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Miya N, Machogo-Phao LFE, Ntsendwana B. Exploring Copper Oxide and Copper Sulfide for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors: Current Progress and Future Directions. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1849. [PMID: 37893284 PMCID: PMC10609065 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are affected by diabetes, a chronic disease that continuously grows due to abnormal glucose concentration levels present in the blood. Monitoring blood glucose concentrations is therefore an essential diabetes indicator to aid in the management of the disease. Enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors presently account for the bulk of glucose sensors on the market. However, their disadvantages are that they are expensive and dependent on environmental conditions, hence affecting their performance and sensitivity. To meet the increasing demand, non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on chemically modified electrodes for the direct electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose are a good alternative to the costly enzymatic-based sensors currently on the market, and the research thereof continues to grow. Nanotechnology-based biosensors have been explored for their electronic and mechanical properties, resulting in enhanced biological signaling through the direct oxidation of glucose. Copper oxide and copper sulfide exhibit attractive attributes for sensor applications, due to their non-toxic nature, abundance, and unique properties. Thus, in this review, copper oxide and copper sulfide-based materials are evaluated based on their chemical structure, morphology, and fast electron mobility as suitable electrode materials for non-enzymatic glucose sensors. The review highlights the present challenges of non-enzymatic glucose sensors that have limited their deployment into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lerato F. Eugeni Machogo-Phao
- DSI/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Advanced Materials Division, Mintek, Private Bag X3015, Randburg 2125, South Africa; (N.M.); (B.N.)
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J P C, Punnakkal N, Vasu SP, Pradeep A, Nair BG, Babu TGS. Zirconium copper oxide microflowers based non-enzymatic screen-printed electrochemical sensor for the detection of glucose in saliva, urine, and blood serum. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:390. [PMID: 37700117 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Zirconium copper oxide microflowers (Zr/CuO MF) based non-enzymatic sensor was developed for glucose detection in saliva, urine, and blood. An easy urea hydrolysis method was employed for the synthesis of the metal oxide and further calcined to improve the catalytic property. The flower-like morphology of the Zr/CuO was confirmed by SEM analysis and the presence of copper and zirconium was examined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The Zr/CuO MF modified screen-printed electrodes exhibited excellent glucose sensing performance in 0.15 M NaOH medium and could quantify glucose in the range from 10 µM to 27 mM. A high sensitivity of 1.815 ± 0.003 mA mM-1 cm-2 was obtained for lower glucose concentration from 15 µM to 3 mM and 1.250 ± 0.006 mA mM-1 cm-2 for higher concentration glucose from 3 to 27 mM. The limit of detection of the fabricated sensor was found to be 0.8 µM. The sensor displayed high selectivity and stability towards glucose in different body fluids like saliva, urine, and blood serum at a working potential of 0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). In saliva, urine, and serum samples, the sensor exhibited excellent recovery of 95-108, 92-108, and 93-101% in saliva, urine, and serum, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of less than 10%, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability of the sensor. The developed sensor is promising for developing an invasive and non-invasive point-of-care testing device for glucose detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandhana J P
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India
- Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India
| | - Navaneeth Punnakkal
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India
- Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India
| | - Suneesh Punathil Vasu
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India
- Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India
| | - Aarathi Pradeep
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India
- Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India
| | - Bipin G Nair
- Amrita Biomedical Engineering Centre, Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amritapuri, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, 690525, India
| | - T G Satheesh Babu
- Department of Sciences, Amrita School of Physical Sciences Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India.
- Amrita Biosensor Research Lab, Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India.
- Amrita Biomedical Engineering Centre, Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, 641112, India.
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Zou Y, Chu Z, Guo J, Liu S, Ma X, Guo J. Minimally invasive electrochemical continuous glucose monitoring sensors: Recent progress and perspective. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 225:115103. [PMID: 36724658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and its complications are seriously threatening the health and well-being of hundreds of millions of people. Glucose levels are essential indicators of the health conditions of diabetics. Over the past decade, concerted efforts in various fields have led to significant advances in glucose monitoring technology. In particular, the rapid development of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) based on electrochemical sensing principles has great potential to overcome the limitations of self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) in continuously tracking glucose trends, evaluating diabetes treatment options, and improving the quality of life of diabetics. However, the applications of minimally invasive electrochemical CGM sensors are still limited owing to the following aspects: i) invasiveness, ii) short lifespan, iii) biocompatibility, and iv) calibration and prediction. In recent years, the performance of minimally invasive electrochemical CGM systems (CGMSs) has been significantly improved owing to breakthrough developments in new materials and key technologies. In this review, we summarize the history of commercial CGMSs, the development of sensing principles, and the research progress of minimally invasive electrochemical CGM sensors in reducing the invasiveness of implanted probes, maintaining enzyme activity, and improving the biocompatibility of the sensor interface. In addition, this review also introduces calibration algorithms and prediction algorithms applied to CGMSs and describes the application of machine learning algorithms for glucose prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zou
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengkang Chu
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 611731, Chengdu, China; Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Xing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- Chongqing Medical University, 400016, Chongqing, China; School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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Yang J, Chen H, Zhu C, Huang Z, Ou R, Gao S, Yang Z. A miniature CuO nanoarray sensor for noninvasive detection of trace salivary glucose. Anal Biochem 2022; 656:114857. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Figiela M, Wysokowski M, Stanisz E, Hao D, Ni BJ, Stepniak I. Highly sensitive, fast response and selective glucose detection based on CuO/nitrogen‐doped carbon non‐enzymatic sensor. ELECTROANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Derek Hao
- University of Technology Sydney AUSTRALIA
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Electrocatalytic oxidation and flow injection analysis of formaldehyde at binary metal oxides (Co3O4–NiO and CuO–Co3O4) modified pencil graphite electrodes. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Covalent Immobilisation of a Nanoporous Platinum Film onto a Gold Screen-Printed Electrode for Highly Stable and Selective Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in the development of commercially available non-enzymatic glucose sensors continues to be problematic due to issues regarding selectivity, reproducibility and stability. Overcoming these issues is a research challenge of significant importance. This study reports a novel fabrication process using a double-layer self-assembly of (3 mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS) on a gold substrate and co-deposition of a platinum–copper alloy. The subsequent electrochemical dealloying of the less noble copper resulted in a nanoporous platinum structure on the uppermost exposed thiol groups. Amperometric responses at 0.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl found the modification to be highly selective towards glucose in the presence of known interferants. The sensor propagated a rapid response time <5 s and exhibited a wide linear range from 1 mM to 18 mM. Additionally, extremely robust stability was attributed to enhanced attachment due to the strong chemisorption between the gold substrate and the exposed thiol of MPTS. Incorporation of metallic nanomaterials using the self-assembly approach was demonstrated to provide a more reproducible and controlled molecular architecture for sensor fabrication. The successful application of the sensor in real blood serum samples displayed a strong correlation with clinically obtained glucose levels.
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Aun TT, Salleh NM, Ali UFM, Manan NSA. Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors Involving Copper: An Electrochemical Perspective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:537-593. [PMID: 34477020 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1967720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on the use of copper and its oxides have emerged as promising candidates to replace enzymatic glucose sensors owing to their stability, ease of fabrication, and superior sensitivity. This review explains the theories of the mechanism of glucose oxidation on copper transition metal electrodes. It also presents an overview on the development of among the best non-enzymatic copper-based glucose sensors in the past 10 years. A brief description of methods, interesting findings, and important performance parameters are provided to inspire the reader and researcher to create new improvements in sensor design. Finally, several important considerations that pertain to the nano-structuring of the electrode surface is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Tiek Aun
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noordini Mohamad Salleh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Fundamental and Frontier Sciences in Nanostructure Self-Assembly, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Umi Fazara Md Ali
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia
| | - Ninie Suhana Abdul Manan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Qu L, Zhao L, Chen T, Li J, Nie X, Li R, Sun C. Two novel coordination polymers and their hybrid materials with Ag nanoparticles for non-enzymatic detection of glucose. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Disposable and portable gold nanoparticles modified - laser-scribed graphene sensing strips for electrochemical, non-enzymatic detection of glucose. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Electrochemical sensors as a versatile tool for the quantitative analysis of Vitamin B12. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01574-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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In situ construction of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 derived Co3O4 on CCCH NWs/CF hierarchical nanowires for high-performance enzymeless glucose detection. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mollarasouli F, Majidi MR, Asadpour-Zeynali K. Enhanced activity for non-enzymatic glucose biosensor by facile electro-deposition of cauliflower-like NiWO4 nanostructures. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Significance of nanomaterials in electrochemical glucose sensors: An updated review (2016-2020). Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 159:112165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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