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Zhang M, Zhang Y, Hong M, Xiao J, Han Z, Song Y, Zhu S, Yan D, Yang Q, Xu W, Liu Z. Molecular typing and characterization of a novel genotype of EV-B93 isolated from Tibet, China. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237652. [PMID: 32841272 PMCID: PMC7447049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
EV-B93 is a novel serotype within the Enterovirus B species and is uncommon worldwide. Currently, only one full-length genomic sequence (the prototype strain) has been deposited in the GenBank database. In this study, three EV-B93 were identified, including one from an acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) patient (named 99052/XZ/CHN/1999, hereafter XZ99052) and two from healthy children (named 99096/XZ/CHN/1999 and 99167/XZ/CHN/1999, hereafter XZ99096 and XZ99167, respectively) from Tibet in 1999 during the polio eradication program. The identity between the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the Tibet EV-B93 strain and the EV-B93 prototype strain is 83.2%–83.4% and 96.8%–96.9%, respectively. The Tibet EV-B93 strain was found to have greater nucleotide sequence identity in the P3 region to another enterovirus EV-B107 as per a phylogenetic tree analysis, which revealed that recombination occurred. Seroepidemiology data showed that EV-B93 has not produced an epidemic in Tibet and there may be susceptible individuals. The three Tibet EV-B93 strains are temperature-resistant with prognosticative virulence, suggesting the possibility of a potential large-scale outbreak of EV-B93. The analyzed EV-B93 strains enrich our knowledge about this serotype and provide valuable information on global EV-B93 molecular epidemiology. What is more, they permit the appraisal of the serotype's potential public health impact and aid in understanding the role of recombination events in the evolution of enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People’s Republic of China
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ZL)
| | - Mei Hong
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Xiao
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhi Han
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ZL)
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Phylogenetic Characterizations of Highly Mutated EV-B106 Recombinants Showing Extensive Genetic Exchanges with Other EV-B in Xinjiang, China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43080. [PMID: 28230168 PMCID: PMC5322377 DOI: 10.1038/srep43080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus B106 (EV-B106) is a new member of the enterovirus B species. To date, only three nucleotide sequences of EV-B106 have been published, and only one full-length genome sequence (the Yunnan strain 148/YN/CHN/12) is available in the GenBank database. In this study, we conducted phylogenetic characterisation of four EV-B106 strains isolated in Xinjiang, China. Pairwise comparisons of the nucleotide sequences and the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the four Xinjiang EV-B106 strains had only 80.5–80.8% nucleotide identity and 95.4–97.3% amino acid identity with the Yunnan EV-B106 strain, indicating high mutagenicity. Similarity plots and bootscanning analyses revealed that frequent intertypic recombination occurred in all four Xinjiang EV-B106 strains in the non-structural region. These four strains may share a donor sequence with the EV-B85 strain, which circulated in Xinjiang in 2011, indicating extensive genetic exchanges between these strains. All Xinjiang EV-B106 strains were temperature-sensitive. An antibody seroprevalence study against EV-B106 in two Xinjiang prefectures also showed low titres of neutralizing antibodies, suggesting limited exposure and transmission in the population. This study contributes the whole genome sequences of EV-B106 to the GenBank database and provides valuable information regarding the molecular epidemiology of EV-B106 in China.
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Yang Q, Zhang Y, Yan D, Zhu S, Wang D, Ji T, Li X, Song Y, Gu X, Xu W. Two Genotypes of Coxsackievirus A2 Associated with Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Circulating in China since 2008. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169021. [PMID: 28030650 PMCID: PMC5193457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A2 (CV-A2) has been frequently detected and commonly associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in China since 2008. However, limited sequences of CV-A2 are currently available. As a result, we have been focusing on the genetic characteristics of CV-A2 in the mainland of China during 2008-2015 based on national HFMD surveillance. In this study, 20 CV-A2 strains were isolated and phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 sequences were performed. Full-length genome sequences of two representative CV-A2 isolates were acquired and similarity plot and bootscanning analyses were performed. The phylogenetic dendrogram indicated that all CV-A2 strains could be divided into four genotypes (Genotypes A-D). The CV-A2 prototype strain (Fleetwood) was the sole member of genotype A. From 2008 to 2015, the CV-A2 strains isolated in China dispersed into two different genotypes (B and D). And the genotype D became the dominant circulating strains in China. Strains isolated in Russia and India from 2005 to 2011 converged into genotype C. Intertypic recombination occurred between the Chinese CV-A2 strains and other enterovirus-A donor sequences. This result reconfirmed that recombination is a common phenomenon among enteroviruses. This study helps expand the numbers of whole virus genome sequence and entire VP1 sequence of CV-A2 in the GenBank database for further researcher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Ji
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Xinrui Gu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People′s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Circulation of multiple serotypes of highly divergent enterovirus C in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region of China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33595. [PMID: 27642136 PMCID: PMC5027535 DOI: 10.1038/srep33595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliomyelitis associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) is a serious public health issue in the post-eradication era, and the occurrence of recombinant cVDPVs emphasizes the need to elucidate enterovirus C (EV-C) epidemiology. Stool samples were collected from 826 healthy children in Southern Xinjiang in 2011 to investigate EV-C circulation and epidemiology. Thirty-six EV-Cs were isolated and assigned to eight EV-C serotypes by molecular serotyping, suggesting the circulation of diverse EV-Cs in Xinjiang. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Xinjiang EV-C strains had larger variation compared to the prototype and other modern strains. Additionally, the results showed unique characteristics of Xinjiang EV-Cs, such as the cytopathicity of CV-A1 strains to RD cells; the high divergence in CV-A11, CV-A13, CV-A17, and CV-A20 strains; the divergence of Xinjiang CV-A24 from AHC-related CV-A24 variant stains distributed worldwide; and the circulation of two novel EV-C serotypes (EV-C96 and EV-C99). Evaluations of this dense and diverse EV-C ecosystem will help elucidate the processes shaping enteroviral biodiversity. This study will improve our understanding of the evolution of enteroviruses and the recombination potential between polioviruses and other EV-Cs.
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An Insight into Recombination with Enterovirus Species C and Nucleotide G-480 Reversion from the Viewpoint of Neurovirulence of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17291. [PMID: 26603565 PMCID: PMC4658552 DOI: 10.1038/srep17291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A poliomyelitis outbreak caused by type 1 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses
(cVDPVs) was identified in China in 2004. Six independent cVDPVs (eight isolates)
could be grouped into a single cluster with pathways of divergence different from a
single cVDPV progenitor, which circulated and evolved into both a highly
neurovirulent lineage and a less neurovirulent lineage. They were as neurovirulent
as the wild type 1 Mahoney strain, recombination was absent, and their nucleotide
480-G was identical to that of the Sabin strain. The Guizhou/China cVDPV strains
shared 4 amino acid replacements in the NAg sites: 3 located at the BC loop, which
may underlie the aberrant results of the ELISA intratypic differentiation (ITD)
test. The complete ORF tree diverged into two main branches from a common ancestral
infection estimated to have occurred in about mid-September 2003, nine months before
the appearance of the VDPV case, which indicated recently evolved VDPV. Further,
recombination with species C enteroviruses may indicate the presence and density of
these enteroviruses in the population and prolonged virus circulation in the
community. The aforementioned cVDPVs has important implications in the global
initiative to eradicate polio: high quality surveillance permitted earliest
detection and response.
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Sabin Vaccine Reversion in the Field: a Comprehensive Analysis of Sabin-Like Poliovirus Isolates in Nigeria. J Virol 2015; 90:317-31. [PMID: 26468545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01532-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To assess the dynamics of genetic reversion of live poliovirus vaccine in humans, we studied molecular evolution in Sabin-like poliovirus isolates from Nigerian acute flaccid paralysis cases obtained from routine surveillance. We employed a novel modeling approach to infer substitution and recombination rates from whole-genome sequences and information about poliovirus infection dynamics and the individual vaccination history. We confirmed observations from a recent vaccine trial that VP1 substitution rates are increased for Sabin-like isolates relative to the rate for the wild type due to increased nonsynonymous substitution rates. We also inferred substitution rates for attenuating nucleotides and confirmed that reversion can occur in days to weeks after vaccination. We combine our observations for Sabin-like virus evolution with the molecular clock for VP1 of circulating wild-type strains to infer that the mean time from the initiating vaccine dose to the earliest detection of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) is 300 days for Sabin-like virus type 1, 210 days for Sabin-like virus type 2, and 390 days for Sabin-like virus type 3. Phylogenetic relationships indicated transient local transmission of Sabin-like virus type 3 and, possibly, Sabin-like virus type 1 during periods of low wild polio incidence. Comparison of Sabin-like virus recombinants with known Nigerian vaccine-derived poliovirus recombinants shows that while recombination with non-Sabin enteroviruses is associated with cVDPV, the recombination rates are similar for Sabin isolate-Sabin isolate and Sabin isolate-non-Sabin enterovirus recombination after accounting for the time from dosing to the time of detection. Our study provides a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary dynamics of the oral polio vaccine in the field. IMPORTANCE The global polio eradication effort has completed its 26th year. Despite success in eliminating wild poliovirus from most of the world, polio persists in populations where logistical, social, and political factors have not allowed vaccination programs of sustained high quality. One issue of critical importance is eliminating circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) that have properties indistinguishable from those of wild poliovirus and can cause paralytic disease. cVDPV emerges due to the genetic instability of the Sabin viruses used in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) in populations that have low levels of immunity to poliovirus. However, the dynamics responsible are incompletely understood because it has historically been difficult to gather and interpret data about evolution of the Sabin viruses used in OPV in regions where cVDPV has occurred. This study is the first to combine whole-genome sequencing of poliovirus isolates collected during routine surveillance with knowledge about the intrahost dynamics of poliovirus to provide quantitative insight into polio vaccine evolution in the field.
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Hu L, Zhang Y, Hong M, Zhu S, Yan D, Wang D, Li X, Zhu Z, Tsewang, Xu W. Phylogenetic evidence for multiple intertypic recombinations in enterovirus B81 strains isolated in Tibet, China. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6035. [PMID: 25112835 PMCID: PMC4129410 DOI: 10.1038/srep06035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus B81 (EV-B81) is a newly identified serotype within the species enterovirus B (EV-B). To date, only eight nucleotide sequences of EV-B81 have been published and only one full-length genome sequence (the prototype strain) has been made available in the GenBank database. Here, we report the full-length genome sequences of two EV-B81 strains isolated in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China during acute flaccid paralysis surveillance activities, and we also conducted an antibody seroprevalence study in two prefectures of Tibet. The sequence comparison and phylogenetic dendrogram analysis revealed high variability among the global EV-B81 strains and frequent intertypic recombination in the non-structural protein region of EV-B serotypes, suggesting high genetic diversity of EV-B81. However, low positive rates and low titers of neutralizing antibodies against EV-B81 were detected. Nearly 68% of children under the age of five had no neutralizing antibodies against EV-B81. Hence, the extent of transmission and the exposure of the population to this EV type are very limited. Although little is known about the biological and pathogenic properties of EV-B81 because of few research in this field owing to the limited number of isolates, our study provides basic information for further studies of EV-B81.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Hu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Hong
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Wang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tsewang
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Sun Q, Zhang Y, Cui H, Zhu S, Li X, Huang G, Tang H, Yan D, Wang D, Xu W. Complete genome sequence analysis of two human enterovirus C99 strains isolated in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China, in 2011. Arch Virol 2013; 159:359-64. [PMID: 24013237 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus C99 (EV-C99) is a new member of the species Enterovirus C, and although only a few EV-C99 sequences have been obtained thus far, the strain has been identified on four continents. In 2011, two EV-C99 strains were isolated from two healthy children in Xinjiang, China, and to our knowledge, this is the first finding of EV-C99 in China. The two strains, designated HT-XEBGH09F and KSSC-ALXHH01F, showed 78.8-86.6 % similarity to other EV-C99 strains and exhibited intra-serotypic genetic recombination within the P2 coding regions. These findings reflect high genetic divergence among the EV-C99 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Hong M, Li X, Zhu S, Yan D, Wang D, An H, Tsewang, Han J, Xu W. Isolation and characterization of a Chinese strain of human enterovirus 74 from a healthy child in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1593-8. [PMID: 22576315 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 74 (HEV74) is a recently described serotype within the species Human enterovirus B (HEV-B). Few nucleotide sequences of HEV74 are available, and only one complete genome sequence (the prototype strain) has been published. In this study, we report the complete genome sequence of an HEV74 strain isolated from a healthy child during a stool survey in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China. The results indicated that HEV74 may be a prevalent and common enterovirus type, and that HEV74 is globally distributed, especially in Asia. Sequence analysis revealed high variability among HEV74 strains and indicated frequent recombination within HEV-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitao Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Bessaud M, Joffret ML, Holmblat B, Razafindratsimandresy R, Delpeyroux F. Genetic relationship between cocirculating Human enteroviruses species C. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24823. [PMID: 21931857 PMCID: PMC3171481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombination events between human enteroviruses (HEV) are known to occur frequently and to participate in the evolution of these viruses. In a previous study, we reported the isolation of a panel of viruses belonging to the Human enterovirus species C (HEV-C) that had been cocirculating in a small geographic area of Madagascar in 2002. This panel included type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (PV) that had caused several cases of acute flaccid paralysis in humans. Previous partial sequencing of the genome of these HEV-C isolates revealed considerable genetic diversity, mostly due to recombination. In the work presented herein, we carried out a more detailed characterization of the genomes of viruses from this collection. First, we determined the full VP1 sequence of 41 of these isolates of different types. These sequences were compared with those of HEV-C isolates obtained from other countries or in other contexts. The sequences of the Madagascan isolates of a given type formed specific clusters clearly differentiated from those formed by other strains of the same type isolated elsewhere. Second, we sequenced the entire genome of 10 viruses representing most of the lineages present in this panel. All but one of the genomes appeared to be mosaic assemblies of different genomic fragments generated by intra- and intertypic recombination. The location of the breakpoints suggested potential preferred genomic regions for recombination. Our results also suggest that recombination between type HEV-99 and other HEV-C may be quite rare. This first exhaustive genomic analysis of a panel of non-PV HEV-C cocirculating in a small human population highlights the high frequency of inter and intra-typic genetic recombination, constituting a widespread mechanism of genetic plasticity and continually shifting the HEV-C biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Bessaud
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Postulante de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France.
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Natural type 3/type 2 intertypic vaccine-related poliovirus recombinants with the first crossover sites within the VP1 capsid coding region. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15300. [PMID: 21203565 PMCID: PMC3006203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ten uncommon natural type 3/type 2 intertypic poliovirus recombinants were isolated from stool specimens from nine acute flaccid paralysis case patients and one healthy vaccinee in China from 2001 to 2008. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Complete genomic sequences revealed their vaccine-related genomic features and showed that their first crossover sites were randomly distributed in the 3' end of the VP1 coding region. The length of donor Sabin 2 sequences ranged from 55 to 136 nucleotides, which is the longest donor sequence reported in the literature for this type of poliovirus recombination. The recombination resulted in the introduction of Sabin 2 neutralizing antigenic site 3a (NAg3a) into a Sabin 3 genomic background in the VP1 coding region, which may have been altered by some of the type 3-specific antigenic properties, but had not acquired any type 2-specific characterizations. NAg3a of the Sabin 3 strain seems atypical; other wild-type poliovirus isolates that have circulated in recent years have sequences of NAg3a more like the Sabin 2 strain. CONCLUSIONS 10 natural type 3/type 2 intertypic VP1 capsid-recombinant polioviruses, in which the first crossover sites were found to be in the VP1 coding region, were isolated and characterized. In spite of the complete replacement of NAg3a by type 2-specific amino acids, the serotypes of the recombinants were not altered, and they were totally neutralized by polyclonal type 3 antisera but not at all by type 2 antisera. It is possible that recent type 3 wild poliovirus isolates may be a recombinant having NAg3a sequences derived from another strain during between 1967 and 1980, and the type 3/type 2 recombination events in the 3' end of the VP1 coding region may result in a higher fitness.
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Bailly JL, Mirand A, Henquell C, Archimbaud C, Chambon M, Regagnon C, Charbonné F, Peigue-Lafeuille H. Repeated genomic transfers from echovirus 30 to echovirus 6 lineages indicate co-divergence between co-circulating populations of the two human enterovirus serotypes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 11:276-89. [PMID: 20615482 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human echovirus types 6 (E-6) and 30 (E-30) cause seasonal epidemics of aseptic meningitis. These two enteroviruses are frequently observed in co-circulation, an epidemiological pattern that is prerequisite for the occurrence of dual infections, which can lead to recombination between co-infecting virus strains. Viral sequences were determined at loci 1D (VP1 capsid protein) and 3CD (non structural proteins) in 49 E-6 strains recovered in a single geographical region in France from 1999 to 2007, during the epidemiological survey of enterovirus infections. They were compared with previously recorded sequences of E-30 strains to investigate their evolutionary histories and possible recombination patterns. Phylogenetic analyses identified two distinct E-6 populations and different subpopulations. Assuming a relaxed molecular clock model and a Bayesian skyline demographic model in coalescent analyses with the BEAST program, the substitution rate in E-6 was estimated at 8.597×10(-3) and 6.252×10(-3) substitution/site/year for loci 1D and 3CD respectively. Consistent estimates of divergence times (t(MRCA)) were obtained for loci 1D and 3CD indicating that two distinct E-6 populations originated in 1997 and 1999. Incongruent phylogenetic patterns inferred for the two loci were indicative of recombination events between the two populations. Phylogenies including the E-30 3CD sequences showed close genetic relationships between E-6 and discrete E-30 subpopulations. Recombination breakpoints were located with statistical significance in E-6 and E-30 genomes. Estimates of t(MRCA) of phylogenetic recombinant clades indicated directional genetic transfers from E-30 to E-6 populations and their co-divergence over the time period studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-L Bailly
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 3843, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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