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Shin JJ, Yoo SJ, Kim TW, So JY, Jeong WJ, Lee MH, Shin J, Ha Y. Radiological and Clinical Significance of Cervical Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. Neurospine 2024; 21:443-454. [PMID: 38955522 PMCID: PMC11224733 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2448166.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study compared the morphometric changes of the cervical spinal cord using dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and assessed the correlation with kinematic changes, cord cross-sectional area (CSA), and high signal intensity (SI) on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI). METHODS Patients with CSM were evaluated through dynamic MRI for sagittal and axial CSA changes of the cervical cord, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) reserve ratio, degree of cord impingement, cord compression rate, range of motion (ROM), and severity of SI on T2WI. The degree of cord impingement was evaluated using the Muhle grading system. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Japanese Orthopaedic Association scoring and Nurick grade. RESULTS The study included 191 patients (113 males) with a mean age of 55.34 ± 12.09 years. The lowest sagittal CSF reserve ratio and cord occupation rate were observed during extension. Cord impingement and SI change were more prevalent in extension-positioned MRI. There was no difference between ROM on dynamic radiographs and dynamic MRI. Preoperative cervical ROM was greater in patients with intensely high SI change. CONCLUSION Dynamic MRI is useful for evaluating neck movement. Patients with high SI had greater ROM before surgery but worse outcomes after. Neck extension exacerbated cervical stenosis and cord compression compared to flexion, and cervical spinal motion contributed to the severity of CSM. Cervical spinal motion should be carefully evaluated, particularly in hyperextension, to prevent worsening of CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jae Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Sun Joon Yoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Tae Woo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Young So
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Won Joo Jeong
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Mu Ha Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joongkyum Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Yoon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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Mahdavi A, Rasti S. Dynamic Flexion-Extension Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Cervical Spine: An Evolutionary Tool for Diagnosis and Management of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. World Neurosurg 2024; 184:138-147. [PMID: 38246532 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic problems need dynamic solutions. High motility of the cervical spine causes a common age-related degenerative condition called cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), manifested by neurological impairments. An accurate and reliable diagnosis of CSM is crucial for determining appropriate management strategies. Traditional static magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been the gold standard for imaging CSM; however, it may not fully capture dynamic changes during neck movement. Dynamic flexion-extension (DFE) MRI is an innovative imaging technique that allows for real-time visualization of cervical spine motion. This review article aims to scrutinize the role of DFE MRI in assessing CSM, its added value to clinical implementations, and its limitations. Finally, by addressing the knowledge gaps, this survey sheds light on the road ahead to incorporate DFE MRI into a standard version of the practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahdavi
- Department of Radiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Rasti
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Park WT, Min WK, Shin JH, Ko SB, Son ES, Kim J, Jang J, Lee GW. High reliability and accuracy of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cervical Spondylotic myelopathy: a multicenter study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2022; 23:1107. [PMID: 36536358 PMCID: PMC9764552 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-022-06097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a critical condition that results in significant neurologic deterioration. An accurate diagnosis is essential for determining its outcome and prognosis. The pathology is strongly associated with dynamic factors; therefore, dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) image could be crucial to accurately detect CSM. However, very few studies have evaluated the reliability and accuracy of dynamic MR in CSM. In this study, we aimed to compare intra- and interobserver reliabilities and accuracy of dynamic MR in detecting CSM using sagittal MR scans of the neck in the flexed, neutral, and extended position. METHODS Out of 131 patients who underwent surgical treatments for CSM, 107 were enrolled in this study. The patient underwent three-types of sagittal MR scans that were obtained separately in different neck positions (neutral, flexion, and extension postures). The MR scans of the cervical spine were evaluated independently by three spine professionals, on the basis of tabled questionnaires. For accuracy, we performed a receiver operator characteristic analysis, and the overall discriminating ability of each method was measured by calculating the area under the ROC curve. The Cohen's kappa coefficient and the Fleiss-generalized kappa coefficient was used to the inter- and intra-observer reliabilities. RESULTS The intraobserver reliability (using the Cohen's kappa coefficient) and interobserver reliability (using the Fless kappa coefficient) were respectively 0.64 and 0.52 for the neutral sagittal MR. The accuracy of neutral sagittal MR in detecting CSM was 0.735 (95% CI, 0.720 to 0.741) while that of extension sagittal MRI was 0.932 (96% CI, 0.921 to 0.948). CONCLUSIONS Dynamic MR significantly showed better diagnostic reliability and accuracy in detecting CSM compared to conventional MR. In particular, extension MR scans could provide a more accurate diagnosis than other images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Tae Park
- grid.413040.20000 0004 0570 1914Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu, 42415 South Korea
| | - Woo-Kie Min
- grid.258803.40000 0001 0661 1556Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyungpook National Univeristy, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 41944 South Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pohang Semyeng Christianity Hospital, 94-5 Daedo-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang-si, Gyeonsangbuk-do 37816 South Korea
| | - Sang-Bong Ko
- grid.253755.30000 0000 9370 7312Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Daemyeong-dong, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42472 South Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Son
- grid.414067.00000 0004 0647 8419Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keimyung University, Dongsan Medical Center, 1035 Dalgubeol-daero, Sindang-dong, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, 42601 South Korea
| | - Jiyoun Kim
- grid.411145.40000 0004 0647 1110Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kosin University, Gospel Hospital, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49267 South Korea
| | - Jihoon Jang
- grid.411145.40000 0004 0647 1110Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kosin University, Gospel Hospital, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, 49267 South Korea
| | - Gun Woo Lee
- grid.413040.20000 0004 0570 1914Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, 170 Hyonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu, 42415 South Korea
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Rajan PV, Pelle DW, Savage JW. New Imaging Modalities for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy. Clin Spine Surg 2022; 35:422-430. [PMID: 36447347 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is defined as dysfunction of the spinal cord as a result of compression from degenerative changes to surrounding joints, intervertebral disks, or ligaments. Symptoms can include upper extremity numbness and diminished dexterity, difficulty with fine manipulation of objects, gait imbalance, and incoordination, and compromised bowel and bladder function. Accurate diagnosis and evaluation of the degree of impairment due to degenerative cervical myelopathy remain a challenging clinical endeavor requiring a thorough and accurate history, physical examination, and assessment of imaging findings. METHODS A narrative review is presented summarizing the current landscape of imaging modalities utilized in DCM diagnostics and the future direction of research for spinal cord imaging. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Current imaging modalities, particularly magnetic resonance imaging and, to a lesser extent, radiographs/CT, offer important information to aid in decision making but are not ideal as stand-alone tools. Newer imaging modalities currently being studied in the literature include diffusion tensor imaging, MR spectroscopy, functional magnetic resonance imaging, perfusion imaging, and positron emission tomography. These newer imaging modalities attempt to more accurately evaluate the physical structure, intrinsic connectivity, biochemical and metabolic function, and perfusion of the spinal cord in DCM. Although there are still substantial limitations to implementation, future clinical practice will likely be revolutionized by these new imaging modalities to diagnose, localize, surgically plan and manage, and follow patients with DCM.
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Makhchoune M, Triffaux M, Bouras T, Lonneville S, Marie-Anne L. The value of dynamic MRI in cervical spondylotic myelopathy: About 24 cases. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 83:104717. [PMID: 36389194 PMCID: PMC9661660 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine is extremely useful in assessing pathological changes at the spinal cord, vertebrae, discs, ligaments and facet joints. We attempted to document the radiological changes that the cervical spine undergoes during dynamic maneuvers and the effects of Dynamic MRI in management of cervical myelopathy, emphasizing on the changes in treatment protocol effected by the new findings discovered. Our work is based on 24 consecutive patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy had cervical MR imaging in neutral position, in flexion and extension of the cervical spine between January 2021 and December 2021. The result found the mean age was 57.9 years (range 26–85 years). Among these 24 patients, there were 11 males and 13 females. Total number of levels of compression were 47 and the additional levels of involvement were 17. Additional levels of compression were noted in 12 patients, among these 17 new levels, 7 were in the posterior and 10 in the anterior. The most affected level was C5C6 with 16 cases. All additional levels of compression were noted in extension; Reduction of the cervical canal was observed in 20 patients only in extension. In the bending sequences we have noticed an increase of the canal diameter in 3 patients. The location of the compression is in 15 cases anterior, 2 cases posterior and 5 cases are mixed anterior and posterior Surgery was considered in 17 patients. Anterior procedures were 11 (ACDF/corpectomy and fusion) and Posterior surgeries were 6 (laminoplasty/laminectomy), and. The rest of the patients did not require surgery and was conservatively treated. A change of the signal was found in 3 patients during the acquisition in extension position a. Most studies have shown a reduction of the root canal with an increase of the compression level, which was the case in our study. MRI is a useful tool for diagnosis of CM, it does not give an exact idea as to which is the offending level in a multilevel compression that requires surgery. Even the approach and procedure cannot be decided on a static examination and hence are subject to significant interpractitioner the role of extension MRI in determining cervical compression levels. Thus, dynamic cervical spine MRI should be an important investigation before we decide to write off surgical treatment in patients with cervical myelopathy and cord signal changes without definitive compression on static MRI. Flexion and extension MRI is an important tool for decision making and planning appropriate management in cervical compressive myelopathy. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine is extremely useful in assessing pathological changes at the spinal cord. We attempted to document the radiological changes during dynamic maneuvers and the effects of Dynamic MRI in management of cervical myelopathy. Most studies have shown a reduction of the root canal with an increase of the compression level, which was the case in our study. MRI is a useful tool for diagnosis of CM, it does not give an exact idea as to which is the offending level in a multilevel compression that requires surgery. Even the approach and procedure cannot be decided on a static examination and hence are subject to significant interpractitioner the role of extension MRI in determining cervical compression levels. Thus, dynamic cervical spine MRI should be an important investigation before we decide to write off surgical treatment. Flexion and extension MRI is an important tool for decision making and planning appropriate management in cervical compressive myelopathy.
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Alkosha HM, El Adalany MA, Elsobky H, Zidan AS, Sabry A, Awad BI. Flexion/Extension Cervical MR imaging: A potentially useful Tool for Decision-Making in Patients with Symptomatic Degenerative Cervical Spine. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:e1078-e1086. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Park D, Kim BH, Cho JM, Yang JW, Yang DH, Kim MS, Kwon HD, Lee SE. Diagnostic Role of Flexion-extension Central Motor Conduction Time in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2021; 46:1564-1571. [PMID: 32991514 PMCID: PMC8553006 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic usefulness of flexion-extension central motor conduction time(CMCT) for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previous reports have suggested that cervical cord compression can be aggravated by neck motions. Thus, the importance of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been emphasized. However, authors of this study found no reports conducted at the time of this research on whether flexion-extension CMCT was useful for detecting myelopathy. METHODS We enrolled 227 patients with CSM for this study. We acquired CMCT recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. All patients underwent a dynamic CMCT study during neck flexion and extension as well as a static study during neutral neck. Static and dynamic MRIs were also scanned. We read all MR images using Muhle classification (MC). RESULTS CMCT was significantly delayed with flexion (P < 0.01) and extension (P < 0.01) compared to neutral neck position. Patients with MC grade 1 and 2 showed significant lag in CMCT during flexion and extension. No significant lag by neck motion was observed for those in the MC grade 3. We also evaluated the amount of CMCT variation according to MC grade change (G0, G1, G2) by neck motion. Delta-CMCT of both G1 and G2 were significantly larger than those of G0 in both flexion and extension. In neutral neck, the CMCT showed significant difference between MC grades 1 and 3. They also displayed significant delay with delay with high signal intensity on T2 MRI. More than one-third of the patients whose CMCT was within normal range in neutral neck presented abnormal CMCT in neck flexion (35.3%) and extension (37.8%). CONCLUSION CMCT is significantly slower in both neck flexion and neck extension than in the neutral neck position. These findings reflect the dynamic cervical cord impingement.Level of Evidence: 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dougho Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pohang Stroke and Spine Hospital, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hee Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pohang Stroke and Spine Hospital, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Man Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pohang Stroke and Spine Hospital, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Won Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pohang Stroke and Spine Hospital, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pohang Stroke and Spine Hospital, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Su Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pohang Stroke and Spine Hospital, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Heum Dai Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pohang Stroke and Spine Hospital, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eok Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pohang Stroke and Spine Hospital, Pohang, Republic of Korea
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The value of dynamic MRI in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a protocol for a prospective randomized clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:83. [PMID: 32033548 PMCID: PMC7007666 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-3106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is the most severe type of cervical spondylosis and the most common cause of spinal cord dysfunction among adults over 55 years old. MRI plays an important role in the diagnosis and evaluation of CSM, which can directly demonstrate the correlation between disc, spinal cord, posterior structures and abnormal signal in spinal cord. Static MRI can only show the static and neutral position of spinal cord, which is not enough to understand the pathogenesis of CSM. Dynamic MRI demonstrating the extension and flexion position of spinal cord can be a better tool for the treatment of CSM, especially the surgical decision making. Method A total of 180 CSM patients who have indications for surgery will be recruited in outpatient of Peking University Third Hospital and assigned to three groups (Group A, B and C) based on their static MRI after consent. Group A (incomplete dura compression) means the signal of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is still visible. Group B (complete dura compression) means no CSF signal and no shape change of spinal cord. Group C (spinal cord compression) means shape change of spinal cord. Two surgical plans will be made for each participant by one professional surgeon according to the static MRI and dynamic MRI respectively and we will randomly choose one to perform via a random number system. Follow-up will be maintained at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery through outpatient or telephone interview, including mJOA score, 10-s G&R (grip and release) and 10-s step test, SF-36 score, radiographic examination and complications. Finally, data collection and statistical analysis will be finished by researchers who are blinded to recruitment and treatment. Discussion This study will help us to explore the indication of dynamic MRI and the value of dynamic MRI in the treatment of CSM, especially the surgical decision making. Dynamic MRI can be a useful tool in the treatment of CSM patients. Trial registration ChiCTR1900023014. Registered on May 7th, 2019.
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Hilton B, Tempest-Mitchell J, Davies BM, Francis J, Mannion RJ, Trivedi R, Timofeev I, Crawford JR, Hay D, Laing RJ, Hutchinson PJ, Kotter MRN. Cord compression defined by MRI is the driving factor behind the decision to operate in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy despite poor correlation with disease severity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226020. [PMID: 31877151 PMCID: PMC6932812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mainstay treatment for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy (DCM) is surgical decompression. Not all cases, however, are suitable for surgery. Recent international guidelines advise surgery for moderate to severe disease as well as progressive mild disease. The goal of this study was to examine the factors in current practice that drive the decision to operate in DCM. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS 1 year of cervical spine MRI scans (N = 1123) were reviewed to identify patients with DCM with sufficient clinical documentation (N = 39). Variables at surgical assessment were recorded: age, sex, clinical signs and symptoms of DCM, disease severity, and quantitative MRI measures of cord compression. Bivariate correlations were used to compare each variable with the decision to offer the patient an operation. Subsequent multivariable analysis incorporated all significant bivariate correlations. RESULTS Of the 39 patients identified, 25 (64%) were offered an operation. The decision to operate was significantly associated with narrower non-pathological canal and cord diameters as well as cord compression ratio, explaining 50% of the variance. In a multivariable model, only cord compression ratio was significant (p = 0.017). Examination findings, symptoms, functional disability, disease severity, disease progression, and demographic factors were all non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Cord compression emerged as the main factor in surgical decision-making prior to the publication of recent guidelines. Newly identified predictors of post-operative outcome were not significantly associated with decision to operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryn Hilton
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benjamin M. Davies
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jibin Francis
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Mannion
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rikin Trivedi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Timofeev
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Crawford
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Hay
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney J. Laing
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Hutchinson
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. N. Kotter
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
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Zileli M, Borkar SA, Sinha S, Reinas R, Alves ÓL, Kim SH, Pawar S, Murali B, Parthiban J. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Natural Course and the Value of Diagnostic Techniques -WFNS Spine Committee Recommendations. Neurospine 2019; 16:386-402. [PMID: 31607071 PMCID: PMC6790728 DOI: 10.14245/ns.1938240.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study presents the results of a systematic literature review conducted to determine most up-to-date information on the natural outcome of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and the most reliable diagnostic techniques.
Methods A literature search was performed for articles published during the last 10 years.
Results The natural course of patients with cervical stenosis and signs of myelopathy is quite variable. In patients with no symptoms, but significant stenosis, the risk of developing myelopathy with cervical stenosis is approximately 3% per year. Myelopathic signs are useful for the clinical diagnosis of CSM. However, they are not highly sensitive and may be absent in approximately one-fifth of patients with myelopathy. The electrophysiological tests to be used in CSM patients are motor evoked potential (MEP), spinal cord evoked potential, somatosensory evoked potential, and electromyography (EMG). The differential diagnosis of CSM from other neurological conditions can be accomplished by those tests. MEP and EMG monitoring are useful to reduce C5 root palsy during CSM surgery. Notable spinal cord T2 hyperintensity on cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is correlated with a worse outcome, whereas lighter signal changes may predict better outcomes. T1 hypointensity should be considered a sign of more advanced disease.
Conclusion The natural course of CSM is quite variable. Signal changes on MRI and some electrophysiological tests are valuable adjuncts to diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Zileli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sachin A Borkar
- Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Sinha
- Neurosurgery and Spine Services, Paras Hospitals, Gurugram, India
| | - Rui Reinas
- Neurosurgical Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Hospital Lusíadas, Porto, Portugal
| | - Óscar L Alves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Lusíadas, Porto, Portugal
| | - Se-Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Bala Murali
- Kauvery Advanced Spine Centre, Chennai, India
| | - Jutty Parthiban
- Department Neurosurgery and Spine Unit, Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Tamilnadu, India
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Kinematic characteristics of patients with cervical imbalance: a weight-bearing dynamic MRI study. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 28:1200-1208. [PMID: 30623250 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-05874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN It is a retrospective analysis of 1806 consecutive cervical magnetic resonance images taken in weight-bearing flexion, neutral, and extension positions. OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify the kinematic characteristics of patients with cervical imbalance. Additionally, factors were analysed in the neutral position that could predict the characteristics. Little is known about the kinematic characteristics during cervical flexion and extension positions of the patient with cervical imbalance (cervical sagittal vertical axis (cSVA) in neutral position ≥ 40 mm). METHODS After evaluating the whole images, cervical imbalance group (cSVA ≥ 40 mm, n = 43) and matched control group (< 40 mm, n = 43) were created using propensity score adjusting for age, gender, and cervical alignment. They were compared for cervical motion, changes in disc bulge, and ligamentum flavum (LF) bulge from flexion to extension. Multinomial logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were calculated to verify the predictive factors and cut-off value of the identified characteristics. RESULTS There were no significant differences in range of motion and the change in bulged discs. There was significant difference in the presence of LF bulge from flexion to extension (p = 0.023); the incidence of LF bulge increased sharply from neutral to extension in imbalance group, while there was linear increase in control group. The canal diameter (odds ratio = 0.61, p = 0.002) and disc height (odds ratio = 1.60, p = 0.041) showed significant relationship with the segments with LF bulge observed in extension but not in neutral position in the imbalance group; the cut-off values were 10.7 mm for canal diameter (sensitivity 82.5%, specificity 66.7%) and 7.1 mm for disc height (70.8%, 58.5%). CONCLUSION Patients with cervical imbalance had a stark increase in LF bulge from the neutral to extension position. Canal diameter < 10.7 mm and disc height > 7.1 mm on neutral images may predict the segments with LF bulge observed in extension, but not in the neutral position. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II (Diagnostic: individual cross-sectional studies with consistently applied reference standard and blinding). These slides can be retrieved from Electronic Supplementary Material.
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Jha SC, Miyazaki M, Tsumura H. Kinetic change of spinal cord compression on flexion-extension magnetic resonance imaging in cervical spine. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 174:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tuchman A, Tan LA, Shillingford JN, Li XJ, Riew KD. Dynamic changes in the reflex exam of patients with sub-axial cervical stenosis. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 60:84-87. [PMID: 30309800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Though dynamic changes in the physical exam of patients being evaluated for cervical spine pathology have been reported, there is limited information on the prevalence and clinical features associated with reflex changes in a population undergoing surgical evaluation for cervical spine pathology. Fifty-one patients with at least grade 1 cervical stenosis on MRI underwent initial surgical evaluation for cervical spine pathology. All patients received complete neurologic examinations including dynamic reflex testing in three positions (neck neutral, extended, and flexed) by 2 spine surgeons. The average age was 58.7 years (range, 34-80), with 28 (55%) patients being male. Stenosis at the symptomatic levels was grade 1 in 18 patients (35%), grade 2 in 11 (21%), and grade 3 in 22 (43%). Twenty-one patients (41%) had a dynamic change in reflex exam. The most common change in reflex exam was seen in the Hoffman's reflex with 14 patients (28%). Patients with grade 3 stenosis were more likely to have a static Hoffman's reflex (64%) compared with grade 1 (17%) and grade 2 (18%) (p < 0.05). Patients with grade 3 stenosis had a higher rate of either a static or dynamic Hoffman's reflex (82%) compared with grade 1 (44%) (p < 0.05), but there was no difference between grade 3 and grade 2 (64%) (Table 2). Dynamic changes in reflex exam are commonly seen in patients being evaluated for symptomatic cervical stenosis. The routine neurologic exam can be supplemented with dynamic reflex testing, especially in cases where clinical history or imaging is concerning for cervical myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tuchman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, The Spine Hospital, New York-Presbyterian Healthcare System, 5141 Broadway, 3 Field West - 022, New York, NY 10034, United States.
| | - Lee A Tan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, The Spine Hospital, New York-Presbyterian Healthcare System, 5141 Broadway, 3 Field West - 022, New York, NY 10034, United States
| | - Jamal N Shillingford
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, The Spine Hospital, New York-Presbyterian Healthcare System, 5141 Broadway, 3 Field West - 022, New York, NY 10034, United States
| | - Xudong J Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, The Spine Hospital, New York-Presbyterian Healthcare System, 5141 Broadway, 3 Field West - 022, New York, NY 10034, United States
| | - K Daniel Riew
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, The Spine Hospital, New York-Presbyterian Healthcare System, 5141 Broadway, 3 Field West - 022, New York, NY 10034, United States
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Postoperative Changes in Moderate to Severe Nonspecific Low Back Pain After Cervical Myelopathy Surgery. World Neurosurg 2018; 116:e429-e435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nayak R, Hegde A, Kode S, Menon G. Role of dynamic MRI in occult cervical canal stenosis. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-224434. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Sun Y, Muheremu A, Tian W. Atypical symptoms in patients with cervical spondylosis: Comparison of the treatment effect of different surgical approaches. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10731. [PMID: 29768345 PMCID: PMC5976300 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To compare the effectiveness of total disk replacement (TDR), anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), and laminoplasty on atypical symptoms of cervical spondylosis.Patients with confirmed diagnosis of cervical spondylosis and reported atypical symptoms such as blurred vision, headache, nausea, palpitation, tinnitus, vertigo, hypomnesia, and abdominal discomfort were retrospectively included in the present study. They were treated with TDR, ACDF, or laminoplasty depending on the etiology and patient preference. Severity of the atypical symptoms before the surgery and at the end of 2-year follow-up was recorded and the degree of severity alleviation was compared between different surgical approaches.A total number of 336 patients who were treated in our institute from February 2002 to March 2011 were included in the final analysis. Atypical symptoms were significantly alleviated in most patients after surgical intervention. No significant differences were found regarding the change of severity of those symptoms among patients in different surgery groups.TDR, ACDF, and laminoplasty can equally alleviate the severity of atypical symptoms in patients with cervical spondylosis. This indicates that the neural network in the posterior longitudinal ligament may not be the cause of atypical symptoms in patients with cervical spondylosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Xicheng, Beijing
| | - Aikeremujiang Muheremu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Beijing Ji Shui Tan Hospital, Xicheng, Beijing
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The Role of Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. Asian Spine J 2017; 11:1008-1015. [PMID: 29279758 PMCID: PMC5738303 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2017.11.6.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic spinal cord compression has been investigated for several years, but until the advent of open MRI, the use of dynamic MRI (dMRI) did not gain popularity. Several publications have shown that cervical cord compression is both static and dynamic. On many occasions the evaluation of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is straightforward, but patients are frequently encountered with a significantly worse clinical examination than would be suggested by radiological images. In this paper, we present an extensive review of the literature in order to describe the importance of dMRI in various settings and applications. A detailed literature review was performed in the Medline and Pubmed databases using the terms “cervical spondylotic myelopathy”, “dynamic MRI”, “kinetic MRI”, and “myelomalalcia” for the period of 1980-2016. The study was limited to English language, human subjects, case series, retrospective studies, prospective reports, and clinical trials. Reviews, case reports, cadaveric studies, editorials, and commentaries were excluded. The literature search yielded 180 papers, 19 of which met inclusion criteria. However, each paper had evaluated results and outcomes in different ways. It was not possible to compile them for meta-analysis or pooled data evaluation. Instead, we evaluated individual studies and present them for discussion. We describe a number of parameters evaluated in 2661 total patients, including dynamic changes to spinal cord and canal dimensions, transient compression of the cord with changes in position, and the effects of position on the intervertebral disc. dMRI is a useful tool for understanding the development of CSM. It has found several applications in the diagnosis and preoperative evaluation of many patients, as well as certain congenital dysplasias and Hirayama disease. It is useful in correlating symptoms with the dynamic changes only noted on dMRI, and has reduced the incidence of misdiagnosis of myelopathy.
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Nigro L, Donnarumma P, Tarantino R, Rullo M, Santoro A, Delfini R. Static and dynamic cervical MRI: two useful exams in cervical myelopathy. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY 2017; 3:212-216. [PMID: 28744502 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2017.06.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard exam in the assessment of patients affected by cervical myelopathy and is very useful in planning the operation. Herein we present a series of patients affected by long tract symptoms who underwent dynamic MRI in addition to the static exam. METHODS In the period between March 2010 and March 2012, three-hundred-ten patients referred to our department since affected by neck/arm pain or symptoms related to cervical myelopathy. Thirty-eight patients complained "long-tract symptoms" related to cervical myelopathy. This series of patients was enrolled in the study. All patients underwent clinical and neurological exam. In all the cases, a static and dynamic cervical MRI was executed using a 3.0-T superconducting MR unit (Intera, Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands). The dynamic exam was performed with as much neck flexion and extension the patient could achieve alone. On T2-weigthed MRI each level was assessed independently by two neuroradiologists and Muhle scale was applied. RESULTS According to Muhle's classification of spinal cord compressions, static MRI demonstrated 156 findings: 96 (61.54%) anterior and 60 (38.46%) posterior. Dynamic MRI showed 186 spinal cord compressions: 81 (43.5%) anterior and 105 (56.5%) posterior. The anterior compressions were: grade 1 in 23 cases (28.4%), grade 2 in 52 cases (64.2%), grade 3 in 6 cases (7.4%). The posterior compressions were: 32 (30.48%) of grade 1, 60 (57.14%) of grade 2, 13 (12.38%) of grade 3. CONCLUSIONS The dynamic MRI demonstrated a major number of findings and spinal cord compressions compared to the static exam. Finally, we consider the dynamic exam able to provide useful information in these patients, but we suggest a careful evaluation of the findings in the extension exam since they are probably over-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nigro
- 1Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Donnarumma
- 1Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Tarantino
- 1Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Rullo
- 1Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Santoro
- 1Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Delfini
- 1Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Xu N, Wang S, Yuan H, Liu X, Liu Z. Does Dynamic Supine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Improve the Diagnostic Accuracy of Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy? A Review of the Current Evidence. World Neurosurg 2017; 100:474-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Effect of double-door laminoplasty on atypical symptoms associated with cervical spondylotic myelopathy/radiculopathy. BMC Surg 2016; 16:31. [PMID: 27160834 PMCID: PMC4862188 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-016-0146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Double-door laminoplasty is an effective method in treating patients with cervical spondylosis. Many patients with cervical spondylosis experience a set of atypical symptoms such as vertigo and tinnitus, and wish to know if the surgical treatment for cervical spondylosis can also alleviate those symptoms. The current research was carried out to investigate if atypical symptoms can be alleviated in patients who received laminoplasty for the treatment of cervical spondylosis. METHODS One hundred ninety patients who received laminoplasty to treat cervical spondylotic myelopathy/radiculopathy in our center and complained about one or more of the atypical symptoms before the surgery were followed for a mean of 61.9 months (from 39 to 87 months) after the surgery. Severity scores were retrospectively collected by follow up outpatient visits or phone interviews. The data was calculated based on patient feedback on the frequency and severity of those symptoms before the surgery and at last follow up, and were compared by paired sample t-tests. RESULTS Most patients reported that the atypical symptoms such as vertigo (P <0.001), nausea (P <0.001), headache (P <0.001), tinnitus (P = 0.001), blur vision (P = 0.005), palpitation (P <0.001) and gastrointestinal discomfort (P = 0.001) were significantly alleviated at the last follow up; there was no significant change in the severity of hypomnesia (P = 0.675). CONCLUSION Double-door laminoplasty can significantly alleviate most of the atypical symptoms in patients with cervical spondylosis. Further research is needed to explore mechanisms underlying this extra benefit of laminoplasty.
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Effect of different surgical methods on headache associated with cervical spondylotic myelopathy and/or radiculopathy. BMC Surg 2015; 15:105. [PMID: 26399694 PMCID: PMC4581127 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-015-0092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, total disk replacement and open door laminoplasty have been widely used to treat patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy and/or radiculopathy. In our clinical practice, many patients with cervical spondylosis also complain of headache, and wish to know if the surgical treatment for cervical spondylosis can also alleviate this symptom. Considering that there is no literature concerning this extra benefit of surgical manipulation on cervical spondylosis, we have carried out this retrospective study. METHODS Among the patients treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, total disk replacement and open door laminoplasty in our institute for cervical spondylotic myelopathy and/or radiculopathy between February 2002 to March 2011, 108 of whom that have complained about headache at the same time were included in this study. Those patients were followed by 25 to 145 months. Severity of headache before the surgery and at the last follow up was recorded by VAS pain scores and compared among the patients with different surgical methods using SPSS17.0 software. One way ANOVA was used to compare VAS scores between the groups, paired sample t-tests were used to compare the differences in a group at different time points. RESULTS Headache was significantly alleviated in all groups (P < 0.01). Respectively, 75.0% of the patients in the ACDF group, 84.6% of the patients in the TDR group and 82.2% of the patients in the laminoplasty group were significantly relieved of the headache after the surgery. No significant differences were found with the VAS score at the last follow up among the groups (P > 0.05). No significant differences were found among the groups comparing the degree of alleviation of VAS scores before and after the surgery (P > 0.05). DISCUSSION Considering that all the three procedures in the current study have achieved similar effect on alliviating headache in patients with cevical myelopathy, and that what they have in common was that was the decompression of spinal cord, it can be assumed that the headache associated with cervical spondylosis may be the result of compression on the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, total disk replacement and open door laminoplasty can all significantly alleviate headache in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy and/or radiculopathy. No surgical technique is better than any other technique on alleviating cervical headache associated with cervical spondylotic myelopathy and/or radiculopathy.
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