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Stenzel T, Dziewulska D, Łukaszuk E, Custer JM, De Koch MD, Kraberger S, Varsani A. The pigeon circovirus evolution, epidemiology and interaction with the host immune system under One Loft Race rearing conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13815. [PMID: 38877168 PMCID: PMC11178769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the frequency of PiCV recombination, the kinetics of PiCV viremia and shedding and the correlation between viral replication and host immune response in young pigeons subclinically infected with various PiCV variants and kept under conditions mimicking the OLR system. Fifteen racing pigeons originating from five breeding facilities were housed together for six weeks. Blood and cloacal swab samples were collected from birds every seven days to recover complete PiCV genomes and determine PiCV genetic diversity and recombination dynamics, as well as to assess virus shedding rate, level of viremia, expression of selected genes and level of anti-PiCV antibodies. Three hundred and eighty-eight complete PiCV genomes were obtained and thirteen genotypes were distinguished. Twenty-five recombination events were detected. Recombinants emerged during the first three weeks of the experiment which was consistent with the peak level of viremia and viral shedding. A further decrease in viremia and shedding partially corresponded with IFN-γ and MX1 gene expression and antibody dynamics. Considering the role of OLR pigeon rearing system in spreading infectious agents and allowing their recombination, it would be reasonable to reflect on the relevance of pigeon racing from both an animal welfare and epidemiological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Daria Dziewulska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Łukaszuk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joy M Custer
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Matthew D De Koch
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
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2
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Ghaniei A, Tohidi E. Fluctuation of the prevalence of beak and feather disease virus in captive psittacines in Iran. Arch Virol 2023; 168:274. [PMID: 37851115 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is one of the most life-threatening viral agents infecting parrot species. In this study, we investigated fluctuation in the prevalence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in captive psittacines in Iran. Two series of feather samples from different psittacine species, received between July 2019 and July 2021 (n = 1009) and between July 2021 and July 2022 (n = 2020), were examined for the presence of BFDV using the PCR method, and the host species distribution and temporal prevalence of BFDV within populations were calculated. The results showed a total viral prevalence of 26.86% and 26.88% within sample series 1 and 2, respectively. By examining both sample series, the prevalence of BFDV was found to be the highest (P < 0.05) in Nymphicus hollandicus and the lowest (P < 0.05) in Psittacus erithacus, Myiopsitta monachus, Pyrrhura molinae, and Aratinga solstitialis. The viral prevalence was significantly higher (P < 0.05) within the series 1 than the series 2 samples only in Nymphicus hollandicus. Within series 2, the viral prevalence was significant (P < 0.05) in samples from Nymphicus hollandicus collected in March. This study indicates significant prevalence of BFDV in captive Nymphicus hollandicus populations and suggests that the fluctuation in the prevalence of BFDV could be due to the combined influence of host-species and temporal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Ghaniei
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Emadodin Tohidi
- Biotechnology Division, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
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3
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Shah PT, Wang J, Liu Y, Hussain B, Ma ZH, Wu C, Xing L. The phylogenetic and phylogeographic landscape of the beak and feather disease virus, 1996-2022. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105442. [PMID: 37179036 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), causative agent of Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), is a highly fatal and widespread virus that infects both the wild and captive Psittaciformes around the world. The BFDV genome is a ssDNA of approximately 2 kb in size, making it among the smallest known pathogenic viruses. Though, the virus is placed in Circoviridae family of the Circovirus genus, there is no classification system on clade and sub-clade level according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the strains are grouped on the bases of geographic locations. Thus, we provide the latest and robust phylogenetic classification of BFDVs in this study based on full-length genomic sequences, grouping all the available 454 strains detected during 1996-2022 into two distinct clades, e.g., GI and GII. The GI clade is further divided into six sub-clades (GI a-f), while GII into two sub-clades (GII a and b). In addition, the phylogeographic network identified high variability among the BFDV strains, showing several branches, where all the branches are connected to four strains, e.g., BFDV-ZA-PGM-70A-2008-South_Africa (GenBank ID: HM748921.1), BFDV-ZA-PGM-81A-2008-South_Africa (GenBank ID: JX221009.1), BFDV14-2010-Thailand (GenBank ID: GU015021.1) and BFDV-isolate-9IT11-2014-Italy (GenBank ID: KF723390.1). Furthermore, we identified 27 recombination events in the rep (replication-associated protein) and cap (capsid protein) coding regions using the complete genomes of BFDVs. Similarly, the amino acids variability analysis indicated that both the rep and cap regions are highly variable with values exceeding the variability coefficient estimation limit of 1.00, speculating the possible amino acids drift with the emergence of new strains. The findings provided in this study may offer the latest phylogenetic, phylogeographic and evolutionary landscape of the BFDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China.
| | - Behzad Hussain
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Zi-Hui Ma
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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4
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Dolatyabi S, Peighambari SM, Razmyar J. Molecular detection and analysis of beak and feather disease viruses in Iran. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1053886. [PMID: 36532332 PMCID: PMC9751380 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1053886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is one of the few pathogens capable of causing extinction of psittacines. To determine the prevalence and the nature of BFDV mutation, this study investigated the presence of the BFDV among 1,095 individual birds of the 17 psittacine species in Iran followed by analyzing the DNA sequences of seven replication-associated protein (rep) and 10 capsid (cap) genomes of the virus. The BFDV was found to be the foremost pathogen among more than 12 psittacine species, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the BFDV GenBank-published sequences from Poland, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Taiwan, and Thailand were most similar to those of this study. Evolutionary analysis concluded that arginine, leucine, and glycine were the amino acids frequently involved in the least-conserved substitution patterns of BFDV, and conversely, methionine, glutamine, and tryptophan were the amino acids that exhibited ultra-high conservation through the substitution patterns. The high substitution rate of arginine to lysine and glycine to serine also made greater contribution to the BFDV gene mutation. The relative synonymous codon usage between two genes revealed that the cap genome encoded proteins frequently used fewer codons, while the rep genome encoded proteins used more codons only at moderate frequency, explaining the broader divergence of the cap compared to the rep sequence. The data analysis also introduced a new variant of BFDV that exists in the rep and cap sequences of budgerigars. While the existence of more new variants was suspected, more solid evidence is required to substantiate this suspicion.
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Robson M, Chooi KM, Blouin AG, Knight S, MacDiarmid RM. A National Catalogue of Viruses Associated with Indigenous Species Reveals High-Throughput Sequencing as a Driver of Indigenous Virus Discovery. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112477. [PMID: 36366575 PMCID: PMC9693408 DOI: 10.3390/v14112477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are important constituents of ecosystems, with the capacity to alter host phenotype and performance. However, virus discovery cued by disease symptoms overlooks latent or beneficial viruses, which are best detected using targeted virus detection or discovered by non-targeted methods, e.g., high-throughput sequencing (HTS). To date, in 64 publications, 701 viruses have been described associated with indigenous species of Aotearoa New Zealand. Viruses were identified in indigenous birds (189 viruses), bats (13 viruses), starfish (4 viruses), insects (280 viruses), and plants (126 viruses). HTS gave rise to a 21.9-fold increase in virus discovery rate over the targeted methods, and 72.7-fold over symptom-based methods. The average number of viruses reported per publication has also increased proportionally over time. The use of HTS has driven the described national virome recently by 549 new-to-science viruses; all are indigenous. This report represents the first catalogue of viruses associated with indigenous species of a country. We provide evidence that the application of HTS to samples of Aotearoa New Zealand's unique fauna and flora has driven indigenous virus discovery, a key step in the process to understand the role of viruses in the biological diversity and ecology of the land, sea, and air environments of a country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlyn Robson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7674, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kar Mun Chooi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Sarah Knight
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robin Marion MacDiarmid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7674, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
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6
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Chan DTC, Poon ESK, Wong ATC, Sin SYW. Global trade in parrots – Influential factors of trade and implications for conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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7
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Patterson QM, Kraberger S, Martin DP, Shero MR, Beltran RS, Kirkham AL, Aleamotu'a M, Ainley DG, Kim S, Burns JM, Varsani A. Circoviruses and cycloviruses identified in Weddell seal fecal samples from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105070. [PMID: 34481994 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Circoviridae is a family of circular single-stranded DNA viruses whose members infect a wide variety of hosts. While well characterized in avian and mammalian hosts, little is known about circoviruses associated with Antarctic animals. From 48 Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) fecal samples collected on the sea ice in McMurdo between Nov 2014 and Dec 2014, we identified and determined the genomes of novel viruses that fall within two genera of the family Circoviridae, i.e. Circovirus (n = 7) and Cyclovirus (n = 45). We named these viruses as werosea circovirus (WerCV) and werosea cyclovirus (WerCyV). The genomes of WerCV and WerCyV share ~63-64% genome-wide pairwise identity with classified circoviruses and cycloviruses, respectively. Based on the species demarcation threshold of 80% for members of the Circoviridae, the genomes of WerCV and WerCyV represent new species in their respective genera. Evidence indicated recombination in five of the 45 WerCyV genomes identified in this study. These are the first circoviruses found associated with Antarctic pinnipeds, adding to those recently identified associated with Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap penguins (P. antarcticus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn M Patterson
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Michelle R Shero
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Roxanne S Beltran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Amy L Kirkham
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 17101 Point Lena Loop Road, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Maketalena Aleamotu'a
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | | | - Stacy Kim
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Jennifer M Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
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8
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Mohamed M, El-Sabagh I, Vashi Y, Jagrit V, Elmonem Salem MA, Al-Ramadan MA, Al-Ali AM, Kumar S. Analysis of the beak and feather disease viral genome indicates evidence of multiple introduction events into Saudi Arabia. Virus Res 2020; 295:198279. [PMID: 33387603 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), caused by beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a highly contagious disease in wild and captive psittacine populations and has an almost global presence. However, the BFDV infection in Saudi Arabia remains largely unknown. In the present study, we report the full genome sequence of BFDV strains from Saudi Arabia and its genetic diversity. The complete genome sequences were analyzed for 14 BFDV-infected birds representing 6 psittacine species. The complete genome sequence of BFDV strains was compared with 201 previously reported sequences to evaluate their diversity and possible recombination events, if any. Our analysis revealed that newly sequenced BFDV genomes from Saudi Arabia belonged to six different strains. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the isolated BFDV genomes were highly recombinant with a high degree of diversity. It is evident from the study that psittacine species in Saudi Arabia are at risk from the spread of BFDV. As per the CITES trade database, about 190,000 parrots have been imported to Saudi Arabia since 1975 over a thousand instances. Presumably, during any of these trade events or unregulated trade of birds has predisposed the introduction of BFDV to Saudi Arabia. Understanding the epidemiology of BFDV is necessitated to address the threat posed by the virus to the psittacine population of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim El-Sabagh
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Yoya Vashi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vipin Jagrit
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohamed Abd Elmonem Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - M A Al-Ramadan
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Al-Ali
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O Box: 400, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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9
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Al-Dayan N, Venugopal D, Dhanasekaran S. Footprint of the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: A Study of Immune Landscape and Other Factors Shielding Mortality. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:6692739. [PMID: 33457195 PMCID: PMC7771255 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6692739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly affected global health and created a world crisis. The exponentially increasing numbers of infection and mortality have made preventive measures challenging. India being a highly populated nation has so far effectively counteracted the pandemic outbreak with a significantly lower rate of mortality despite the high infection rates. The genetic architecture of the immune response genes in the Indian population, BCG vaccination, the predominantly young age group of people, and their traditional food habits might contribute to the lower rate of mortality. Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) play a vital role in triggering T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells can immediately react to eliminate infected cells. Activation of virus-specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells selectively targets the infected cells and strengthens the immunoregulatory system. The checkpoint for NK cell function is the engagement of killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) molecules with their respective HLA ligands overexpressed or expressed on the compromised virus-infected cells which have shown polymorphism among different ethnic groups. Here, we explore if certain KIR-HLA motifs grant Indians a survival advantage in terms of the low rate of mortality. Additionally, enhanced immunity through BCG vaccination may favor fruitful eradication of SARS-CoV-2 and provide the way out as in therapeutic intervention and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Al-Dayan
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Divya Venugopal
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Ad Dawasir Campus, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sugapriya Dhanasekaran
- Department of Medical Lab Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Ad Dawasir Campus, Saudi Arabia
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10
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High Prevalence of Novel Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Sympatric Invasive Parakeets Introduced to Spain From Asia and South America. DIVERSITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12050192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is a globally widespread infectious bird disease that mainly affects species within the Order Psittaciformes (parrots and allies). The disease is caused by an avian circovirus (the beak and feather disease virus, BFDV), which is highly infectious and can lead to severe consequences in wild and captive populations during an outbreak. Both legal and illegal trading have spread the BFDV around the world, although little is known about its prevalence in invasive parrot populations. Here, we analyze the BFDV prevalence in sympatric invasive populations of rose-ringed (Psittacula krameri) and monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) in Southern Spain. We PCR-screened 110 blood samples (55 individuals from each species) for BFDV and characterized the genotypes of five positives from each species. About 33% of rose-ringed parakeets and 37% of monk parakeets sampled were positive for BFDV, while neither species showed disease symptoms. The circovirus identified is a novel BFDV genotype common to both species, similar to the BFDV genotypes detected in several parrot species kept in captivity in Saudi Arabia, South Africa and China. Our data evidences the importance of an accurate evaluation of avian diseases in wild populations, since invasive parrots may be bringing BFDV without showing any visually detectable clinical sign. Further research on the BFDV prevalence and transmission (individual–individual, captive–wild and wild–captive) in different bird orders and countries is crucial to understand the dynamics of the viral infection and minimize its impact in captive and wild populations.
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11
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Morandini V, Dugger KM, Ballard G, Elrod M, Schmidt A, Ruoppolo V, Lescroël A, Jongsomjit D, Massaro M, Pennycook J, Kooyman GL, Schmidlin K, Kraberger S, Ainley DG, Varsani A. Identification of a Novel Adélie Penguin Circovirus at Cape Crozier (Ross Island, Antarctica). Viruses 2019; 11:v11121088. [PMID: 31766719 PMCID: PMC6950389 DOI: 10.3390/v11121088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the causes of disease in Antarctic wildlife is crucial, as many of these species are already threatened by environmental changes brought about by climate change. In recent years, Antarctic penguins have been showing signs of an unknown pathology: a feather disorder characterised by missing feathers, resulting in exposed skin. During the 2018-2019 austral summer breeding season at Cape Crozier colony on Ross Island, Antarctica, we observed for the first time an Adélie penguin chick missing down over most of its body. A guano sample was collected from the nest of the featherless chick, and using high-throughput sequencing, we identified a novel circovirus. Using abutting primers, we amplified the full genome, which we cloned and Sanger-sequenced to determine the complete genome of the circovirus. The Adélie penguin guano-associated circovirus genome shares <67% genome-wide nucleotide identity with other circoviruses, representing a new species of circovirus; therefore, we named it penguin circovirus (PenCV). Using the same primer pair, we screened 25 previously collected cloacal swabs taken at Cape Crozier from known-age adult Adélie penguins during the 2014-2015 season, displaying no clinical signs of feather-loss disorder. Three of the 25 samples (12%) were positive for a PenCV, whose genome shared >99% pairwise identity with the one identified in 2018-2019. This is the first report of a circovirus associated with a penguin species. This circovirus could be an etiological agent of the feather-loss disorder in Antarctic penguins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Morandini
- Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (A.V.)
| | - Katie M. Dugger
- US Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | - Grant Ballard
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; (G.B.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.J.)
| | - Megan Elrod
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; (G.B.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.J.)
| | - Annie Schmidt
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; (G.B.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.J.)
| | - Valeria Ruoppolo
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil;
| | - Amélie Lescroël
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; (G.B.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.J.)
| | - Dennis Jongsomjit
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA; (G.B.); (M.E.); (A.S.); (A.L.); (D.J.)
| | - Melanie Massaro
- School of Environmental Sciences, Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury 2678, Australia;
| | - Jean Pennycook
- HT Harvey and Associates, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA; (J.P.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Gerald L. Kooyman
- Scholander Hall, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0204, USA;
| | - Kara Schmidlin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; (K.S.); (S.K.)
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; (K.S.); (S.K.)
| | - David G. Ainley
- HT Harvey and Associates, Los Gatos, CA 95032, USA; (J.P.); (D.G.A.)
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5001, USA; (K.S.); (S.K.)
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7701, South Africa
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (A.V.)
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12
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Ma J, Tian Y, Zhang M, Wang W, Li Y, Tian F, Cheng Y, Yan Y, Sun J. Identification and characterization of novel genotypes of psittacine beak and feather disease virus from budgerigar in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1827-1833. [PMID: 31237100 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) is a common disease in psittacine bird that caused by beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). BFDV is widely spread and threatening psittacine birds worldwide. However, the BFDV infection in China remains largely unknown. In this study, a surveillance study of BFDV was conducted in three budgerigar breeding facilities, which showed that 66.6% of collected faeces samples were positive for BFDV. Full genomes of nine BFDV circulating in the three budgerigar breeding facilities (three for each facility) were determined and analysed. The full genomes shared 75.9% to 87.5% identity with the known genotype BFDV. Phylogenetic analysis of the full genome indicated that the BFDV circulating in China formed a separated group, and the nine isolates fell into three subgroups, suggesting that different unique BFDV genotypes are circulating in China. Notably, the Cap genes of three strains (SD3, SD5 and SD9) showed low identity (67.9% to 70%) to all the known genotypes of BFDV. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these three Cap genes formed a unique lineage that is different from all known genotypes, which suggested that the SD3, SD5 and SD9 strains identified in this study belong to a novel genotype that has not been reported. However, the origin of this genotype remains unclear. All the data indicated that the different unique genotypes of BFDV are co-circulating in China, and active surveillance of BFDV is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Weili Wang
- Jilin Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changchun, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Fulin Tian
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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13
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HEALTH ASSESSMENT OF CAPTIVE PSITTACINE SPECIES IN PRERELEASE PROGRAMS AT COSTA RICAN RESCUE CENTERS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2019; 48:1135-1145. [PMID: 29297799 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0259r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With stricter laws regulating the capture and possession of wild animals in Costa Rica, local wildlife-rescue centers have been overwhelmed by an influx of confiscated or relinquished illegal pets, specifically of psittacine species. As part of a nationwide health-assessment program targeting these centers, 122 birds representing five psittacine species ( Ara macao, Amazona autumnalis, Amazona auropalliata, Amazona farinosa, Aratinga finschi) and one hybrid macaw ( Ara macao × Ara ambiguus) were examined and tested between January 2011 and October 2012. Physical examination, hematology, and serum biochemical analyses were performed. Blood and feathers were tested for psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) and avian polyomavirus (APV) via PCR. A DNA-based prevalence and sequence analysis characterized the strains of PBFDV and APV isolated. Physical abnormalities observed in 36% of the 122 birds examined were limited to thin body condition and poor feather quality. None of the feather abnormalities were characteristic of disease caused by either PBFDV or APV. Results of hematological and biochemical analyses were within normal limits except for five birds with leukocytosis and heterophilia, three birds with uric acid values above 16 mg/dl, and two additional birds with AST values above 400 IU/L. No hemoparasites were detected during blood smear examination. Overall prevalences of 9.8% (12/122) for PBFDV and 3.3% (4/122) for APV were documented, with only one bird testing positive for both PBFDV and APV. Birds from two of the eight centers were negative for both viruses. Findings from this study constitute the beginning of a standardized surveillance program for Costa Rican rescue centers, targeting the management of avian species enrolled in propagation and reintroduction programs and expanding of the spectrum of pathogen surveillance and husbandry recommendations in prerelease centers.
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14
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Portas T, Jackson B, Das S, Shamsi S, Raidal SR. Beak and feather disease virus carriage by Knemidocoptes pilae in a sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita). Aust Vet J 2018; 95:486-489. [PMID: 29243237 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper describes the pathology associated with psittacine beak and feather disease in a wild sulphur-crested cockatoo with concurrent knemidocoptic mange, cestodiasis and mycotic encephalitis. METHODS & RESULTS Large numbers of Knemidocoptes pilae Lavoipierre and Griffiths, 1951 (Acari: Epidermoptidae, Knemidokoptinae) were identified in affected skin associated with enhanced expression of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) determined by immunohistochemistry. Also, BFDV antigen was demonstrated in high concentration in the gut and faecal sacs of mites, raising the possibility of ectoparasites as fomites and vectors of BFDV transmission. Large numbers of Raillietina spp. cestodes were present in the intestines. Within the brain there was a focally extensive region of necrosis and inflammation associated with branching, septate, pigmented hyphae consistent with zygomycete fungal infection. CONCLUSION This case highlights the potential immunosuppressive effects of BFDV infection and its potential as a keystone pathogen in the Australian environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Portas
- RSPCA Queensland Wildlife Hospital, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
| | - B Jackson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S Das
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Shamsi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Eastwood JR, Ribot RFH, Rollins LA, Buchanan KL, Walder K, Bennett ATD, Berg ML. Host heterozygosity and genotype rarity affect viral dynamics in an avian subspecies complex. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13310. [PMID: 29042596 PMCID: PMC5645371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity at community, population and individual levels is thought to influence the spread of infectious disease. At the individual level, inbreeding and heterozygosity are associated with increased risk of infection and disease severity. Host genotype rarity may also reduce infection risk if pathogens are co-adapted to common or local hosts, but to date, no studies have investigated the relative importance of genotype rarity and heterozygosity for infection in a wild, sexually reproducing vertebrate. With beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infection in a wild parrot (Platycercus elegans), we show that both heterozygosity and genotype rarity of individual hosts predicted infection, but in contrasting ways. Heterozygosity was negatively associated with probability of infection, but not with infection load. In contrast, increased host genotype rarity was associated with lower viral load in infected individuals, but did not predict infection probability. These effects were largely consistent across subspecies, but were not evident at the population level. Subspecies and age were also strongly associated with infection. Our study provides novel insights into infection dynamics by quantifying rarity and diversity simultaneously. We elucidate roles that host genetic diversity can play in infection dynamics, with implications for understanding population divergence, intraspecific diversity and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Eastwood
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Victoria, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Raoul F H Ribot
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lee Ann Rollins
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine L Buchanan
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew T D Bennett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathew L Berg
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, 3216, Victoria, Australia
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16
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R. Taylor H, Dussex N, van Heezik Y. Bridging the conservation genetics gap by identifying barriers to implementation for conservation practitioners. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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17
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Raidal SR, Sarker S, Peters A. Review of psittacine beak and feather disease and its effect on Australian endangered species. Aust Vet J 2016; 93:466-70. [PMID: 26769072 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since it was first described in the early 1980s, psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) has become recognised as the dominant viral pathogen of psittacine birds in Australia. Our aim was to evaluate and review the effect of PBFD and its position as a key threatening process to Australian psittacine bird species. We review the origin/evolutionary pathways and potential threat of PBFD to endangered psittacine bird populations and captive-breeding flocks. CONCLUSIONS The most recent beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) phylogenetic analyses indicate that all endangered Australian psittacine bird species are susceptible to, and equally likely to be infected by, BFDV genotypes from a range of host psittacine species. Management of the disease in captive-breeding programs has relied on testing and culling, which has proven costly. The risk of PBFD should be considered very carefully by management teams contemplating the establishment of captive-breeding flocks for endangered species. Alternative disease prevention tools, including vaccination, which are increasingly being used in wildlife health, should be considered more seriously for managing and preventing PBFD in captive flocks of critically endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia. .,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.
| | - S Sarker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - A Peters
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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18
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Altan E, Eravci E, Cizmecigil UY, Yildar E, Aydin O, Turan N, Ozsoy S, Tekelioglu KB, Kurt T, Gerbaga Ozsemir K, Altan E, Yilmaz H. Detection and Phylogeny of Beak and Feather Disease Virus and Avian Polyomavirus in Psittacine Pet Birds in Turkey. J Exot Pet Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Das S, Sarker S, Peters A, Ghorashi SA, Phalen D, Forwood JK, Raidal SR. Evolution of circoviruses in lorikeets lags behind its hosts. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 100:281-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Steel O, Kraberger S, Sikorski A, Young LM, Catchpole RJ, Stevens AJ, Ladley JJ, Coray DS, Stainton D, Dayaram A, Julian L, van Bysterveldt K, Varsani A. Circular replication-associated protein encoding DNA viruses identified in the faecal matter of various animals in New Zealand. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:151-64. [PMID: 27211884 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, innovations in molecular techniques and sequencing technologies have resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of known viral sequences, in particular those with circular replication-associated protein (Rep)-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA genomes. CRESS DNA viruses are present in the virome of many ecosystems and are known to infect a wide range of organisms. A large number of the recently identified CRESS DNA viruses cannot be classified into any known viral families, indicating that the current view of CRESS DNA viral sequence space is greatly underestimated. Animal faecal matter has proven to be a particularly useful source for sampling CRESS DNA viruses in an ecosystem, as it is cost-effective and non-invasive. In this study a viral metagenomic approach was used to explore the diversity of CRESS DNA viruses present in the faeces of domesticated and wild animals in New Zealand. Thirty-eight complete CRESS DNA viral genomes and two circular molecules (that may be defective molecules or single components of multicomponent genomes) were identified from forty-nine individual animal faecal samples. Based on shared genome organisations and sequence similarities, eighteen of the isolates were classified as gemycircularviruses and twelve isolates were classified as smacoviruses. The remaining eight isolates lack significant sequence similarity with any members of known CRESS DNA virus groups. This research adds significantly to our knowledge of CRESS DNA viral diversity in New Zealand, emphasising the prevalence of CRESS DNA viruses in nature, and reinforcing the suggestion that a large proportion of CRESS DNA viruses are yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Steel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Simona Kraberger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alyssa Sikorski
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Laura M Young
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Ryan J Catchpole
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Aaron J Stevens
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jenny J Ladley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Dorien S Coray
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Daisy Stainton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Anisha Dayaram
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Laurel Julian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Katherine van Bysterveldt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Structural Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7700, South Africa; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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21
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Fogell DJ, Martin RO, Groombridge JJ. Beak and feather disease virus in wild and captive parrots: an analysis of geographic and taxonomic distribution and methodological trends. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2059-74. [PMID: 27151279 PMCID: PMC4947100 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) has emerged in recent years as a major threat to wild parrot populations and is an increasing concern to aviculturists and managers of captive populations. Pathological and serological tests for screening for the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) are a critical component of efforts to manage the disease and of epidemiological studies. Since the disease was first reported in the mid-1970s, screening for BFDV has been conducted in numerous wild and captive populations. However, at present, there is no current and readily accessible synthesis of screening efforts and their results. Here, we consolidate information collected from 83 PBFD- and BFDV-based publications on the primary screening methods being used and identify important knowledge gaps regarding potential global disease hotspots. We present trends in research intensity in this field and critically discuss advances in screening techniques and their applications to both aviculture and to the management of threatened wild populations. Finally, we provide an overview of estimates of BFDV prevalence in captive and wild flocks alongside a complete list of all psittacine species in which the virus has been confirmed. Our evaluation highlights the need for standardised diagnostic tests and more emphasis on studies of wild populations, particularly in view of the intrinsic connection between global trade in companion birds and the spread of novel BFDV strains into wild populations. Increased emphasis should be placed on the screening of captive and wild parrot populations within their countries of origin across the Americas, Africa and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Fogell
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK.
| | - Rowan O Martin
- World Parrot Trust, Glanmor House, Hayle, Cornwall, TR27 4HB, UK.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jim J Groombridge
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK
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22
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Discovery and complete genome sequence of a novel circovirus-like virus in the endangered rowi kiwi, Apteryx rowi. Virus Genes 2016; 52:727-31. [PMID: 27115421 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Circoviruses are circular, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA viruses around 2000 nucleotides (nt) in length and include the pathogenic species, Porcine circovirus 1 and Beak and feather disease virus, capable of causing significant morbidity and mortality. This group of viruses may be robust to degradation by external environments, and avian circoviruses are known to move between closely related hosts. Using a de novo metagenomic approach, followed by confirmatory PCR, we identify for the first time a circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA virus in New Zealand kiwi, Apteryx spp., derived from faecal matter of the rowi kiwi (A. rowi) showing signs of verminous dermatitis. The entire 2085 nt genome was cloned and sequenced and contains both capsid and replicase genes, as well as a conserved 9 nt motif. Phylogenetic analyses place it within Circoviridae, adjacent to other environmental CRESS-DNA viruses, and most closely related to badger circovirus-like virus (Meles meles circovirus-like virus). As the rowi is the most critically endangered kiwi, it is vital to understand the role of rowi kiwi circovirus-like virus as a possible pathogen and also any potential cross-species transmission.
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23
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Wellehan • JF, Lierz • M, Phalen • D, Raidal • S, Styles • DK, Crosta • L, Melillo • A, Schnitzer • P, Lennox • A, Lumeij JT. Infectious disease. CURRENT THERAPY IN AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7158187 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4671-2.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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24
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Knafler GJ, Ortiz-Catedral L, Jackson B, Varsani A, Grueber CE, Robertson BC, Jamieson IG. Comparison of beak and feather disease virus prevalence and immunity-associated genetic diversity over time in an island population of red-crowned parakeets. Arch Virol 2015; 161:811-20. [PMID: 26699786 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen outbreaks in the wild can contribute to a population's extinction risk. Concern over the effects of pathogen outbreaks in wildlife is amplified in small, threatened populations, where degradation of genetic diversity may hinder natural selection for enhanced immunocompetence. Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) was detected for the first time in an island population of red-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae) in 2008 on Little Barrier Island (Hauturu-o-Toi) of New Zealand. By 2013, the prevalence of the viral infection had significantly decreased within the population. We tested whether the population of red-crowned parakeets showed a selective response to BFDV, using neutral microsatellite and two immunity-associated genetic markers, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We found evidence for selection at viral-associated TLR3; however, the ability of TLR3 to elicit an immune response in the presence of BFDV warrants confirmation. Alternatively, because red-crowned parakeet populations are prone to fluctuations in size, the decrease in BFDV prevalence over time may be attributed to the Little Barrier Island population dropping below the density threshold for viral maintenance. Our results highlight that natural processes such as adaptation for enhanced immunocompetence and/or density fluctuations are efficient mechanisms for reducing pathogen prevalence in a threatened, isolated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle J Knafler
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Luis Ortiz-Catedral
- Ecology and Conservation Group, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102-904, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bethany Jackson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | - Catherine E Grueber
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, USA
| | - Bruce C Robertson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ian G Jamieson
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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25
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Araújo AV, Andery DA, Ferreira Jr. FC, Ortiz MC, Marques MVR, Marin SY, Vilela DAR, Resende JS, Resende M, Donatti RV, Martins NRS. Molecular Diagnosis of Beak and Feather Disease in Native Brazilian Psittacines. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1704451-458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AV Araújo
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - DA Andery
- Instituto Estadual de Florestas, Brazil
| | | | - MC Ortiz
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - SY Marin
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - DAR Vilela
- Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Brazil
| | - JS Resende
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M Resende
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - RV Donatti
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
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26
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Jackson B, Varsani A, Holyoake C, Jakob-Hoff R, Robertson I, McInnes K, Empson R, Gray R, Nakagawa K, Warren K. Emerging infectious disease or evidence of endemicity? A multi-season study of beak and feather disease virus in wild red-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae). Arch Virol 2015; 160:2283-92. [PMID: 26138559 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a single-stranded DNA virus that is the etiological agent of beak and feather disease in both wild and captive parrots. Given that BFDV is globally recognized as a conservation threat for wild parrots, between 2011-2013, red-crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae, n = 229), which are endemic to New Zealand, were captured in mist nets on Tiritiri Matangi Island and Hauturu-o-Toi/Little Barrier Island (LBI), New Zealand, for disease surveillance. Blood and feathers from all birds were tested by PCR for BFDV, and full genomes were recovered and sequenced. A subset of blood samples (n = 96) were tested for antibodies to BFDV by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. A further 238 feather samples were obtained from red-crowned parakeets from three sites in the Wellington region of the North Island, and these were screened for BFDV. The DNA-based prevalence of BFDV infection determined on Tiritiri Matangi Island was 1.09% (CI 95 %, 0.1-3.9%); on Hauturu-o-Toi/LBI, 4.4% (95% CI, 0.5%-15.1%); on Kapiti Island, 3.4% (CI 95%, 1.1-7.8%); at the ZEALANDIA-Karori sanctuary, 1.6% (95% CI, 0-8.4%); and on Matiu-Somes Island, 0% (CI 95%, 0-12.3%). Seroprevalence for BFDV, indicating prior or current exposure, in the Tiritiri Matangi Island population, it was 2% (CI 95%, 0-10.1%), and in the Hauturu-o-Toi/LBI population was 14% (CI 95%, 5.3-27.9%). BFDV-positive birds showed no signs of clinical disease, with the exception of an individual bird obtained opportunistically from Shakespear Regional Park during the study period, which had classical signs of feather loss. Phylogenetic analysis of the 11 full genome sequences recovered from BFDV-positive red-crowned parakeets revealed evidence of ongoing viral flow between red-crowned parakeets and eastern rosellas (Platycercus eximius) in the Hauraki Gulf/Auckland region, with separate but closely related strains from the Wellington region of the North Island. This is the first study to report HI results for a New Zealand endemic parrot species, and the first epidemiological analysis of serial cross-sectional surveys in a BFDV-infected population of red-crowned parakeets in New Zealand. We postulate that although BFDV remains a threat to small, isolated or naïve populations of parrots globally, the low viral prevalence in this and other studies suggests that native parakeets in New Zealand may act as dead-end or spillover hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Jackson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia,
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Genome Sequences of Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Urban Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e00283-15. [PMID: 25908126 PMCID: PMC4408327 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00283-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease viral genomes were recovered from two deceased juvenile urban rainbow lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus) that lacked tail feathers. These genomes share ~95% pairwise identity with two beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) genomes identified in wild and captive Australian T. haematodus birds and ~92% identity to those in wild New Caledonian T. haematodus deplanchii birds.
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Eastwood JR, Berg ML, Spolding B, Buchanan KL, Bennett ATD, Walder K. Prevalence of beak and feather disease virus in wild Platycercus elegans: comparison of three tissue types using a probe-based real-time qPCR test. AUST J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/zo14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The detection of avian viruses in wild populations has considerable conservation implications. For DNA-based studies, feathers may be a convenient sample type for virus screening and are, therefore, an increasingly common technique. This is despite recent concerns about DNA quality, ethics, and a paucity of data comparing the reliability and sensitivity of feather sampling to other common sample types such as blood. Alternatively, skeletal muscle tissue may offer a convenient sample to collect from dead birds, which may reveal viraemia. Here, we describe a probe-based quantitative real-time PCR for the relative quantification of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), a pathogen of serious conservation concern for parrots globally. We used this method to test for BFDV in wild crimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans), and compared three different sample types. We detected BFDV in samples from 29 out of 84 individuals (34.5%). However, feather samples provided discordant results concerning virus presence when compared with muscle tissue and blood, and estimates of viral load varied somewhat between different sample types. This study provides evidence for widespread infection of BFDV in wild crimson rosellas, but highlights the importance of sample type when generating and interpreting qualitative and quantitative avian virus data.
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Ramos R, Garnier R, González-Solís J, Boulinier T. Long antibody persistence and transgenerational transfer of immunity in a long-lived vertebrate. Am Nat 2014; 184:764-76. [PMID: 25438176 DOI: 10.1086/678400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although little studied in natural populations, the persistence of immunoglobulins may dramatically affect the dynamics of immunity and the ecology and evolution of host-pathogen interactions involving vertebrate hosts. By means of a multiple-year vaccination design against Newcastle disease virus, we experimentally addressed whether levels of specific antibodies can persist over several years in females of a long-lived procellariiform seabird-Cory's shearwater-and whether maternal antibodies against that antigen could persist over a long period in offspring several years after the mother was exposed. We found that a single vaccination led to high levels of antibodies for several years and that the females transmitted antibodies to their offspring that persisted for several weeks after hatching even 5 years after a single vaccination. The temporal persistence of maternally transferred antibodies in nestlings was highly dependent on the level at hatching. A second vaccination boosted efficiently the level of antibodies in females and thus their transfer to offspring. Overall, these results stress the need to consider the temporal dynamics of immune responses if we are to understand the evolutionary ecology of host-parasite interactions and trade-offs between immunity and other life-history characteristics, in particular in long-lived species. They also have strong implications for conservation when vaccination may be used in natural populations facing disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raül Ramos
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, CNRS-Université Montpellier Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Phylogenetic analysis of beak and feather disease virus across a host ring-species complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:14153-8. [PMID: 25225394 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403255111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens have been hypothesized to play a major role in host diversity and speciation. Susceptibility of hybrid hosts to pathogens is thought to be a common phenomenon that could promote host population divergence and subsequently speciation. However, few studies have tested for pathogen infection across animal hybrid zones while testing for codivergence of the pathogens in the hybridizing host complex. Over 8 y, we studied natural infection by a rapidly evolving single-strand DNA virus, beak and feather diseases virus (BFDV), which infects parrots, exploiting a host-ring species complex (Platycercus elegans) in Australia. We found that host subspecies and their hybrids varied strikingly in both BFDV prevalence and load: both hybrid and phenotypically intermediate subspecies had lower prevalence and load compared with parental subspecies, while controlling for host age, sex, longitude and latitude, as well as temporal effects. We sequenced viral isolates throughout the range, which revealed patterns of genomic variation analogous to Mayr's ring-species hypothesis, to our knowledge for the first time in any host-pathogen system. Viral phylogeny, geographic location, intraspecific host density, and parrot community diversity and composition did not explain the differences in BFDV prevalence or load between subpopulations. Overall, our analyses suggest that functional host responses to infection, or force of infection, differ between subspecies and hybrids. Our findings highlight the role of host hybridization and clines in altering host-pathogen interactions, dynamics that can have important implications for models of speciation with gene flow, and offer insights into how pathogens may adapt to diverging host populations.
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Regnard GL, Boyes RS, Martin RO, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. Beak and feather disease viruses circulating in Cape parrots (Poicepahlus robustus) in South Africa. Arch Virol 2014; 160:47-54. [PMID: 25209153 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Captive and wild psittacines are vulnerable to the highly contagious psittacine beak and feather disease. The causative agent, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), was recently detected in the largest remaining population of endangered Cape parrots (Poicepahlus robustus), which are endemic to South Africa. Full-length genomes were isolated and sequenced from 26 blood samples collected from wild and captive Cape parrots to determine possible origins of infection. All sequences had characteristic BFDV sequence motifs and were similar in length to those described in the literature. However, BFDV coat protein (CP) sequences from this study did not contain a previously identified bipartite nuclear localisation signal (NLS) within residues 39-56, which indicates that an alternate NLS is involved in shuttling the CP into the nucleus. Sequences from the wild population shared a high degree of similarity, irrespective of year or location, suggesting that the disease outbreak occurred close to the time when the samples were collected. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length genomes showed that the captive Cape parrot sequences cluster with those isolated from captive-bred budgerigars in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Exposure to captive-bred Cape parrots from a breeding facility in KwaZulu-Natal is suggested as a possible source for the virus infection. Phylogenetic analysis of BFDV isolates from wild and captive Cape parrots indicated two separate infection events in different populations, which highlights the potential risk of introducing new strains of the virus into the wild population. The present study represents the first systematic investigation of BFDV virus diversity in the southern-most population of Cape parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy L Regnard
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa,
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Jackson B, Harvey C, Galbraith J, Robertson M, Warren K, Holyoake C, Julian L, Varsani A. Clinical beak and feather disease virus infection in wild juvenile eastern rosellas of New Zealand; biosecurity implications for wildlife care facilities. N Z Vet J 2014; 62:297-301. [PMID: 24916448 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2014.909750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY Four juvenile eastern rosellas (Platycercus eximius) were admitted to two separate wildlife care facilities in the Auckland region by members of the public. They had missing or dystrophic wing and tail feathers that rendered them flightless, suggestive of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infection. Two were subject to euthanasia after failing to re-grow their feathers, with samples taken for histopathology and PCR analysis. Blood samples were obtained from the other two birds at the time of examination, however these individuals were lost to follow up. PATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS Basophilic inclusion bodies were observed in histological sections of the feather bulb, typical of BFDV infection, from the two euthanised individuals. Blood from all four birds tested positive by PCR for BFDV, and analysis of the recovered full BFDV genomes identified them as belonging to the BFDV-A strain. DIAGNOSIS Beak and feather disease virus infection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This report highlights the clinical impacts of BFDV in juvenile eastern rosellas that may result in their admission to wildlife care facilities, creating a biosecurity risk in institutions that may host other native parrots intended for release. The environmental stability of BFDV and resistance to disinfection requires strict quarantine procedures to prevent contamination and spread within a facility. It is recommended that high-risk species such as wild eastern rosella be excluded from facilities that may also house native parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jackson
- a New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine , Auckland Zoological Park, Motions Road, Western Springs, Auckland 1022 , New Zealand
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Sarker S, Ghorashi SA, Forwood JK, Bent SJ, Peters A, Raidal SR. Phylogeny of beak and feather disease virus in cockatoos demonstrates host generalism and multiple-variant infections within Psittaciformes. Virology 2014; 460-461:72-82. [PMID: 25010272 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of the highly genetically diverse but antigenically conserved, single-stranded circular, DNA genome of the avian circovirus, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from cockatoo species throughout Australia demonstrated a high mutation rate for BFDV (orders of magnitude fall in the range of 10(-4) substitutions/site/year) along with strong support for recombination indicating active cross-species transmission in various subpopulations. Multiple variants of BFDV were demonstrated with at least 30 genotypic variants identified within nine individual birds, with one containing up to 7 variants. Single genetic variants were detected in feathers from 2 birds but splenic tissue provided further variants. The rich BFDV genetic diversity points to Australasia as the most likely geographical origin of this virus and supports flexible host switching. We propose this as evidence of Order-wide host generalism in the Psittaciformes characterised by high mutability that is buffered by frequent recombination and slow replication strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Seyed A Ghorashi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Bent
- Molecular and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Peters
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
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Baron HR, Howe L, Varsani A, Doneley RJT. Disease screening of three breeding populations of adult exhibition budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in New Zealand reveals a high prevalence of a novel polyomavirus and avian malaria infection. Avian Dis 2014; 58:111-7. [PMID: 24758122 DOI: 10.1637/10604-063013-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Disease surveillance is vital to the management of New Zealand's endemic and threatened avian species. Three infectious agents that are potential threats to New Zealand's endemic birds include avian polyomavirus (APV), beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), and avian malaria. All three agents have been reported in New Zealand; however, possible reservoir populations have not been identified. In this communication, we report the first study of APV, BFDV, and avian malaria in introduced adult exhibition budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in New Zealand. Blood samples were collected from 90 living adult budgerigars from three breeding locations in the North Island of New Zealand. An overall APV prevalence of 22% was determined using a broad-spectrum nested PCR that amplified the major capsid protein VP1 gene of polyomavirus. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene revealed a unique isolate of APV, which had a sequence divergence of 32% to previously reported budgerigar fledgling disease strains and 33% to the recently reported New Zealand finch isolate. All of the budgerigars sampled were found to be PCR negative for BFDV, and an overall prevalence of 30% was detected by PCR for avian malaria. Sequencing revealed the presence of ubiquitous malarial strains and also the potentially destructive Plasmodium relictum strain. The results of this study suggest that both APV and avian malaria are present in New Zealand adult budgerigars, and our study highlights the need for further studies to determine whether these pathogens in captive bird populations may be a threat or spill over into New Zealand's endemic and threatened avifauna and whether prevention and control methods need to be implemented.
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EVIDENCE OF PSITTACINE BEAK AND FEATHER DISEASE VIRUS SPILLOVER INTO WILD CRITICALLY ENDANGERED ORANGE-BELLIED PARROTS (NEOPHEMA CHRYSOGASTER). J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:288-96. [DOI: 10.7589/2013-05-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Stenzel T, Piasecki T, Chrząstek K, Julian L, Muhire BM, Golden M, Martin DP, Varsani A. Pigeon circoviruses display patterns of recombination, genomic secondary structure and selection similar to those of beak and feather disease viruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1338-1351. [PMID: 24639400 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) has a ~2 kb genome circular ssDNA genome. All but one of the known PiCV isolates have been found infecting pigeons in various parts of the world. In this study, we screened 324 swab and tissue samples from Polish pigeons and recovered 30 complete genomes, 16 of which came from birds displaying no obvious pathology. Together with 17 other publicly available PiCV complete genomes sampled throughout the Northern Hemisphere and Australia, we find that PiCV displays a similar degree of genetic diversity to that of the related psittacine-infecting circovirus species, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV). We show that, as is the case with its pathology and epidemiology, PiCV also displays patterns of recombination, genomic secondary structure and natural selection that are generally very similar to those of BFDV. It is likely that breeding facilities play a significant role in the emergence of new recombinant PiCV variants and given that ~50 % of the domestic pigeon population is infected subclinically, all pigeon breeding stocks should be screened routinely for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Tomasz Piasecki
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-360 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Klaudia Chrząstek
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-360 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Laurel Julian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Brejnev M Muhire
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Computational Biology Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michael Golden
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Computational Biology Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Darren P Martin
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Computational Biology Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7700, South Africa.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Harkins GW, Martin DP, Christoffels A, Varsani A. Towards inferring the global movement of beak and feather disease virus. Virology 2014; 450-451:24-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Psittacine beak and feather disease in a free-living ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in Great Britain. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Sarker S, Patterson EI, Peters A, Baker GB, Forwood JK, Ghorashi SA, Holdsworth M, Baker R, Murray N, Raidal SR. Mutability dynamics of an emergent single stranded DNA virus in a naïve host. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85370. [PMID: 24416396 PMCID: PMC3885698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Quasispecies variants and recombination were studied longitudinally in an emergent outbreak of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infection in the orange-bellied parrot (Neophema chrysogaster). Detailed health monitoring and the small population size (<300 individuals) of this critically endangered bird provided an opportunity to longitudinally track viral replication and mutation events occurring in a circular, single-stranded DNA virus over a period of four years within a novel bottleneck population. Optimized PCR was used with different combinations of primers, primer walking, direct amplicon sequencing and sequencing of cloned amplicons to analyze BFDV genome variants. Analysis of complete viral genomes (n = 16) and Rep gene sequences (n = 35) revealed that the outbreak was associated with mutations in functionally important regions of the normally conserved Rep gene and immunogenic capsid (Cap) gene with a high evolutionary rate (3.41×10−3 subs/site/year) approaching that for RNA viruses; simultaneously we observed significant evidence of recombination hotspots between two distinct progenitor genotypes within orange-bellied parrots indicating early cross-transmission of BFDV in the population. Multiple quasispecies variants were also demonstrated with at least 13 genotypic variants identified in four different individual birds, with one containing up to seven genetic variants. Preferential PCR amplification of variants was also detected. Our findings suggest that the high degree of genetic variation within the BFDV species as a whole is reflected in evolutionary dynamics within individually infected birds as quasispecies variation, particularly when BFDV jumps from one host species to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edward I. Patterson
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Peters
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G. Barry Baker
- Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jade K. Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Seyed A. Ghorashi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Holdsworth
- Biodiversity Conservation Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rupert Baker
- Healesville Sanctuary, Zoos Victoria, Healesville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil Murray
- Department of Genetics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane R. Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Identification of Starling Circovirus in an Estuarine Mollusc (Amphibola crenata) in New Zealand Using Metagenomic Approaches. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/3/e00278-13. [PMID: 23723397 PMCID: PMC3668005 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00278-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two complete genomes of starling circovirus (StCV) were recovered from Amphibola crenata, an estuarine New Zealand mollusc. This is the first report of StCV outside Europe. The viral genomes were recovered from rolling circle-amplified enriched circular DNA followed by back-to-back primers and specific primer PCR amplification.
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Dayaram A, Potter KA, Moline AB, Rosenstein DD, Marinov M, Thomas JE, Breitbart M, Rosario K, Argüello-Astorga GR, Varsani A. High global diversity of cycloviruses amongst dragonflies. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1827-1840. [PMID: 23596268 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Circoviridae, specifically the genus Circovirus, were thought to infect only vertebrates; however, members of a sister group under the same family, the proposed genus Cyclovirus, have been detected recently in insects. In an effort to explore the diversity of cycloviruses and better understand the evolution of these novel ssDNA viruses, here we present five cycloviruses isolated from three dragonfly species (Orthetrum sabina, Xanthocnemis zealandica and Rhionaeschna multicolor) collected in Australia, New Zealand and the USA, respectively. The genomes of these five viruses share similar genome structure to other cycloviruses, with a circular ~1.7 kb genome and two major bidirectionally transcribed ORFs. The genomic sequence data gathered during this study were combined with all cyclovirus genomes available in public databases to identify conserved motifs and regulatory elements in the intergenic regions, as well as determine diversity and recombinant regions within their genomes. The genomes reported here represent four different cyclovirus species, three of which are novel. Our results confirm that cycloviruses circulate widely in winged-insect populations; in eight different cyclovirus species identified in dragonflies to date, some of these exhibit a broad geographical distribution. Recombination analysis revealed both intra- and inter-species recombination events amongst cycloviruses, including genomes recovered from disparate sources (e.g. goat meat and human faeces). Similar to other well-characterized circular ssDNA viruses, recombination may play an important role in cyclovirus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Dayaram
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Kristen A Potter
- School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Angela B Moline
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Dana Drake Rosenstein
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, 1009 E South Campus Drive, Tucson, AZ 85721-0030, USA
| | - Milen Marinov
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - John E Thomas
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.,Centre for Plant Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 247, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Gerardo R Argüello-Astorga
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa San José 2055, 78216 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7700, South Africa.,Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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42
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Sikorski A, Kearvell J, Elkington S, Dayaram A, Argüello-Astorga GR, Varsani A. Novel ssDNA viruses discovered in yellow-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus auriceps) nesting material. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1603-7. [PMID: 23417396 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1642-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During routine monitoring of yellow-crowned parakeets in the Poulter Valley of the South Island of New Zealand, a dead parakeet chick was discovered in a nest. Known parrot-infecting viruses, such as beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), avian polyomavirus (APV), and parrot hepatitis B virus (PHBV), were not detected in the nesting material. However, we recovered two novel single-stranded DNA viruses (ssDNA), CynNCXV (2308 nt) and CynNCKV (2087 nt), which have genome architectures similar to those of circoviruses, characterised by circular genomes with two large bidirectional open reading frames (ORFs). Both contain a stem-loop element with a conserved nonanucleotide motif, known to be required for rolling-circle replication. The full genomes had no BLASTn similarity to known ssDNA viruses. However, in both genomes the larger ORFs have BLAST similarity to known replication-associated proteins (Reps). CynNCKV has 30 % similarity to picobiliphyte nano-like virus (Picobiliphyte M5584-5) with 66-88 % coverage (e-value of 5×10(-33)), whereas CynNCXV has 33 % similarity to rodent stool-associated virus (RodSCV M-45) with 92-94 % coverage (e-value of 5 × 10(-31)). Found within these ORFs were the rolling-circle replication motifs I, II, III and the helicase motifs Walker A and Walker B. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the Reps reveals that these are two novel ssDNA viruses. At this point, we are unable to attribute the death of the parakeet to these two new novel ssDNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Sikorski
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Ilam, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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43
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Julian L, Piasecki T, Chrząstek K, Walters M, Muhire B, Harkins GW, Martin DP, Varsani A. Extensive recombination detected among beak and feather disease virus isolates from breeding facilities in Poland. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1086-1095. [PMID: 23324468 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.050179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) causes the highly contagious, in some cases fatal, psittacine beak and feather disease in parrots. The European continent has no native parrots, yet in the past has been one of the world's biggest importers of wild-caught exotic parrot species. Following the banning of this practice in 2007, the demand for exotic pet parrots has largely been met by established European breeding facilities, which can also supply buyers outside Europe. However, the years of unregulated importation have provided numerous opportunities for BFDV to enter Europe, meaning the likelihood of birds within captive breeding facilities being BFDV positive is high. This study examined the BFDV status of such facilities in Poland, a country previously shown to have BFDV among captive birds. A total of 209 birds from over 50 captive breeding facilities across Poland were tested, and 43 birds from 18 different facilities tested positive for BFDV. The full BFDV genomes from these 43 positive birds were determined, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that these samples harboured a relatively high degree of diversity and that they were highly recombinant. It is evident that there have been multiple introductions of BFDV into Poland over a long period of time, and the close association of different species of birds in the captive environment has probably facilitated the evolution of new BFDV strains through recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Julian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Tomasz Piasecki
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-360 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Klaudia Chrząstek
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic of Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-360 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Matthew Walters
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Brejnev Muhire
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Computational Biology Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gordon W Harkins
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Darren P Martin
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Computational Biology Group, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.,Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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44
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Julian L, Lorenzo A, Chenuet JP, Bonzon M, Marchal C, Vignon L, Collings DA, Walters M, Jackson B, Varsani A. Evidence of multiple introductions of beak and feather disease virus into the Pacific islands of Nouvelle-Calédonie (New Caledonia). J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2466-2472. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a circular ssDNA virus that causes psittacine beak and feather disease and has almost global presence. Here, we report for the first time the presence of in Nouvelle-Calédonie (New Caledonia). One hundred and sixty-eight exotic and 79 endemic birds were sampled in Nouvelle-Calédonie, 26 were found to be positive for BFDV. We characterized the full genomes of 26 isolates and phylogenetic analysis placed nine of the isolates into the BFDV-J strain, with the remaining 17 isolates from Deplanche’s Rainbow Lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus deplanchii) forming a novel strain, BFDV-P. Of more concern was the discovery of an infected bird from the vulnerable and endemic New Caledonian Parakeet (Cyanoramphus saisseti). Our results reveal that there have been at least two introductions of BFDV into Nouvelle-Calédonie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Julian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Almudena Lorenzo
- Direction de l’Environnement de la Province Sud, Service des Aires Aménagées Protégées, Antenne territoriale du Grand Nouméa, Parc zoologique et Forestier, Michel Corbasson, BP 3718, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Jean-Paul Chenuet
- Direction de l’Environnement de la Province Sud, Service des Aires Aménagées Protégées, Antenne territoriale du Grand Nouméa, Parc zoologique et Forestier, Michel Corbasson, BP 3718, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Marianne Bonzon
- Direction de l’Environnement de la Province Sud, Service des Aires Aménagées Protégées, Antenne territoriale du Grand Nouméa, Parc zoologique et Forestier, Michel Corbasson, BP 3718, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Celine Marchal
- Direction des Affaires Vétérinaires, Alimentaires et Rurales, Port Laguerre, BP.42 - 98890 Païta, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - Laurent Vignon
- Direction de l’Environnement de la Province Sud, Service des Aires Aménagées Protégées, Antenne territoriale du Grand Nouméa, Parc zoologique et Forestier, Michel Corbasson, BP 3718, 98846 Nouméa Cedex, Nouvelle-Calédonie
| | - David A. Collings
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew Walters
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bethany Jackson
- New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine – Auckland Zoological Park, Motions Road, Western Springs, Auckland 1022, New Zealand
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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45
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Rosario K, Dayaram A, Marinov M, Ware J, Kraberger S, Stainton D, Breitbart M, Varsani A. Diverse circular ssDNA viruses discovered in dragonflies (Odonata: Epiprocta). J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2668-2681. [PMID: 22915694 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses with circular ssDNA genomes that encode a replication initiator protein (Rep) are among the smallest viruses known to infect both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. In the past few years an overwhelming diversity of novel circular Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses has been unearthed from various hosts and environmental sources. Since there is limited information regarding CRESS-DNA viruses in invertebrates, this study explored the diversity of CRESS-DNA viruses circulating among insect populations by targeting dragonflies (Epiprocta), top insect predators that accumulate viruses from their insect prey over space and time. Using degenerate PCR and rolling circle amplification coupled with restriction digestion, 17 CRESS-DNA viral genomes were recovered from eight different dragonfly species collected in tropical and temperate regions. Nine of the genomes are similar to cycloviruses and represent five species within this genus, suggesting that cycloviruses are commonly associated with insects. Three of the CRESS-DNA viruses share conserved genomic features with recently described viruses similar to the mycovirus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1, leading to the proposal of the genus Gemycircularvirus. The remaining viruses are divergent species representing four novel CRESS-DNA viral genera, including a gokushovirus-like prokaryotic virus (microphage) and three eukaryotic viruses with Reps similar to circoviruses. The novelty of CRESS-DNA viruses identified in dragonflies using simple molecular techniques indicates that there is an unprecedented diversity of ssDNA viruses among insect populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyna Rosario
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Anisha Dayaram
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Milen Marinov
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jessica Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, 249 University Avenue, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Daisy Stainton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Avenue South, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa.,Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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