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Anderson C, Baha H, Boghdeh N, Barrera M, Alem F, Narayanan A. Interactions of Equine Viruses with the Host Kinase Machinery and Implications for One Health and Human Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051163. [PMID: 37243249 DOI: 10.3390/v15051163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens that are vector-transmitted have and continue to contribute to several emerging infections globally. In recent years, spillover events of such zoonotic pathogens have increased in frequency as a result of direct contact with livestock, wildlife, and urbanization, forcing animals from their natural habitats. Equines serve as reservoir hosts for vector-transmitted zoonotic viruses that are also capable of infecting humans and causing disease. From a One Health perspective, equine viruses, therefore, pose major concerns for periodic outbreaks globally. Several equine viruses have spread out of their indigenous regions, such as West Nile virus (WNV) and equine encephalitis viruses (EEVs), making them of paramount concern to public health. Viruses have evolved many mechanisms to support the establishment of productive infection and to avoid host defense mechanisms, including promoting or decreasing inflammatory responses and regulating host machinery for protein synthesis. Viral interactions with the host enzymatic machinery, specifically kinases, can support the viral infectious process and downplay innate immune mechanisms, cumulatively leading to a more severe course of the disease. In this review, we will focus on how select equine viruses interact with host kinases to support viral multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Anderson
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Haseebullah Baha
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Niloufar Boghdeh
- Institute of Biohealth Innovation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Michael Barrera
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Farhang Alem
- Institute of Biohealth Innovation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Zhang Y, Alwin Prem Anand A, Bode L, Ludwig H, Emrich HM, Dietrich DE. Word recognition memory and serum levels of Borna disease virus specific circulating immune complexes in obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:597. [PMID: 36076225 PMCID: PMC9454108 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) is a non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus that persistently infects mammals including humans. BoDV-1 worldwide occurring strains display highly conserved genomes with overlapping genetic signatures between those of either human or animal origin. BoDV-1 infection may cause behavioral and cognitive disturbances in animals but has also been found in human major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the impact of BoDV-1 on memory functions in OCD is unknown. METHOD To evaluate the cognitive impact of BoDV-1 in OCD, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a continuous word recognition paradigm in OCD patients (n = 16) and in healthy controls (n = 12). According to the presence of BoDV-1-specific circulating immune complexes (CIC), they were divided into two groups, namely group H (high) and L (low), n = 8 each. Typically, ERPs to repeated items are characterized by more positive waveforms beginning approximately 250 ms post-stimulus. This "old/new effect" has been shown to be relevant for memory processing. The early old/new effect (ca. 300-500 ms) with a frontal distribution is proposed to be a neural correlate of familiarity-based recognition. The late old/new effect (post-500 ms) is supposed to reflect memory recollection processes. RESULTS OCD patients were reported to show a normal early old/new effect and a reduced late old/new effect compared to normal controls. In our study, OCD patients with a high virus load (group H) displayed exactly these effects, while patients with a low virus load (group L) did not differ from healthy controls. CONCLUSION These results confirmed that OCD patients had impaired memory recollection processes compared to the normal controls which may to some extent be related to their BoDV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany. .,Present Address: Social Psychiatry Counseling Center, Region Hannover, Podbielskistr. 157, 30177, Hanover, Germany.
| | - A Alwin Prem Anand
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Liv Bode
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanns Ludwig
- Freelance Bornavirus Workgroup, Beerenstr. 41, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hinderk M. Emrich
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany
| | - Detlef E. Dietrich
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hanover, Germany ,AMEOS Klinikum Hildesheim, Goslarsche Landstr. 60, 31135 Hildesheim, Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Marty FH, Bettamin L, Thouard A, Bourgade K, Allart S, Larrieu G, Malnou CE, Gonzalez-Dunia D, Suberbielle E. Borna disease virus docks on neuronal DNA double-strand breaks to replicate and dampens neuronal activity. iScience 2022; 25:103621. [PMID: 35024577 PMCID: PMC8724971 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Borna disease viruses (BoDV) have recently emerged as zoonotic neurotropic pathogens. These persistent RNA viruses assemble nuclear replication centers (vSPOT) in close interaction with the host chromatin. However, the topology of this interaction and its consequences on neuronal function remain unexplored. In neurons, DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) have been identified as novel epigenetic mechanisms regulating neurotransmission and cognition. Activity-dependent DSB contribute critically to neuronal plasticity processes, which could be impaired upon infection. Here, we show that BoDV-1 infection, or the singled-out expression of viral Nucleoprotein and Phosphoprotein, increases neuronal DSB levels. Of interest, inducing DSB promoted the recruitment anew of vSPOT colocalized with DSB and increased viral RNA replication. BoDV-1 persistence decreased neuronal activity and response to stimulation by dampening the surface expression of glutamate receptors. Taken together, our results propose an original mechanistic cross talk between persistence of an RNA virus and neuronal function, through the control of DSB levels. BoDV-1, its Nucleoprotein or Phosphoprotein cause neuronal DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) DNA double-strand breaks co-localize with BoDV-1 replication factories DNA DSB recruits BoDV-1 replication factories and promotes viral replication BoDV-1 inhibits neuronal activity by impeding surface expression of GluN2A receptors
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Bettamin
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- LAAS-CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Thouard
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Bourgade
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Allart
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Elsa Suberbielle
- Infinity, Université Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Corresponding author
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Borna disease virus phosphoprotein modulates epigenetic signaling in neurons to control viral replication. J Virol 2015; 89:5996-6008. [PMID: 25810554 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00454-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Understanding the modalities of interaction of neurotropic viruses with their target cells represents a major challenge that may improve our knowledge of many human neurological disorders for which viral origin is suspected. Borna disease virus (BDV) represents an ideal model to analyze the molecular mechanisms of viral persistence in neurons and its consequences for neuronal homeostasis. It is now established that BDV ensures its long-term maintenance in infected cells through a stable interaction of viral components with the host cell chromatin, in particular, with core histones. This has led to our hypothesis that such an interaction may trigger epigenetic changes in the host cell. Here, we focused on histone acetylation, which plays key roles in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, notably for neurons. We performed a comparative analysis of histone acetylation patterns of neurons infected or not infected by BDV, which revealed that infection decreases histone acetylation on selected lysine residues. We showed that the BDV phosphoprotein (P) is responsible for these perturbations, even when it is expressed alone independently of the viral context, and that this action depends on its phosphorylation by protein kinase C. We also demonstrated that BDV P inhibits cellular histone acetyltransferase activities. Finally, by pharmacologically manipulating cellular acetylation levels, we observed that inhibiting cellular acetyl transferases reduces viral replication in cell culture. Our findings reveal that manipulation of cellular epigenetics by BDV could be a means to modulate viral replication and thus illustrate a fascinating example of virus-host cell interaction. IMPORTANCE Persistent DNA viruses often subvert the mechanisms that regulate cellular chromatin dynamics, thereby benefitting from the resulting epigenetic changes to create a favorable milieu for their latent and persistent states. Here, we reasoned that Borna disease virus (BDV), the only RNA virus known to durably persist in the nucleus of infected cells, notably neurons, might employ a similar mechanism. In this study, we uncovered a novel modality of virus-cell interaction in which BDV phosphoprotein inhibits cellular histone acetylation by interfering with histone acetyltransferase activities. Manipulation of cellular histone acetylation is accompanied by a modulation of viral replication, revealing a perfect adaptation of this "ancient" virus to its host that may favor neuronal persistence and limit cellular damage.
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Phosphorylation of measles virus nucleoprotein affects viral growth by changing gene expression and genomic RNA stability. J Virol 2013; 87:11684-92. [PMID: 23966404 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01201-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The measles virus (MV) nucleoprotein associates with the viral RNA genome to form the N-RNA complex, providing a template for viral RNA synthesis. In our previous study, major phosphorylation sites of the nucleoprotein were identified as S479 and S510. However, the functions of these phosphorylation sites have not been clarified. In this study, we rescued recombinant MVs (rMVs) whose phosphorylation sites in the nucleoprotein were substituted (rMV-S479A, rMV-S510A, and rMV-S479A/S510A) by reverse genetics and used them in subsequent analyses. In a one-step growth experiment, rMVs showed rapid growth kinetics compared with wild-type MV, although the peak titer of the wild-type MV was the same as or slightly higher than those of the rMVs. Time course analysis of nucleoprotein accumulation also revealed that viral gene expression of rMV was enhanced during the early phase of infection. These findings suggest that nucleoprotein phosphorylation has an important role in controlling viral growth rate through the regulation of viral gene expression. Conversely, multistep growth curves revealed that nucleoprotein-phosphorylation intensity inversely correlated with viral titer at the plateau phase. Additionally, the phosphorylation intensity of the wild-type nucleoprotein in infected cells was significantly reduced through nucleoprotein-phosphoprotein binding. Excessive nucleoprotein-phosphorylation resulted in lower stability against RNase and faster turnover of viral genomic RNA. These results suggest that nucleoprotein-phosphorylation is also involved in viral genomic RNA stability.
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Sugai A, Sato H, Yoneda M, Kai C. Phosphorylation of measles virus phosphoprotein at S86 and/or S151 downregulates viral transcriptional activity. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3900-7. [PMID: 23022562 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus phosphoprotein (P protein) is a cofactor of the viral RNA polymerase (L protein) that associates with the nucleoprotein-RNA complex to support viral transcription and replication. Here, we report a significant inverse correlation between the phosphorylation level of MV-P protein and viral transcriptional activity. Upregulation of P protein phosphorylation resulted in reduction of viral transcription. Additionally, we found that strong phosphorylation at S86 and S151 of P protein, which may be generally prevented by association with nucleoprotein, downregulates the viral transcriptional activity. These findings suggest that P protein is involved in regulation of viral transcription through changes in its phosphorylation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sugai
- International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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