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Rodriguez-Hernandez MA, Alemany I, Olofsson JK, Diaz-Galvan P, Nemy M, Westman E, Barroso J, Ferreira D, Cedres N. Degeneration of the cholinergic system in individuals with subjective cognitive decline: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105534. [PMID: 38220033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a risk factor for future cognitive impairment and dementia. It is uncertain whether the neurodegeneration of the cholinergic system is already present in SCD individuals. We aimed to review the current evidence about the association between SCD and biomarkers of degeneration in the cholinergic system. METHOD Original articles were extracted from three databases: Pubmed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus, in January 2023. Two researchers screened the studies independently. RESULTS A total of 11 research articles were selected. SCD was mostly based on amnestic cognitive complaints. Cholinergic system biomarkers included neuroimaging markers of basal forebrain volume, functional connectivity, transcranial magnetic stimulation, or biofluid. The evidence showed associations between basal forebrain atrophy, poorer connectivity of the cholinergic system, and SCD CONCLUSIONS: Degenerative changes in the cholinergic system can be present in SCD. Subjective complaints may help when identifying individuals with brain changes that are associated with cognitive impairment. These findings may have important implications in targeting individuals that may benefit from cholinergic-target treatments at very early stages of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa-Canarias, Santa María de Guia, Spain
| | - Iris Alemany
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa-Canarias, Santa María de Guia, Spain
| | - Jonas K Olofsson
- Department of Psychology, Sensory Cognitive Interaction Laboratory (SCI-lab), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Milan Nemy
- Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Assistive Technology, Czech Institute of Informatics, Robotics and Cybernetics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Care Sciences and Society. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Westman
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Care Sciences and Society. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jose Barroso
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa-Canarias, Santa María de Guia, Spain
| | - Daniel Ferreira
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Care Sciences and Society. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nira Cedres
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa-Canarias, Santa María de Guia, Spain; Department of Psychology, Sensory Cognitive Interaction Laboratory (SCI-lab), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Care Sciences and Society. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Toward noninvasive brain stimulation 2.0 in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101555. [PMID: 34973457 PMCID: PMC8858588 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation techniques (NiBS) have gathered substantial interest in the study of dementia, considered their possible role in help defining diagnostic biomarkers of altered neural activity for early disease detection and monitoring of its pathophysiological course, as well as for their therapeutic potential of boosting residual cognitive functions. Nevertheless, current approaches suffer from some limitations. In this study, we review and discuss experimental NiBS applications that might help improve the efficacy of future NiBS uses in Alzheimer's Disease (AD), including perturbation-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and disease tracking, solutions to enhance synchronization of oscillatory electroencephalographic activity across brain networks, enhancement of sleep-related memory consolidation, image-guided stimulation for connectome control, protocols targeting interneuron pathology and protein clearance, and finally hybrid-brain models for in-silico modeling of AD pathology and personalized target selection. The present work aims to stress the importance of multidisciplinary, translational, model-driven interventions for precision medicine approaches in AD.
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Di Lazzaro V, Bella R, Benussi A, Bologna M, Borroni B, Capone F, Chen KHS, Chen R, Chistyakov AV, Classen J, Kiernan MC, Koch G, Lanza G, Lefaucheur JP, Matsumoto H, Nguyen JP, Orth M, Pascual-Leone A, Rektorova I, Simko P, Taylor JP, Tremblay S, Ugawa Y, Dubbioso R, Ranieri F. Diagnostic contribution and therapeutic perspectives of transcranial magnetic stimulation in dementia. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2568-2607. [PMID: 34482205 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful tool to probe in vivo brain circuits, as it allows to assess several cortical properties such asexcitability, plasticity and connectivity in humans. In the last 20 years, TMS has been applied to patients with dementia, enabling the identification of potential markers of thepathophysiology and predictors of cognitive decline; moreover, applied repetitively, TMS holds promise as a potential therapeutic intervention. The objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of studies that have employed TMS in dementia and to discuss potential clinical applications, from the diagnosis to the treatment. To provide a technical and theoretical framework, we first present an overview of the basic physiological mechanisms of the application of TMS to assess cortical excitability, excitation and inhibition balance, mechanisms of plasticity and cortico-cortical connectivity in the human brain. We then review the insights gained by TMS techniques into the pathophysiology and predictors of progression and response to treatment in dementias, including Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related dementias and secondary dementias. We show that while a single TMS measure offers low specificity, the use of a panel of measures and/or neurophysiological index can support the clinical diagnosis and predict progression. In the last part of the article, we discuss the therapeutic uses of TMS. So far, only repetitive TMS (rTMS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and multisite rTMS associated with cognitive training have been shown to be, respectively, possibly (Level C of evidence) and probably (Level B of evidence) effective to improve cognition, apathy, memory, and language in AD patients, especially at a mild/early stage of the disease. The clinical use of this type of treatment warrants the combination of brain imaging techniques and/or electrophysiological tools to elucidate neurobiological effects of neurostimulation and to optimally tailor rTMS treatment protocols in individual patients or specific patient subgroups with dementia or mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rita Bella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alberto Benussi
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fioravante Capone
- Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Kai-Hsiang S Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Robert Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Brain, Imaging& Behaviour, Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Matthew C Kiernan
- Department of Neurology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit/Department of Behavioral and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy; Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur
- ENT Team, EA4391, Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France; Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Nguyen
- Pain Center, clinique Bretéché, groupe ELSAN, Multidisciplinary Pain, Palliative and Supportive care Center, UIC 22/CAT2 and Laboratoire de Thérapeutique (EA3826), University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Michael Orth
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Huntington's Disease Centre, Siloah, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Universitat Autonoma Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irena Rektorova
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University (CEITEC MU), Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Simko
- Applied Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University (CEITEC MU), Brno, Czech Republic; Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - John-Paul Taylor
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sara Tremblay
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada; Royal Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Raffaele Dubbioso
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Federico Ranieri
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Wang Y, Wang M, Xu M, Li T, Fan K, Yan T, Xiao F, Bi K, Jia Y. Nootkatone, a neuroprotective agent from Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus, improves cognitive impairment in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 62:77-85. [PMID: 29990697 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammatory responses play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our previous study demonstrated that petroleum ether extracts from Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus(AOF) could attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced learning and memory impairment in mice, which could be associated with its inhibitory effect on neuroinflammation. Therefore, our present study is to investigate the potential therapeutic neuroprotective effects of nootkatone (NKT) on an AD mouse model induced by intracerebroventricular injection of LPS. We found that NKT (10 mg/kg) group showed good performance in behavior experiments including Y-maze test and Morris water maze test. The results of histopathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis showed that LPS induced degeneration of neurons and activation of microglia particularly in hippocampus and NKT (10 mg/kg) reversed these changes. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and western blot analysis also demonstrated that the model group had increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NLRP3 and NF-κB p65, especially in hippocampus relative to sham-operated group, and NKT (10 mg/kg) decreased the high expression of these inflammatory cytokines. Collectively, these data indicated that LPS-induced learning and memory impairments in mice could be improved by NKT, which was associated with attenuating neuroinflammatory responses. Our study indicated that NKT could act as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroinflammation and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengshi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengjie Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tongde Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaiyue Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tingxu Yan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Jia
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang 110016, China.
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5
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Turco CV, El-Sayes J, Savoie MJ, Fassett HJ, Locke MB, Nelson AJ. Short- and long-latency afferent inhibition; uses, mechanisms and influencing factors. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:59-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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6
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Yildiz FG, Saka E, Elibol B, Temucin CM. Modulation of Cerebellar-Cortical Connections in Multiple System Atrophy Type C by Cerebellar Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Neuromodulation 2017; 21:402-408. [PMID: 28266761 DOI: 10.1111/ner.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims at modulating the altered cerebellar-cortical interactions in patients with multiple system atrophy-cerebellar subtype (MSA-C) by using cerebellar repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We hypothesized that cerebellar modulation by low-frequency rTMS can resolve the abnormal cortical excitability in multiple system atrophy cerebellar subtype. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied detailed effects of rTMS of the cerebellum on reaction time (RT) and short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) response in MSA-C group, Alzheimer Disease (AD) group, and a control group of healthy individuals. The RT and SAI responses were measured before and after 1 Hz cerebellar rTMS in all groups. The study was conducted in the neurophysiology laboratory in Hacettepe University Hospital. RESULTS Our results indicated that motor cortex disinhibition was predominant in patients with AD and MSA-C. In AD and control groups, there were no changes in SAI after rTMS. However, after application of rTMS over the cerebellum in MSA-C patients, the pathological disinhibition and RT results showed an improvement compared to their previous results. CONCLUSION Our study highlights that cerebellar rTMS impairs abnormal cerebellar-cortical inhibitory connections in case of MSA-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gokcem Yildiz
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esen Saka
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent Elibol
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cagri Mesut Temucin
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Lista S, Molinuevo JL, Cavedo E, Rami L, Amouyel P, Teipel SJ, Garaci F, Toschi N, Habert MO, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, O'Bryant SE, Johnson L, Galluzzi S, Bokde ALW, Broich K, Herholz K, Bakardjian H, Dubois B, Jessen F, Carrillo MC, Aisen PS, Hampel H. Evolving Evidence for the Value of Neuroimaging Methods and Biological Markers in Subjects Categorized with Subjective Cognitive Decline. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48 Suppl 1:S171-91. [PMID: 26402088 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There is evolving evidence that individuals categorized with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are potentially at higher risk for developing objective and progressive cognitive impairment compared to cognitively healthy individuals without apparent subjective complaints. Interestingly, SCD, during advancing preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD), may denote very early, subtle cognitive decline that cannot be identified using established standardized tests of cognitive performance. The substantial heterogeneity of existing SCD-related research data has led the Subjective Cognitive Decline Initiative (SCD-I) to accomplish an international consensus on the definition of a conceptual research framework on SCD in preclinical AD. In the area of biological markers, the cerebrospinal fluid signature of AD has been reported to be more prevalent in subjects with SCD compared to healthy controls; moreover, there is a pronounced atrophy, as demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging, and an increased hypometabolism, as revealed by positron emission tomography, in characteristic brain regions affected by AD. In addition, SCD individuals carrying an apolipoprotein ɛ4 allele are more likely to display AD-phenotypic alterations. The urgent requirement to detect and diagnose AD as early as possible has led to the critical examination of the diagnostic power of biological markers, neurophysiology, and neuroimaging methods for AD-related risk and clinical progression in individuals defined with SCD. Observational studies on the predictive value of SCD for developing AD may potentially be of practical value, and an evidence-based, validated, qualified, and fully operationalized concept may inform clinical diagnostic practice and guide earlier designs in future therapy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMR S 1127, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jose L Molinuevo
- Alzheimers Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMR S 1127, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.,CATI Multicenter Neuroimaging Platform, France.,Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS Istituto Centro "San Giovanni diDio-Fatebenefratelli", Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorena Rami
- Alzheimers Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Inserm, U1157, Lille, France.,Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.,Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stefan J Teipel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany & German Center forNeurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, Rostock, Germany
| | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Molecular Imaging, Interventional Radiology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital of "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Nuclear Medicine Department, Paris, France
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,The Torsten Söderberg Professorship in Medicine at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sid E O'Bryant
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research & Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Leigh Johnson
- Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research & Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Samantha Galluzzi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Neuroimaging and Telemedicine, IRCCS Istituto Centro "San Giovanni diDio-Fatebenefratelli", Brescia, Italy
| | - Arun L W Bokde
- Cognitive Systems Group, Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl Broich
- President, Federal Institute of Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Herholz
- Institute of Brain, Behaviours and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hovagim Bakardjian
- IM2A - Institute of Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, IHU-A-ICM - Paris Institute of Translational Neurosciences, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMR S 1127, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Frank Jessen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria C Carrillo
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul S Aisen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA∥
| | - Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 06, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A) & Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UMR S 1127, Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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