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Nakagawa Y, Yano Y, Lee J, Anraku Y, Nakakido M, Tsumoto K, Cabral H, Ebara M. Apoptotic Cell-Inspired Polymeric Particles for Controlling Microglial Inflammation toward Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5705-5713. [PMID: 33405702 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells are known to suppress microglial inflammation in the brain by presenting phosphatidylserine. In this study, we newly designed polymeric particles that expose the anti-inflammatory site of phosphatidylserine to serve as an apoptotic cell-mimetic anti-inflammatory platform. The prepared anti-inflammatory particles showed no cytotoxicity and significantly inhibited the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 against lipopolysaccharide stimulation in the microglia cell line MG6. This novel polymeric particle has potential for establishing a "cell-free" apoptotic cell-mimetic treatment for intracerebral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yuto Yano
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Jeonggyu Lee
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Anraku
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.,Graduate School of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Phillips RJ, Walter GC, Ringer BE, Higgs KM, Powley TL. Alpha-synuclein immunopositive aggregates in the myenteric plexus of the aging Fischer 344 rat. Exp Neurol 2009; 220:109-19. [PMID: 19664623 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophic axons and terminals are common in the myenteric plexus and smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of aged rats. In young adult rats, alpha-synuclein in its normal state is abundant throughout the myenteric plexus, making this protein-which is prone to fibrillization-a candidate marker for axonopathies in the aged rat. To determine if aggregation of alpha-synuclein is involved in the formation of age-related enteric neuropathies, we sampled the stomach, small intestine and large intestine of adult, middle-aged, and aged virgin male Fischer 344 rats stained for alpha-synuclein in both its normal and pathological states. Alpha-synuclein-positive dystrophic axons and terminals were present throughout the GI tract of middle-aged and aged rats, with immunohistochemical double labeling demonstrating co-localization within nitric oxide synthase-, calretinin-, calbindin-, or tyrosine hydroxylase-positive markedly swollen neurites. However, other dystrophic neurites positive for each of these four markers were not co-reactive for alpha-synuclein. Similarly, a subpopulation of alpha-synuclein inclusions contained deposits immunostained with an anti-tau phospho-specific Ser(262) antibody, but not all of these hyperphosphorylated tau-positive aggregates were co-localized with alpha-synuclein. The presence of heteroplastic and potentially degenerating neural elements and protein aggregates both positive and negative for alpha-synuclein suggests a complex chronological relationship between the onset of degenerative changes and the accumulation of misfolded proteins. Additionally, proteins other than alpha-synuclein appear to be involved in age-related axonopathies. Finally, this study establishes the utility of the aging Fischer 344 rat for the study of synucleopathies and tauopathies in the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Phillips
- Purdue University, Department of Psychological Sciences, 703 Third Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2081, USA.
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Agnati LF, Leo G, Genedani S, Piron L, Rivera A, Guidolin D, Fuxe K. Common key-signals in learning and neurodegeneration: focus on excito-amino acids, beta-amyloid peptides and alpha-synuclein. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2008; 116:953-74. [PMID: 19018448 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper a hypothesis that some special signals ("key-signals" excito-amino acids, beta-amyloid peptides and alpha-synuclein) are not only involved in information handling by the neuronal circuits, but also trigger out substantial structural and/or functional changes in the Central Nervous System (CNS) is introduced. This forces the neuronal circuits to move from one stable state towards a new state, but in doing so these signals became potentially dangerous. Several mechanisms are put in action to protect neurons and glial cells from these potentially harmful signals. However, in agreement with the Red Queen Theory of Ageing (Agnati et al. in Acta Physiol Scand 145:301-309, 1992), it is proposed that during ageing these neuroprotective processes become less effective while, in the meantime, a shortage of brain plasticity occurs together with an increased need of plasticity for repairing the wear and tear of the CNS. The paper presents findings supporting the concept that such key-signals in instances such as ageing may favour neurodegenerative processes in an attempt of maximizing neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Agnati
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, University of Modena, Via Campi 287, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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