparsion with those measured in the dark. It is found that the photo-excitation of TiO2 facilitates the photooxidation of NO2- ions via the photo-generated holes whereas the photogenerated electrons contribute to the enhanced photocurrent and consequently the enhanced detection limit and sensitivity. The fabricated TiO2-based PEC sensor exhibits a good stability, durability, and satisfying selectivity for NO2- ions determination. These results indicate that the TiO2-based PEC sensor fabricated by utilizing cheap and commercially available components has great potential for being transferred from lab-to-factory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassam Mokhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Tarek A Kandiel
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amira Y Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Zanaty R Komy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
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Mali SM, Narwade SS, Navale YH, Tayade SB, Digraskar RV, Patil VB, Kumbhar AS, Sathe BR. Heterostructural CuO-ZnO Nanocomposites: A Highly Selective Chemical and Electrochemical NO 2 Sensor. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:20129-20141. [PMID: 31815213 PMCID: PMC6893959 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple one-step chemical method is employed for the successful synthesis of CuO(50%)-ZnO(50%) nanocomposites (NCs) and investigation of their gas sensing properties. The X-ray diffraction studies revealed that these CuO-ZnO NCs display a hexagonal wurtzite-type crystal structure. The average width of 50-100 nm and length of 200-600 nm of the NCs were confirmed by transmission electron microscopic images, and the 1:1 proportion of Cu and Zn composition was confirmed by energy-dispersive spectra, i.e., CuO(50%)-ZnO(50%) NC studies. The CuO(50%)-ZnO(50%) NCs exhibit superior gas sensing performance with outstanding selectivity toward NO2 gas at a working temperature of 200 °C. Moreover, these NCs were used for the indirect evaluation of NO2 via electrochemical detection of NO2 - (as NO2 converts into NO2 - once it reacts with moisture, resulting into acid rain, i.e., indirect evaluation of NO2). As compared with other known modified electrodes, CuO(50%)-ZnO(50%) NCs show an apparent oxidation of NO2 - with a larger peak current for a wider linear range of nitrite concentration from 20 to 100 mM. We thus demonstrate that the as-synthesized CuO(50%)-ZnO(50%) NCs act as a promising low-cost NO2 sensor and further confirm their potential toward tunable gas sensors (electrochemical and solid state) (Scheme 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivsharan M. Mali
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, MH, India
| | - Shankar S. Narwade
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, MH, India
| | - Yuvraj H. Navale
- Functional
Materials Research Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Solapur University, Solapur 413255, MH, India
| | - Sakharam B. Tayade
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, MH, India
| | - Renuka V. Digraskar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, MH, India
| | - Vikas B. Patil
- Functional
Materials Research Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Solapur University, Solapur 413255, MH, India
| | - Avinash S. Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, MH, India
| | - Bhaskar R. Sathe
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad 431004, MH, India
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Balasubramanian P, Settu R, Chen SM, Chen TW, Sharmila G. A new electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive and selective detection of nitrite in food samples based on sonochemical synthesized Calcium Ferrite (CaFe 2O 4) clusters modified screen printed carbon electrode. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 524:417-426. [PMID: 29677610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a novel, disposable electrochemical sensor for the detection of nitrite ions in food samples based on the sonochemical synthesized orthorhombic CaFe2O4 (CFO) clusters modified screen printed electrode. As synthesized CFO clusters were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry (i-t). Under optimal condition, the CFO modified electrode displayed a rapid current response to nitrite, a linear response range from 0.016 to 1921 µM associated with a low detection limit 6.6 nM. The suggested sensor also showed the excellent sensitivity of 3.712 μA μM-1 cm-2. Furthermore, a good reproducibility, long-term stability and excellent selectivity were also attained on the proposed sensor. In addition, the practical applicability of the sensor was investigated via meat samples, tap water and drinking water, and showed desirable recovery rate, representing its possibilities for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivam Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ramki Settu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Tse-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ganapathi Sharmila
- School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Mohandoss S, Stalin T. A new fluorescent PET sensor probe for Co2+ ion detection: computational, logic device and living cell imaging applications. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27497h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new probe, 2 exhibit quenching with Co2+ (∼80% at 634 nm) while 2·Co2+ ensemble exhibit enhancement with NO3− (∼82% at 632.5 nm). On–Off–On behavior of 2 (Co2+ and NO3− ions) the function of a sequential XNOR gate and can be utilized in live cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonaimuthu Mohandoss
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Alagappa University
- Karaikudi-630 003
- India
| | - Thambusamy Stalin
- Department of Industrial Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Alagappa University
- Karaikudi-630 003
- India
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7
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Electrochemical synthesis of gold nanoparticles decorated flower-like graphene for high sensitivity detection of nitrite. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 488:135-141. [PMID: 27821334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the spherical Au nanoparticles and 3D flower-like structure graphene were successively deposited on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) (Au/f-GE/GCE) via a facile and two-step electrodeposition method for the detection of nitrite ions (NaNO2). The morphology and composition elements were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction measurements (XRD). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to evaluate the electrochemical behaviors of NaNO2 on the as-prepared electrode. Compared to f-GE/GCE and Au/GCE, Au/f-GE/GCE showed a sharp and obvious oxidation peak at 0.78V. The oxidation peak current of NaNO2 was linearly proportional to its concentration in the range from 0.125 to 20375.98μM, with a detection limit of 0.01μM (at S/N=3). Furthermore, the experiment results also showed that the as-prepared electrode exhibited excellent reproducibility and long-term stability, as well as good recovery when applied to the determination of NaNO2 in pickled pork samples.
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8
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Vijayaraj K, Jin SH, Park DS. A Sensitive and Selective Nitrite Detection in Water Using Graphene/Platinum Nanocomposite. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathiresan Vijayaraj
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Jin
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials; Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 South Korea
| | - Deog-Su Park
- Institute of BioPhysio Sensor Technology (IBST); Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 South Korea
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9
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Ma X, Miao T, Zhu W, Gao X, Wang C, Zhao C, Ma H. Electrochemical detection of nitrite based on glassy carbon electrode modified with gold–polyaniline–graphene nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08543d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports possible interferences for the detection of NO2− on a Au–G–PANI/GCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ma
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Education Ministry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tingting Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
| | - Wencai Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Education Ministry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaochun Gao
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Education Ministry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chuntao Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Taiyuan Normal University
- Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Caicai Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Education Ministry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
| | - Houyi Ma
- Key Laboratory for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of State Education Ministry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100, China
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10
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Yoshida H, Inui K, Takeuchi M, Tanaka H. Simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate ions by air-segmented amplitude-modulated multiplexed flow analysis. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:523-5. [PMID: 22687934 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The concept of amplitude-modulated multiplexed flow analysis has been extended to the simultaneous determination of multiple analytes in a sample. A sample solution containing nitrite and nitrate ions is delivered from two channels, but the flow rates are varied at different frequencies. One of the channels has a reduction column for converting nitrate ions to nitrite ions. Downstream, the absorbance of the diazo-coupling product is monitored after the merging of both solutions with a Griess reagent. The signal is analyzed by a fast Fourier transform (FFT) in real time. From the thus-obtained amplitude, a µmol dm(-3) level of the ions can be determined. The introduction of air bubbles is effective to reduce any axial dispersion, and hence to improve the sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Japan
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11
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Ayala A, Leal L, Ferrer L, Cerdà V. Multiparametric automated system for sulfate, nitrite and nitrate monitoring in drinking water and wastewater based on sequential injection analysis. Microchem J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Marom H, Popowski Y, Antonov S, Gozin M. Toward the Development of the Direct and Selective Detection of Nitrates by a Bioinspired Mo–Cu System. Org Lett 2011; 13:5532-5. [PMID: 21958375 DOI: 10.1021/ol2022627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanit Marom
- Department of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yanay Popowski
- Department of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Svetlana Antonov
- Department of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Gozin
- Department of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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13
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A novel fiber optic spectrophotometric determination of nitrite using Safranin O and cloud point extraction. Talanta 2011; 85:1818-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Ye D, Luo L, Ding Y, Chen Q, Liu X. A novel nitrite sensor based on graphene/polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. Analyst 2011; 136:4563-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15486a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Ye D, Luo L, Ding Y, Chen Q, Liu X. A novel nitrite sensor based on graphene/polypyrrole/chitosan nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode. Analyst 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15486a%2010.1039/c1an15032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Manea F, Remes A, Radovan C, Pode R, Picken S, Schoonman J. Simultaneous electrochemical determination of nitrate and nitrite in aqueous solution using Ag-doped zeolite-expanded graphite-epoxy electrode. Talanta 2010; 83:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Griess micro-assay for the determination of nitrite by combining fibre optics-based cuvetteless UV–Vis micro-spectrophotometry with liquid-phase microextraction. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 668:195-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Two rapid and sensitive automated methods for the determination of nitrite and nitrate in soil samples. Microchem J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Electrochemical determination of nitrite in water samples using a glassy carbon electrode modified with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Simultaneous determination of nitrite and nitrate at nanomolar level in seawater using on-line solid phase extraction hyphenated with liquid waveguide capillary cell for spectrophotometric detection. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Kato
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Akiharu Hioki
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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