1
|
Zhou J, Li H, Li J, Liu X, Zhao J, Wang N, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Xin Y, Li X, Wang Z, Shao N, Lou X. Selection of regioselective DNA aptamer for detection of homocysteine in nondeproteinized human plasma. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115528. [PMID: 37480786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule-binding aptamers often suffer from high cross reactivity to structure analogues in biological samples, limiting their value for clinical diagnosis. Herein, we present a method to overcome this issue, by performing binding-inhibited organic reaction-based regioselective selection of aptamers against homocysteine (Hcy), which is a marker for diagnosing many disorders including stroke and Alzheimer's. This approach has led to isolation of a DNA aptamer that binds to the alkane thiol chain of Hcy with exceptional specificity against cysteine. It also binds with oxidized Hcy at weaker affinity. Using this new aptamer, we produced a reusable fluorescent optical fiber aptasensor for direct and validated detection of both free and total Hcy in nondeproteinized patient plasma in the diagnostic concentration range. The binding site-specific aptamer selection and optical-fiber-sensing strategy can expand the practical utility of aptamers in clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianshuo Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jinming Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yucen Xin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ningsheng Shao
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xinhui Lou
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Xisanhuan North Road. 105, Beijing, 100048, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Q, Zhang Z, Xie L, Huang C, Lin X, Tang W, Xu J, Qiu B, Xu X. A one-step aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of lung cancer marker homocysteine based on multifunctional carbon nanotubes by square-wave voltammetry. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 153:108464. [PMID: 37295310 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a one-step aptasensor for ultrasensitive detection of homocysteine (HCY) is developed based on multifunctional carbon nanotubes, which is magnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Fe3O4@MWCNTs) combined with the aptamer (Apt) for HCY (Fe3O4@MWCNTs-Apt). Fe3O4@MWCNTs-Apt have multiple functions as follows. (1) Apt immobilized could selectively capture all target molecules HCY in the sample; (2) Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles could separate all target molecules HCY captured by Apt from the sample substrate to eliminate the background interference and achieve one-step preparation of the aptasensor; And (3), MWCNTs with good electrical conductivity become a new electrode surface, construct a three-dimensional electrode surface network, make the electron transfer easier and thus then enhance the signal response. Results show that there is a good linear relationship between peak current of square-wave voltammetry (SWV) and HCY concentration in the range of 0.01 μmol/L-1 μmol/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) 0.002 μmol/L. And, selectivity, reproducibility, precision and accuracy are all satisfactory. In addition, it could be applied to the detection of HCY in the plasma of lung cancer patients successfully, suggesting that this one-step aptasensor for HCY has a potential in practical clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianshun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, PR China
| | - Zuxiong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, PR China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, PR China
| | - Xing Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, PR China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jiangxing Xu
- 907 Hospital, Yanping District, Nanping 353000, Fujian, PR China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, PR China.
| | - Xunyu Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kongintr U, Lertanantawong B, Promptmas C. A Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensor for Homocysteine Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer and Nanocomposite-Modified Electrodes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102241. [PMID: 37242816 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential biomarker for the early detection of cardiovascular diseases is serum homocysteine (Hcy). In this study, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and nanocomposite were used to create a label-free electrochemical biosensor for reliable Hcy detection. A novel Hcy-specific MIP (Hcy-MIP) was synthesized using methacrylic acid (MAA) in the presence of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM). The Hcy-MIP biosensor was fabricated by overlaying the mixture of Hcy-MIP and the carbon nanotube/chitosan/ionic liquid compound (CNT/CS/IL) nanocomposite on the surface of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). It showed high sensitivity, with a linear response of 5.0 to 150 µM (R2 of 0.9753) and with a limit of detection (LOD) at 1.2 µM. It demonstrated low cross-reactivity with ascorbic acid, cysteine, and methionine. Recoveries of 91.10-95.83% were achieved when the Hcy-MIP biosensor was used for Hcy at 50-150 µM concentrations. The repeatability and reproducibility of the biosensor at the Hcy concentrations of 5.0 and 150 µM were very good, with coefficients of variation at 2.27-3.50% and 3.42-4.22%, respectively. This novel biosensor offers a new and effective method for Hcy assay compared with the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay at the correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9946.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Unchalee Kongintr
- Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Huachiew Chalermprakiat University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
| | - Benchaporn Lertanantawong
- Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Chamras Promptmas
- Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zaimbashi R, Tajik S, Beitollahi H, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. Fabrication of a Novel and Ultrasensitive Label-Free Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Gold Nanostructure for Detection of Homocysteine. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020244. [PMID: 36832010 PMCID: PMC9953955 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current attempt was made to detect the amino acid homocysteine (HMC) using an electrochemical aptasensor. A high-specificity HMC aptamer was used to fabricate an Au nanostructured/carbon paste electrode (Au-NS/CPE). HMC at high blood concentration (hyperhomocysteinemia) can be associated with endothelial cell damage leading to blood vessel inflammation, thereby possibly resulting in atherogenesis leading to ischemic damage. Our proposed protocol was to selectively immobilize the aptamer on the gate electrode with a high affinity to the HMC. The absence of a clear alteration in the current due to common interferants (methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys)) indicated the high specificity of the sensor. The aptasensor was successful in sensing HMC ranging between 0.1 and 30 μM, with a narrow limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.03 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zaimbashi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran
| | - Somayeh Tajik
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran
| | - Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahani
- Biotechnology Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman 7631818356, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu C, Zhang J, Zhang S, Liu C, Liu X, Jin J, Zheng D. An Amperometric Biomedical Sensor for the Determination of Homocysteine Using Gold Nanoparticles and Acetylene Black-Dihexadecyl Phosphate-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:198. [PMID: 36677259 PMCID: PMC9865262 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel nanocomposite film composed of gold nanoparticles and acetylene black-dihexadecyl phosphate was fabricated and modified on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode through a simple and controllable dropping and electropolymerization method. The nanocomposite film electrode showed a good electrocatalytic response to the oxidation of homocysteine and can work as an amperometric biomedical sensor for homocysteine. With the aid of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray technology and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the sensing interface was characterized, and the sensing mechanism was discussed. Under optimal conditions, the oxidation peak current of homocysteine was linearly increased with its concentration in the range of 3.0 µmol/L~1.0 mmol/L, and a sensitivity of 18 nA/(μmol/L) was obtained. Furthermore, the detection limit was determined as 0.6 µmol/L, and the response time was detected as 3 s. Applying the nanocomposite film electrode for monitoring the homocysteine in human blood serum, the results were satisfactory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunnan Zhu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Cognitive Science (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingfang Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shunrun Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Cognitive Science (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain Cognitive Science (State Ethnic Affairs Commission), South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jian Jin
- The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Dongyun Zheng
- College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Information Analysis and Tumor Diagnosis & Treatment, Wuhan 430074, China
- The First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fukushima Y, Aikawa S. Colorimetric detection of homocysteine by a pyridylazo dye-based Cu 2+ complex via indicator displacement mechanism. Anal Biochem 2021; 621:114185. [PMID: 33826924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A BrPAPS based Cu2+ complex has been developed as a colorimetric probe for the selective recognition of homocysteine (Hcy) over cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) in an aqueous solution via the indicator displacement assay. BrPAPS formed a complex with Cu2+ in a 1:1 ratio (BrPAPS-Cu2+) accompanied by the color change from yellow to red. Detecting Hcy is based on high affinity of Hcy for Cu2+. The addition of Hcy to BrPAPS-Cu2+ caused the complex formation of Hcy with Cu2+ in a 2:1 stoichiometry, resulting a hypsochromic shift with change back of color from red to yellow by the release of BrPAPS from BrPAPS-Cu2+. The absorption response is linear with the Hcy concentration in the range of 0-20 μM with a detection limit of 1.46 μM. Moreover, the detection of Hcy was not significantly affected by other amino acids from the competition experiments. Thus, BrPAPS-Cu2+ can be used as a simple probe for Hcy in aqueous solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Fukushima
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan.
| | - Shunichi Aikawa
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Toyo University, 2100 Kujirai, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beitollahi H, Zaimbashi R, Mahani MT, Tajik S. A label-free aptasensor for highly sensitive detection of homocysteine based on gold nanoparticles. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 134:107497. [PMID: 32222669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an original electrode fabrication approach was devised to create a label free sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of Homocysteine (Hcy) (Homocysteine signal was used for detection). To bind certain targets, synthetic oligonucleotides used as aptamers (APs) were specifically selected. Aptamers are substitutes for antibodies for analytical devices because of their sensitivity and high affinity. In this study, Hcy-Binding-Aptamer (HBA) was grafted onto the surface of Au nanoparticles/Glassy Carbon Electrode (Au/GCE) in order to create an aptasensor. The effects of buffer concentration, buffer type, interaction time, and aptamer concentration were investigated and optimized. In addition, Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) was implemented to identify homocysteine. Favorable performance was achieved at a detection limit of 0.01 μM (S/N = 3) and linear range 0.05-20.0 μM. Furthermore, the fabricated aptasensor displayed desirable stability and reproducibility. The developed electrochemical aptasensor was found to have reasonable selectivity for the detection of homocysteine in the presence of cysteine and methionine. Analysis of real samples showed good ability of the proposed homocysteine biosensor to provide sensitive, quick, easy, and cost effective measurement of homocysteine in human blood serum and urine samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Beitollahi
- Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Reza Zaimbashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology & Environmental Science, Graduate University of Advance Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Somayeh Tajik
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aldehyde group functionalized iridium(III) complexes for the selective sensing of homocysteine. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
9
|
Hosseini Ghalehno M, Mirzaei M, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. Electrochemical aptasensor for activated protein C using a gold nanoparticle - Chitosan/graphene paste modified carbon paste electrode. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 130:107322. [PMID: 31295701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a selective and simple electrochemical aptasensor was developed for the detection of activated protein C by employing methylene blue (MB) as a redox indicator. An activated protein C aptamer (APC-apt) was covalently immobilized on the surface of a carbon paste electrode modified with gold nanoparticle - chitosan /graphene paste (AuNPs-Chi/Gr). The AuNPs-Chi/Gr paste increased electrochemical peak current and immobilized the aptamer on the electrode surface. The process of aptasensor construction and successful immobilization of the aptamer on the electrode surface was confirmed by electrochemical cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to determine the methylene blue peak current. By replacing APC instead of MB at the electrode surface, the cathodic current of the MB decreases, and this decrease corresponds to the APC concentration. Under optimum conditions, the APC concentration was detected in the range from of 0.1 ng·mL-1 to 40 μg·mL-1 with a relatively low detection limit of 0.073 ng·mL-1. This method was then applied to the determination of APC in human serum samples. The results revealed that this strategy can be used to measure other proteins in biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hosseini Ghalehno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shahid Bahonar Kerman, Kerman, Iran; Young Research Society, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Shahid Bahonar Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Torkzadeh-Mahani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hosseini Ghalehno M, Mirzaei M, Torkzadeh-Mahani M. Electrochemical aptasensor for tumor necrosis factor α using aptamer–antibody sandwich structure and cobalt hexacyanoferrate for signal amplification. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-019-01650-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Wang KP, Xu S, Lei Y, Zheng WJ, Zhang Q, Chen S, Hu HY, Hu ZQ. A coumarin-based dual optical probe for homocysteine with rapid response time, high sensitivity and selectivity. Talanta 2018; 196:243-248. [PMID: 30683359 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new coumarin-based fluorescent and chromogenic dual channel probe (DC) was used for the selective detection of homocysteine (Hcy) over other amino acids, especially for cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH). When Hcy is present in the solution, the remarkable fluorescence enhancement and obvious blue shift in UV-vis spectra can be observed. In addition, the color change from purple to yellow can be observed clearly by unaided eyes. This probe DC has fast response time, excellent sensitivity and selectivity to Hcy. A linear relationship exists between the ratio of emissions at 486 and 625 nm, and Hcy can be detected in a wide concentration range (0-200 μM). The signal-to-background ratio of fluorescence at 486 nm can reach 8.4, and the detection limit is calculated to be 3.5 µM. The response mechanism is proved to be the Michael addition reaction by Hcy. Preliminary results on cell imaging enable the practical application of Hcy tracing in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Shengnan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Shaojin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Hai-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|