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El-Sewify IM, Shenashen MA, El-Agamy RF, Emran MY, Selim MS, Khairy M, Shahat A, Selim MM, Elmarakbi A, Ebara M, El-Safty SA. Fluorescent sensor/tracker for biocompatible and real-time monitoring of ultra-trace arsenic toxicants in living cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135429. [PMID: 39128154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring and tracking of extreme toxins that penetrate into living cells by using biocompatible, low-cost visual detection via fluorescent monitors are vitally essential to reduce health hazards. Herein, we report a simple engineering design of biocompatible and fluorescent sensors/trackers for real-time monitoring and ultra-trace tracking (up to ppb) of extremely toxic substances (such as arsenic species) in living cells. The biocompatible As(V) sensor (BAS) design is fabricated via successful dressing/decoration process of 2-hydroxy 5-methyl isophthalaldehyde fluorescent receptor into hierarchical organic-inorganic carriers that have micro-hollow geodes, swirled caves and nest-shaped cages, and uniform cubic structures. The BAS monitors show evidence for the selective trapping/detecting/tracking of As(V) species in biological cells (i.e., HeLa cells) despite the coexistence of highly competitive and interfered species. Our simple batch-contact sensing assays shows real-space evidence of the continuous monitoring of As(V) species in HeLa cells with ultra-sensitive detection (i.e., with a low detection limit of 0.149 ppb) and rapid recognition (i.e., in the order of seconds). Significantly, the BAS monitors did not affect the cell population and achieved low cytotoxicity and high cell viability during the monitoring/tracking process inside HeLa cells. The high biocompatibility of BAS remarkably allows precise quantification and real-time monitoring/tracking of toxicant targets in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M El-Sewify
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0047, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566 Cairo, Abbassia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Shenashen
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0047, Japan; Petroleum Application Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI)The institution will open in a new tab, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Rasha F El-Agamy
- College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Yanbu 966144 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Y Emran
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0047, Japan
| | - Mohamed S Selim
- Petroleum Application Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI)The institution will open in a new tab, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Khairy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shahat
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, B.O.Box: 43221 Suez, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Selim
- Al-Aflaj College of Science and Human Studies, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Aflaj 710, 11912, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elmarakbi
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0047, Japan
| | - Sherif A El-Safty
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukubashi, Ibaraki-ken 305-0047, Japan.
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Emran MY, Kotb A, Ganganboina AB, Okamoto A, Abolibda TZ, Alzahrani HAH, Gomha SM, Ma C, Zhou M, Shenashen MA. Tailored portable electrochemical sensor for dopamine detection in human fluids using heteroatom-doped three-dimensional g-C 3N 4 hornet nest structure. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1320:342985. [PMID: 39142767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is widespread interest in the design of portable electrochemical sensors for the selective monitoring of biomolecules. Dopamine (DA) is one of the neurotransmitter molecules that play a key role in the monitoring of some neuronal disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Facile synthesis of the highly active surface interface to design a portable electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective monitoring of biomolecules (i.e., DA) in its resources such as human fluids is highly required. RESULTS The designed sensor is based on a three-dimensional phosphorous and sulfur resembling a g-C3N4 hornet's nest (3D-PS-doped CNHN). The morphological structure of 3D-PS-doped CNHN features multi-open gates and numerous vacant voids, presenting a novel design reminiscent of a hornet's nest. The outer surface exhibits a heterogeneous structure with a wave orientation and rough surface texture. Each gate structure takes on a hexagonal shape with a wall size of approximately 100 nm. These structural characteristics, including high surface area and hierarchical design, facilitate the diffusion of electrolytes and enhance the binding and high loading of DA molecules on both inner and outer surfaces. The multifunctional nature of g-C3N4, incorporating phosphorous and sulfur atoms, contributes to a versatile surface that improves DA binding. Additionally, the phosphate and sulfate groups' functionalities enhance sensing properties, thereby outlining selectivity. The resulting portable 3D-PS-doped CNHN sensor demonstrates high sensitivity with a low limit of detection (7.8 nM) and a broad linear range spanning from 10 to 500 nM. SIGNIFICANCE The portable DA sensor based on the 3D-PS-doped CNHN/SPCE exhibits excellent recovery of DA molecules in human fluids, such as human serum and urine samples, demonstrating high stability and good reproducibility. The designed portable DA sensor could find utility in the detection of DA in clinical samples, showcasing its potential for practical applications in medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y Emran
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Ahmed Kotb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Akhilesh Babu Ganganboina
- International Center for Young Scientists ICYS-NAMIKI, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Akihiro Okamoto
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tariq Z Abolibda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A H Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 355, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sobhi M Gomha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chongbo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130024, China
| | - Mohamed A Shenashen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, 42351, Saudi Arabia.
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Verma R, Yadav SK, Singh KR, Verma R, Kumar D, Singh J. Laccase-Conjugated Nanostructured ZnFe 2O 4/rGO-Modified Electrode-Based Interfaces for Electrochemical Impedance Monitoring of Adrenaline: A Promising Biosensor for Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5842-5853. [PMID: 38054277 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
A propitious biosensor for adrenaline (AD) detection in bovine serum albumin (BSA) real samples, which can be used for diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, is reported here. The biosensor consists of a La/ZF/rGO/ITO bioelectrode, which is fabricated by electrophoretic deposition of zinc ferrite/reduced graphene oxide (ZF/rGO) nanohybrid followed by drop casting of laccase (La) enzymes. The material characterization and electrochemical studies revealed that the ZF/rGO nanohybrid enhanced the electroactive surface and facilitated direct electron transfer between the electrode and electrolyte interface, resulting in enhanced electrocatalytic performance. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results asserted that the ZF/rGO nanohybrid decreased the charge-transfer resistance (Rct) and increased the surface adsorption, leading to a high diffusion coefficient (D) of 0.192 cm2/s. The biosensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 0.71 Ω/μM cm2, a good linear range (0.1 to 140 μM with R2 = 0.98), and a low limit of detection (LOD) is 12.5 μM, demonstrating the synergic effect of ZF and rGO in the La/ZF/rGO/ITO bioelectrode with AD. The biosensor also exhibited high selectivity and stability (55 days) in the presence of interfering substances and in BSA samples, with a recovery percentage close to 100 ± 5% RSD, indicating its potential biosensing applications for real-world applications in disease diagnostics, monitoring, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Surendra K Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Kshitij Rb Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Ranjana Verma
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Influence of carbon layer thickness on the Li-ion storage property of [002]-oriented β-Li2TiO3@C nanowires. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2023.123920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Emran MY, Miran W, Gomaa H, Ibrahim I, Belessiotis GV, Abdelwahab AA, Othman MB. Biowaste Materials for Advanced Biodegradable Packaging Technology. HANDBOOK OF BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS 2023:861-897. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-09710-2_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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6
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Well-dispersed strawberry-like PtCo nanocrystals/porous N-doped carbon nanospheres for multiplexed assays. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Smajdor J, Paczosa-Bator B, Piech R. Advances on Hormones and Steroids Determination: A Review of Voltammetric Methods since 2000. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1225. [PMID: 36557132 PMCID: PMC9782681 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This article presents advances in the electrochemical determination of hormones and steroids since 2000. A wide spectrum of techniques and working electrodes have been involved in the reported measurements in order to obtain the lowest possible limits of detection. The voltammetric and polarographic techniques, due to their sensitivity and easiness, could be used as alternatives to other, more complicated, analytical assays. Still, growing interest in designing a new construction of the working electrodes enables us to prepare new measurement procedures and obtain lower limits of detection. A brief description of the measured compounds has been presented, along with a comparison of the obtained results.
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Electrochemical sensor design based on CuO nanosheets/ Cellulose derivative nanocomposite for hydrazine monitoring in environmental samples. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamyabi MA, Moharramnezhad M. Single-step microwave synthesis of a novel ternary nanocomposite as an efficient luminophore and boron nitride quantum dots as a new coreactant for a cathodic ECL monitoring of chlorpyrifos. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:750-762. [PMID: 35112124 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01687c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel and innovative enzyme-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) pesticide probe based on a ternary nanocomposite, CuS/CQDs/g-C3N4NS, was demonstrated for the accurate monitoring of chlorpyrifos. Boron nitride quantum dots were introduced as a new and effective coreactant in comparison with other coreactants, such as hydrogen peroxide, peroxydisulfate, and tripropylamine, in the negative potential range for the first time. The nanocomposite as a promoted luminophore was synthesized by a one-pot microwave route. Carbon quantum dots and copper sulfide nanostructures were truly incorporated on the porous graphitized carbon nitride, which displayed a good cooperative effect on the signal improvement. CuS as a co-reaction accelerator and CQDs with a superior luminescence effect produced more radical species, and thus, the ECL signal was amplified. Upon increasing the appropriate concentration of this coreactant in electrolyte media, the signal intensity of the nanocomposite increases. A low detection limit of 3.0 × 10-16 M and a wide range from 2.0 × 10-15 to 7.0 × 10-9 M were gained. Also, the fabricated pesticide sensor presented excellent repeatability for 20 consecutive optical signals, with a RSD of about 1.4%. Owing to its high proficiency, the developed sensor was applied as a new probe for chlorpyrifos analysis in water and fruit samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Kamyabi
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Postal Code 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Moharramnezhad
- Electroanalytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Postal Code 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran.
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Emran MY, Shenashen MA, Eid AI, Selim MM, El-Safty SA. Portable sensitive and selective biosensing assay of dopamine in live cells using dual phosphorus and nitrogen doped carbon urchin-like structure. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2022; 430:132818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Shenashen MA, Emran MY, El Sabagh A, Selim MM, Elmarakbi A, El-Safty SA. Progress in sensory devices of pesticides, pathogens, coronavirus, and chemical additives and hazards in food assessment: Food safety concerns. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 124:100866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Emran MY, Shenashen MA, Elmarakbi A, Selim MM, El-Safty SA. Nitrogen-doped carbon hollow trunk-like structure as a portable electrochemical sensor for noradrenaline detection in neuronal cells. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1192:339380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhuang Q, Zhang C, Zhuang H, Deng H, Lin X, Li Y, Chen H, Xie A, Dong W. Heteroatom-free conjugated tetraphenylethylene polymers for selectively fluorescent detection of tetracycline. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1190:339236. [PMID: 34857140 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic tetracycline (Tc) is a major contaminant in food and water, with adverse effects on both ecosystems and human health. The development of novel sensors for tetracycline detection is of great importance. In this work, we develop a novel heteroatom-free conjugated tetraphenylethylene polymer (TPE-CMP) fluorescence sensor for the detection of tetracycline. In the presence of Tc, the emission fluorescence of TPE-CMP was quenched by the photoinduced electron transfer mechanism to achieve high sensitivity. The polymers can detect tetracycline at a concentration of 0-100 μg/mL with a good linear correlation (0.99), and the limit of detection (LOD) is 1.23 μg/mL. Furthermore, TPE-CMP has excellent selectivity in detecting Tc in the presence of various anti-interference analytes, including ions and antibiotics. In addition, the practical feasibilities of TPE-CMP for Tc sensing were further investigated in milk, urine and wastewater samples with satisfactory recoveries (from 94.96% to 112.53% for milk, from 96.41% to 99.31% for urine and from 98.54% to 100.52% for wastewater). We have designed and synthesized TPE-CMP based on heteroatom-free for the specific fluorescence detection of tetracycline, expanding the range of fluorescence detection sensors and offering great promise for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Zhuang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute (LSMRI), Xiamen, 361100, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Haiyan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute (LSMRI), Xiamen, 361100, China
| | - Hanyu Deng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiangpeng Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China; State Key Laboratory for Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute (LSMRI), Xiamen, 361100, China
| | - Aming Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Wei Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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Electrochemical microRNA detection based on catalytic deposition of G-quadruplex DNAzyme in nanochannels. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Emran MY, Miran W, Gomaa H, Ibrahim I, Belessiotis GV, Abdelwahab AA, Othman MB. Biowaste Materials for Advanced Biodegradable Packaging Technology. HANDBOOK OF BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS 2022:1-37. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83783-9_46-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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MXene/carbon nanohorns decorated with conductive molecularly imprinted poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) for voltammetric detection of adrenaline. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:420. [PMID: 34782933 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel molecularly imprinted sensor was developed for the voltammetric determination of adrenaline (AD). MXene/carbon nanohorn (MXene/CNH) composite with good electric conductivity and enormous accessible active sites was firstly introduced as catalytic substrate. Subsequently, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film was fabricated in mixed solutions containing hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (functional monomer) and AD (template) through electro-polymerization process. A molecularly imprinted sensor was formed after removing the template. The morphology and elemental composition of the prepared composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the electrochemical performance of the molecularly imprinted sensors. Under optimized conditions, the designed sensor displays a wide linear range from 1.0 nM to 60.0 μM and a low limit of detection of 0.3 nM. The developed sensor also presents good selectivity, reproducibility and long-term stability, and satisfactory feasibility in practical sample analysis. MXene/carbon nanohorns decorated with conductive molecularly imprinted poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) was proposed for highly sensitive and selective detection of adrenaline.
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