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Mansur A, Radovanovic I. Defining the Role of Oral Pathway Inhibitors as Targeted Therapeutics in Arteriovenous Malformation Care. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1289. [PMID: 38927496 PMCID: PMC11201820 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular malformations that are prone to rupturing and can cause significant morbidity and mortality in relatively young patients. Conventional treatment options such as surgery and endovascular therapy often are insufficient for cure. There is a growing body of knowledge on the genetic and molecular underpinnings of AVM development and maintenance, making the future of precision medicine a real possibility for AVM management. Here, we review the pathophysiology of AVM development across various cell types, with a focus on current and potential druggable targets and their therapeutic potentials in both sporadic and familial AVM populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Mansur
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, School of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ivan Radovanovic
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, School of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada
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Shabani Z, Schuerger J, Su H. Cellular loci involved in the development of brain arteriovenous malformations. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:968369. [PMID: 36211120 PMCID: PMC9532630 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.968369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are abnormal vessels that are prone to rupture, causing life-threatening intracranial bleeding. The mechanism of bAVM formation is poorly understood. Nevertheless, animal studies revealed that gene mutation in endothelial cells (ECs) and angiogenic stimulation are necessary for bAVM initiation. Evidence collected through analyzing bAVM specimens of human and mouse models indicate that cells other than ECs also are involved in bAVM pathogenesis. Both human and mouse bAVMs vessels showed lower mural cell-coverage, suggesting a role of pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) in bAVM pathogenesis. Perivascular astrocytes also are important in maintaining cerebral vascular function and take part in bAVM development. Furthermore, higher inflammatory cytokines in bAVM tissue and blood demonstrate the contribution of inflammatory cells in bAVM progression, and rupture. The goal of this paper is to provide our current understanding of the roles of different cellular loci in bAVM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shabani
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Joana Schuerger
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hua Su
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hua Su, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-1566-9877
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Rodemerk J, Oppong MD, Junker A, Deuschl C, Forsting M, Zhu Y, Dammann P, Uerschels A, Jabbarli R, Sure U, Wrede KH. Ischemia-induced inflammation in arteriovenous malformations. Neurosurg Focus 2022; 53:E3. [DOI: 10.3171/2022.4.focus2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
The pathophysiology of development, growth, and rupture of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) is only partially understood. However, inflammation is known to play an essential role in many vascular diseases. This feasibility study was conducted to investigate the expression of enzymes (cyclooxygenase 2 [COX-2] and NLRP3 [NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain–containing protein 3]) in the AVM nidus that are essential in their inflammatory pathways and to explore how these influence the pathophysiology of AVMs.
METHODS
The study group comprised 21 patients with partially thrombosed AVMs. The cohort included 8 ruptured and 13 unruptured AVMs, which had all been treated microsurgically. The formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples were immunohistochemically stained with a monoclonal antibody against COX-2 and NLRP3 (COX-2 clone: CX-294; NLRP3: ab214185). The authors correlated MRI and clinical data with immunohistochemistry, using the Trainable Weka Segmentation algorithm for analysis.
RESULTS
The median AVM volume was 2240 mm3. The proportion of NLRP3-positive cells was significantly higher (26.23%–83.95%), compared to COX-2 positive cells (0.25%–14.94%, p < 0.0001). Ruptured AVMs had no higher expression of NLRP3 (p = 0.39) or COX-2 (p = 0.44), compared to nonruptured AVMs. Moreover, no patient characteristics could be reported that showed significant correlations to the enzyme expression.
CONCLUSIONS
NLRP3 consistently showed an approximately 10-fold higher expression level than COX-2, making the inflammatory process in AVMs appear to be mainly associated with ischemic (NLRP3)–driven rather than with mechanical (COX-2)–driven inflammatory pathways. No direct associations between NLRP3 and COX-2 expression and radiological, standard histopathological, or patient characteristics were found in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Rodemerk
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen
| | | | - Andreas Junker
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen; and
| | - Cornelius Deuschl
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Forsting
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen
| | - Philipp Dammann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen
| | - Anne Uerschels
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen
| | - Ramazan Jabbarli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen
| | - Ulrich Sure
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen
| | - Karsten H. Wrede
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen
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Shimada K, Yamaguchi I, Ishihara M, Miyamoto T, Sogabe S, Miyake K, Tada Y, Kitazato KT, Kanematsu Y, Takagi Y. Involvement of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations. World Neurosurg 2021; 155:e630-e636. [PMID: 34478890 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.08.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (cAVMs) represent tangles of abnormal vasculature without intervening capillaries. High-pressure vascular channels due to abnormal arterial and venous shunts can lead to rupture. Multiple pathways are involved in the pathobiology of cAVMs including inflammation and genetic factors such as KRAS mutations. Neutrophil release of nuclear chromatin, known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), plays a multifunctional role in infection, inflammation, thrombosis, intracranial aneurysms, and tumor progression. However, the relationship between NETs and the pathobiology of cAVMs remains unknown. We tested whether NETs play a role in the pathobiology of cAVMs. METHODS We analyzed samples from patients who had undergone surgery for cAVM and immunohistochemically investigated expression of citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3) as a marker of NETs. CitH3 expression was compared among samples from cAVM patients, epilepsy patients, and normal human brain tissue. Expressions of thrombotic and inflammatory markers were also examined immunohistochemically in samples from cAVM patients. RESULTS Expression of CitH3 derived from neutrophils was observed intravascularly in all cAVM samples but not other samples. Nidi of AVMs showed migration of many Iba-I-positive cells adjacent to the endothelium and endothelial COX2 expression, accompanied by expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in the endothelium and intravascular neutrophils. Unexpectedly, expression of CitH3 was not necessarily localized to the vascular wall and thrombus. CONCLUSIONS Our results offer the first evidence of intravascular expression of NETs, which might be associated with vascular inflammation in cAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Shimada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Izumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Manabu Ishihara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shu Sogabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Miyake
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Tada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiko T Kitazato
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kanematsu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takagi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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