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Humaira, Ahmad I, Shakir HA, Khan M, Franco M, Irfan M. Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles: Potential Therapeutic Applications, Challenges, and Future Prospects. J Basic Microbiol 2024:e2400221. [PMID: 39148315 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Almost all cell types naturally secret extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the extracellular space with variable metabolic cargo facilitating intracellular communication, posing immune-modulation capacity. Thus, "bacterial extracellular vesicles" (BEVs), with their great immunoregulatory, immune response stimulation and disease condition-altering potential, have gained importance in the medical and therapeutic industry. Various subtypes of BEVs were observed and reported in the literature, such as exosomes (30-150 nm), microvesicles (100-1000 nm), apoptotic bodies (1000-5000 nm), and oncosomes (1000-10,000 nm). As biological systems are complex entities, inserting BEVs requires extra high purity. Various techniques for BEV isolation have been employed alone or with other strategies, such as ultracentrifugation, precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography, affinity-based separation, ultrafiltration, and field-flow fractionation. But to date, no BEV isolation method is considered perfect as the lack of standard protocols limits their scale-up. Medical research has focused on BEVs to explore their diverse therapeutic potential. This review particularly focused on the recent advancements in the potential medical application of BEVs, current challenges, and prospects associated with their scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Abdullah Shakir
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, University of the Punjab New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Life Science, University of the Punjab New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marcelo Franco
- Department of Exact Science, State University of Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Chen J, Liu Q, Fu Y, Xiang J. DNA Nanocage-Assisted Size-Selective Recognition and Quantification toward Low-Mass Soluble β-Amyloid Oligomers. Anal Chem 2024; 96:11397-11403. [PMID: 38940533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Low-mass soluble β-amyloid peptide oligomers (LSAβOs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, these oligomers exhibit heterogeneity in terms of structure, stability, and stoichiometry, and their abundance in biofluids is low, making accurate identification challenging. In this study, we developed a DNA nanocage-assisted method for selective sizing and sensitive quantification of LSAβOs in serum. Using LSAβO less than 10 kDa (LSAβO10kD) and less than 30 kDa (LSAβO30kD) as models, the size-matching rules between DNA nanocages and LSAβOs were investigated, and two appropriate nanocages were selected for the detection of two LSAβOs, respectively. Both nanocages were functionalized by encapsulating oligomer's aptamer and a complementary sequence within their cavities. Once the LSAβO entered the corresponding nanocage cavity, the complementary sequence was released, triggering a hybridization chain reaction on an electrochemical sensing platform. The system achieved size-selective discrimination of LSAβO10kD with a linear range of 10-150 pM and LSAβO30kD with a linear range of 15-150 pM. Real sample testing confirmed the applicability of the method for blood-based diagnosis. The DNA nanocage-assisted electrochemical analysis platform provides an accurate, highly selective, and sensitive approach for oligomer analysis, which is significant for amyloid protein research and related disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yongchun Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Juan Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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Sfragano PS, Pillozzi S, Condorelli G, Palchetti I. Practical tips and new trends in electrochemical biosensing of cancer-related extracellular vesicles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1087-1106. [PMID: 36683059 PMCID: PMC9867925 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To tackle cancer and provide prompt diagnoses and prognoses, the constantly evolving biosensing field is continuously on the lookout for novel markers that can be non-invasively analysed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent a promising biomarker that also works as a source of biomarkers. The augmented cellular activity of cancerous cells leads to the production of higher numbers of EVs, which can give direct information on the disease due to the presence of general and cancer-specific surface-tethered molecules. Moreover, the intravesicular space is enriched with other molecules that can considerably help in the early detection of neoplasia. Even though EV-targeted research has indubitably received broad attention lately, there still is a wide lack of practical and effective quantitative procedures due to difficulties in pre-analytical and analytical phases. This review aims at providing an exhaustive outline of the recent progress in EV detection using electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors, with a focus on handling approaches and trends in the selection of bioreceptors and molecular targets related to EVs that might guide researchers that are approaching such an unstandardised field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Severin Sfragano
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- grid.24704.350000 0004 1759 9494Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ,grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
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Zhang E, Phan P, Zhao Z. Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1789-1827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Microfluidic Platforms for the Isolation and Detection of Exosomes: A Brief Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050730. [PMID: 35630197 PMCID: PMC9147043 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a group of communication organelles enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer, secreted by all types of cells. The size of these vesicles ranges from 30 to 1000 nm, and they contain a myriad of compounds such as RNA, DNA, proteins, and lipids from their origin cells, offering a good source of biomarkers. Exosomes (30 to 100 nm) are a subset of EVs, and their importance in future medicine is beyond any doubt. However, the lack of efficient isolation and detection techniques hinders their practical applications as biomarkers. Versatile and cutting-edge platforms are required to detect and isolate exosomes selectively for further clinical analysis. This review paper focuses on lab-on-chip devices for capturing, detecting, and isolating extracellular vesicles. The first part of the paper discusses the main characteristics of different cell-derived vesicles, EV functions, and their clinical applications. In the second part, various microfluidic platforms suitable for the isolation and detection of exosomes are described, and their performance in terms of yield, sensitivity, and time of analysis is discussed.
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Wu HJ, Chu PY. Current and Developing Liquid Biopsy Techniques for Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2052. [PMID: 35565189 PMCID: PMC9105073 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and leading cause of cancer mortality among woman worldwide. The techniques of diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy monitoring of breast cancer are critical. Current diagnostic techniques are mammography and tissue biopsy; however, they have limitations. With the development of novel techniques, such as personalized medicine and genetic profiling, liquid biopsy is emerging as the less invasive tool for diagnosing and monitoring breast cancer. Liquid biopsy is performed by sampling biofluids and extracting tumor components, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free mRNA (cfRNA) and microRNA (miRNA), proteins, and extracellular vehicles (EVs). In this review, we summarize and focus on the recent discoveries of tumor components and biomarkers applied in liquid biopsy and novel development of detection techniques, such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Ju Wu
- Research Assistant Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Lukang Town, Changhua 505, Taiwan
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Chu
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Changhua 510, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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Li D, Lai W, Fan D, Fang Q. Protein biomarkers in breast cancer-derived extracellular vesicles for use in liquid biopsies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C779-C797. [PMID: 34495763 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00048.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease in women worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment can greatly improve the management of breast cancer. Liquid biopsies are becoming convenient detection methods for diagnosing and monitoring breast cancer due to their noninvasiveness and ability to provide real-time feedback. A range of liquid biopsy markers, including circulating tumor proteins, circulating tumor cells, and circulating tumor nucleic acids, have been implemented for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis, with each having its own advantages and limitations. Circulating extracellular vesicles are messengers of intercellular communication that are packed with information from mother cells and are found in a wide variety of bodily fluids; thus, they are emerging as ideal candidates for liquid biopsy biomarkers. In this review, we summarize extracellular vesicle protein markers that can be potentially used for the early diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer or determining its specific subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjia Lai
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Fan
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Amatya SB, Salmi S, Kainulainen V, Karihtala P, Reunanen J. Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Gastrointestinal Tract Cancer: An Unexplored Territory. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5450. [PMID: 34771614 PMCID: PMC8582403 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles are membrane-enclosed, lipid bi-layer nanostructures that carry different classes of biomolecules, such as nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and diverse types of small molecular metabolites, as their cargo. Almost all of the bacteria in the gut secrete extracellular vesicles to assist them in competition, survival, material exchange, host immune modulation, infection, and invasion. The role of gut microbiota in the development, progression, and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancer has been well documented. However, the possible involvement of bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) in GIT cancer pathophysiology has not been given due attention. Studies have illustrated the ability of bEVs to cross physiological barriers, selectively accumulate near tumor cells, and possibly alter the tumor microenvironment (TME). A systematic search of original published works related to bacterial extracellular vesicles on gastrointestinal cancer was performed for this review. The current systemic review outlines the possible impact of gut microbiota derived bEVs in GIT cancer in light of present-day understanding. The necessity of using advanced sequencing technologies, such as genetic, proteomic, and metabolomic investigation methodologies, to facilitate an understanding of the interrelationship between cancer-associated bacterial vesicles and gastrointestinal cancer is also emphasized. We further discuss the clinical and pharmaceutical potential of bEVs, along with future efforts needed to understand the mechanism of interaction of bEVs in GIT cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeen Bahadur Amatya
- Biocenter Oulu & Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Sonja Salmi
- Biocenter Oulu & Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Veera Kainulainen
- Human Microbiome Research Program Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Peeter Karihtala
- Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Justus Reunanen
- Biocenter Oulu & Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland; (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
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