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Wang H, Yang S, Chen L, Li Y, He P, Wang G, Dong H, Ma P, Ding G. Tumor diagnosis using carbon-based quantum dots: Detection based on the hallmarks of cancer. Bioact Mater 2024; 33:174-222. [PMID: 38034499 PMCID: PMC10684566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) have been shown to have promising application value in tumor diagnosis. Their use, however, is severely hindered by the complicated nature of the nanostructures in the CQDs. Furthermore, it seems impossible to formulate the mechanisms involved using the inadequate theoretical frameworks that are currently available for CQDs. In this review, we re-consider the structure-property relationships of CQDs and summarize the current state of development of CQDs-based tumor diagnosis based on biological theories that are fully developed. The advantages and deficiencies of recent research on CQDs-based tumor diagnosis are thus explained in terms of the manifestation of nine essential changes in cell physiology. This review makes significant progress in addressing related problems encountered with other nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Siwei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Liangfeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peng He
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Superconducting Electronics (CENSE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Peixiang Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, PR China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuit, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, PR China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, PR China
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Xu X, Min H, Li Y. Preparation and application of carbon quantum dot fluorescent probes combined with rare earth ions. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:5731-5753. [PMID: 37882318 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Globally, antibiotic abuse, organic contamination, and excessive heavy metal ion pollution pose serious threats to human health. In this case, ratiometric fluorescent probes can eliminate the errors caused by environmental factors and provide more accurate detection results than single-emission intensity nanoprobes. Accordingly, based on the excellent biocompatibility and abundant surface functional groups of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and the properties of large Stokes shifts and narrow emission bands of rare earth ions (RE3+), RE-CQD fluorescent probes have attracted widespread attention. Herein, firstly we review the combination of carbon quantum dots with rare earth ions (rare earth complexes) using various functionalization approaches to improve the defects of rare earth complexes and realize the functionalization of carbon quantum dots and their applications in many fields, such as biology and environmental science. In addition, we classify the methods for the synthesis of RE-CQD hybrids into three groups according to the different binding modes of the RE and CQDs, including doping, covalent grafting, and direct coordination. The excellent properties of these fluorescent probes are also briefly described. Finally, a comprehensive overview of the important applications of RE-CQD fluorescent probes in the fields of public safety sensing, chemical sensing, biomedical sensing, temperature sensing, and pH sensing is presented. In this review, the recent research progress in the field of ratiometric fluorescence sensing based on carbon quantum dots and rare earth ions is summarized and an outlook on the future development of RE-CQD fluorescent probes regarding their construction and potential applications is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Xu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Min
- Technology Transfer Center, Institute of Science and Technology Development, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China.
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3
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Wang Z, Hao Y, Chen Y, Dong W, Liu Y, Li J, Gao H, Wang X, Shuang S, Dong C, Gong X. Robust solvatochromic carbon quantum dots for selective detection of water and Sn 4+ and specific lipid imaging. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130456. [PMID: 36450190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with the solvatochromic effect and exploring multifunctional applications remains challenging. Herein, robust solvatochromic carbon quantum dots (RS-CQDs) with emission shift up to ∼62 nm from yellow to red was fabricated by the hydrothermal method. The RS-CQDs was used to detect water and Sn4+ in the linear ranges and limits of detection of 2.0-97.6% and 0.14% and 6.24-53.18 μM and 66.3 nM, respectively, and was further applied to determine Sn4+ in practical water samples with satisfactory results. In addition, RS-CQDs exhibited bright red emission in oil media with a 9.7-fold increase in fluorescence relative to aqueous media, making them a wash-free probe for specifically staining lipids. Compared to the commercial lipid marker BODIPY 493/503, the RS-CQDs-based probe has significant advantages, such as longer emission, larger Stokes shift, and better photostability, ensuring that RS-CQDs-based marker can implement real-time and wash-free monitoring and imaging of lipids in living cells, liver tissues, zebrafish embryos, and zebrafish larvae. This study provides a novel research direction for the development of metal-doped CQDs by demonstrating RS-CQDs as the viability of fluorescence probes for water and Sn4+ detection and the efficiency of RS-CQDs as a fluorescent marker for lipid imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yumin Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yihong Chen
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Wenjuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hong Gao
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Shanxi Research Center for Information and Strategy of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaojuan Gong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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Luminescence of lanthanide complexes: From fundamental to prospective approaches related to water- and molecular-stimuli. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2022.100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Bao L, Liu S. A dual-emission polymer carbon nanoparticles for ratiometric and visual detection of pH value and bilirubin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120513. [PMID: 34695677 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we prepared a novel fluorescent polymer carbon nanoparticles by polymerizing dopamine (DA) and o-phenylenediamine (OPD) through oxidation of hydrogen peroxide. In a neutral environment, the synthesized fluorescent polymer carbon nanoparticles (PDA-OPD) exhibited two emission peaks at 460 nm and 540 nm with 400 nm excitation wavelength. In an acidic environment, the fluorescence emission peaks of PDA-OPD at 540 nm showed an obvious fluorescence quenching, and there existed a good linear relationship between the fluorescence ratio F540/F460 and environment pH value. In an alkaline environment, the fluorescence emission peak at 460 nm showed obvious fluorescence quenching after the addition of bilirubin, while a novel fluorescence emission peak at 560 nm emerged gradually. The PDA-OPD could be also used to detect bilirubin in the range of 0-400 μmol·L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Bao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110000, China; Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110000, China.
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Alafeef M, Dighe K, Moitra P, Pan D. Monitoring the Viral Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Still Waterbodies Using a Lanthanide-Doped Carbon Nanoparticle-Based Sensor Array. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:245-258. [PMID: 35036178 PMCID: PMC8751013 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The latest epidemic of extremely infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has created a significant public health concern. Despite substantial efforts to contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within a specific location, shortcomings in the surveillance of predominantly asymptomatic infections constrain attempts to identify the epidemiological spread of the virus. Continuous surveillance of wastewater streams, including sewage, offers opportunities to track the spread of SARS-CoV-2, which is believed to be found in fecal waste. To demonstrate the feasibility of SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater systems, we herein present a novel facilely constructed fluorescence sensing array based on a panel of three different lanthanide-doped carbon nanoparticles (LnCNPs). The differential fluorescence response pattern due to the counterion-ligand interactions allowed us to employ powerful pattern recognition to effectively detect SARS-CoV-2 and differentiate it from other viruses or bacteria. The sensor results were benchmarked to the gold standard RT-qPCR, and the sensor showed excellent sensitivity (1.5 copies/μL) and a short sample-to-results time of 15 min. This differential response of the sensor array was also explained from the differential mode of binding of the LnCNPs with the surface proteins of the studied bacteria and viruses. Therefore, the developed sensor array provides a cost-effective, community diagnostic tool that could be potentially used as a novel epidemiologic surveillance approach to mitigate the spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Alafeef
- Bioengineering
Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Biomedical
Engineering Department, Jordan University
of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Departments
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Health Sciences
Facility III, 670 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
- Department
of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary
Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United
States
| | - Ketan Dighe
- Bioengineering
Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary
Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United
States
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Departments
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Health Sciences
Facility III, 670 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Bioengineering
Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments
of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore, Health Sciences
Facility III, 670 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
- Department
of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Interdisciplinary
Health Sciences Facility, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United
States
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Gao L, Wang L, Kuklin AV, Gao J, Yin S, Ågren H, Zhang H. A Facile Approach for Elemental-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots and Their Application for Efficient Photodetectors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2105683. [PMID: 34850565 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates a facile hydrothermal approach to synthesize lanthanide-doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with europium and/or gadolinium elements. Taking the advantage of broadband adsorption in the ultraviolet-visible region, the doped QDs are directly used as building blocks for photo-electrochemical (PEC)-type photodetectors (PDs) and their performance is systematically investigated under various conditions. The europium (Eu) and gadolinium (Gd) co-doped (C:EuGd) QDs exhibit better photo-response than the single-elemental doped ones and also show outstanding long-term stability. According to the apparent response to light from 350 to 400 nm, the C:EuGd QDs are demonstrated to hold great potential for narrow-band PDs. This work highlights the practical applications of lanthanide-doped CQDs for PDs, and the results are beneficial for the development of elemental-doped CQDs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Gao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd. Cangqian, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Lude Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianling Rd., Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Artem V Kuklin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - Jie Gao
- Institute of Optoelectronics & Nanomaterials, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Shouchun Yin
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318 Yuhangtang Rd. Cangqian, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, China
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Wang J, Li D, Qiu Y, Liu X, Huang L, Wen H, Hu J. An europium functionalized carbon dot-based fluorescence test paper for visual and quantitative point-of-care testing of anthrax biomarker. Talanta 2020; 220:121377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Han Y, Yang W, Luo X, He X, Zhao H, Tang W, Yue T, Li Z. Carbon dots based ratiometric fluorescent sensing platform for food safety. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:244-260. [PMID: 32876496 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1814197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Food safety has become a major global concern and the rapid detection of food nutritional ingredients and contaminants has aroused much more attention. Nanomaterials-based fluorescent sensing holds great potential in designing highly sensitive and selective detection strategies for food safety analysis. Carbon dots (CDs) possess tremendous prospects in fluorescent sensing food ingredients and contaminants due to their superior properties of chemical and photostability, highly fluorescence with tunability, and no/low-toxicity. Numerous endeavors are demanded to contribute to overcoming the challenge of lower sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors interfered by various components in intricate food matrices to ensure food safety and human health. Nanohybrid CDs based ratiometric fluorescent sensing with self-calibration is regarded as an efficient strategy for the CDs based sensors for the specific recognition of target analyte in the food matrices. This work is devoted to reviewing the development of nanohybrid CDs based ratiometric fluorescent sensing platform and the perspectives of the platform for food safety. The applications of nanohybrid CDs in sensing are summarized and the sensing mechanisms are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Weixia Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xueli Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xie He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhonghong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China.,Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, PR China
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Ehtesabi H, Hallaji Z, Najafi Nobar S, Bagheri Z. Carbon dots with pH-responsive fluorescence: a review on synthesis and cell biological applications. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:150. [PMID: 31989317 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-4091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes state of the art synthesis and applications of carbon dots (CDs) with pH-responsive fluorescence. Following an introduction, the first section covers methods for the preparation of pH-responsive CDs, with subsections on general methods for preparing CDs (by hydrothermal, solvothermal, electrochemical, microwave, laser ablation, pyrolysis or chemical oxidation polymerization methods), and on precursors for synthesis. This is followed by a section on the mechanisms of pH-responsivity (by creating new functional groups, change of energy levels, protonation and deprotonation, aggregation, or by introduction shells). Several Tables are presented that give an overview of the wealth of methods and materials. A final section covers applications of carbon dots (CDs) with pH-responsive fluorescence for sensing, drug delivery, and imaging. The conclusion summarizes the current status, addresses challenges, and gives an outlook on potential future trends. Graphical abstract The synthesis and biological applications of carbon dots(CDs) with pH-responsive fluorescence are summarized. Precursors and methods for preparation of pH-responsive CDs, mechanisms of pH-responsivity, and biological applications of CDs with pH-responsive fluorescence for sensing, drug delivery, and imaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamide Ehtesabi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Zahra Hallaji
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Shima Najafi Nobar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, 19697-64499, Iran
| | - Zeinab Bagheri
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C, Tehran, 19839-69411, Iran.
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13
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Wang Q, Yang H, Zhang Q, Ge H, Zhang S, Wang Z, Ji X. Strong acid-assisted preparation of green-emissive carbon dots for fluorometric imaging of pH variation in living cells. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:468. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3569-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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