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Liu J, Liao X, Li N, Xu Z, Yang W, Zhou H, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wang G, Hou S. Single‐cell RNA sequencing reveals inflammatory retinal microglia in experimental autoimmune uveitis. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e534. [PMID: 38585235 PMCID: PMC10999176 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis (AU) is a kind of immune-mediated disease resulting in irreversible ocular damage and even permanent vision loss. However, the precise mechanism underlying dynamic immune changes contributing to disease initiation and progression of AU remains unclear. Here, we induced an experimental AU (EAU) model with IRBP651-670 and found that day[D]14 was the inflammatory summit with remarking clinical and histopathological manifestations and the activation of retinal microglia exhibited a time-dependent pattern in the EAU course. We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing of retinal immune cells in EAU mice at four time points and found microglia constituting the largest proportion, especially on D14. A novel inflammatory subtype (Cd74high Ccl5high) of retinal microglia was identified at the disease peak that was closely associated with modulating immune responses. In vitro experiments indicated that inflammatory stimuli induced proinflammatory microglia with the upregulation of CD74 and CCL5, and CD74 overexpression in microglia elicited their proinflammatory phenotype via nuclear factor-kappa B signaling that could be attenuated by the treatment of neutralizing CCL5 antibody to a certain extent. In-vivo blockade of Cd74 and Ccl5 effectively alleviated retinal microglial activation and disease phenotype of EAU. Therefore, we propose targeting CD74 and CCL5 of retinal microglia as promising strategies for AU treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyi Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Xingyun Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
- Department of Medical OncologyChongqing University Cancer HospitalChongqingChina
| | - Na Li
- Department of Laboratory MedicineBeijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zongren Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Wang Yang
- Department of KidneyFirst Affiliated HospitalThird Military Medical University (Army Medical University)ChongqingChina
| | - Hongxiu Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Yusen Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Zhi Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Guoqing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing Key Laboratory for the Prevention and Treatment of Major Blinding Eye DiseasesChongqing Eye InstituteChongqingChina
- Beijing Institute of OphthalmologyBeijing Tongren Eye CenterBeijing Tongren HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key LaboratoryBeijingChina
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Zhou JX, Cheng AS, Chen L, Li LX, Agborbesong E, Torres VE, Harris PC, Li X. CD74 Promotes Cyst Growth and Renal Fibrosis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Cells 2024; 13:489. [PMID: 38534333 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The progression of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), an inherited kidney disease, is associated with renal interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. CD74 has been known not only as a receptor of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) it can also have MIF independent functions. In this study, we report unknown roles and function of CD74 in ADPKD. We show that knockout of CD74 delays cyst growth in Pkd1 mutant kidneys. Knockout and knockdown of CD74 (1) normalize PKD associated signaling pathways, including ERK, mTOR and Rb to decrease Pkd1 mutant renal epithelial cell proliferation, (2) decrease the activation of NF-κB and the expression of MCP-1 and TNF-alpha (TNF-α) which decreases the recruitment of macrophages in Pkd1 mutant kidneys, and (3) decrease renal fibrosis in Pkd1 mutant kidneys. We show for the first time that CD74 functions as a transcriptional factor to regulate the expression of fibrotic markers, including collagen I (Col I), fibronectin, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), through binding on their promoters. Interestingly, CD74 also regulates the transcription of MIF to form a positive feedback loop in that MIF binds with its receptor CD74 to regulate the activity of intracellular signaling pathways and CD74 increases the expression of MIF in ADPKD kidneys during cyst progression. We further show that knockout of MIF and targeting MIF with its inhibitor ISO-1 not only delay cyst growth but also ameliorate renal fibrosis through blocking the activation of renal fibroblasts and CD74 mediated the activation of TGF-β-Smad3 signaling, supporting the idea that CD74 is a key and novel upstream regulator of cyst growth and interstitial fibrosis. Thus, targeting MIF-CD74 axis is a novel therapeutic strategy for ADPKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Xia Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alice Shasha Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Linda Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ewud Agborbesong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Vicente E Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Peter C Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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3
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Transcriptome Profiling in Swine Macrophages Infected with African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Uncovers the Complex and Close Relationship with Host. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121411. [PMID: 36558746 PMCID: PMC9788513 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a pathogen to cause devastating and economically significant diseases in domestic and feral swine. ASFV mainly infects macrophages and monocytes and regulates its replication process by affecting the content of cytokines in the infected cells. There is a limited understanding of host gene expression and differential profiles before and after ASFV infection in susceptible cells. In this study, RNA-seq technology was used to analyze the transcriptomic change in PAMs infected with ASFV at different time points (0 h, 12 h, 24 h). As a result, a total of 2748, 1570, and 560 genes were enriched in group V12 h vs. MOCK, V24 h vs. MOCK, and V24 h vs. V12 h, respectively. These DEGs (differentially expressed genes) in each group were mainly concentrated in the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways related to innate immunization and inflammation, including the NF-κB signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and chemokine signaling pathway. Furthermore, the increased levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IKKβ, CXCL2, and TRAF2 and decreased level of IκBα were validated through the qPCR method. These results suggested that ASFV infection can activate the NF-κB signaling pathway in the early stage. In general, this study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding the pathogenesis and immune escape mechanism of ASFV.
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4
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Höltig D, Reiner G. [Opportunities and risks of the use of genetic resistances to infectious diseases in pigs - an overview]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:46-58. [PMID: 35235982 DOI: 10.1055/a-1751-3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Demands for health, performance and welfare in pigs, as well as the desire for consumer protection and reduced antibiotic use, require optimal measures in advance of disease development. This includes, in principle, the use of genetically more resistant lines and breeding animals, whose existence has been proven for a wide range of pathogen-host interactions. In addition, attempts are being made to identify the gene variants responsible for disease resistance in order to force the selection of suitable populations, also using modern biotechnical technics. The present work is intended to provide an overview of the research status achieved in this context and to highlight opportunities and risks for the future.The evaluation of the international literature shows that genetic disease resistance exist in many areas of swine diseases. However, polygenic inheritance, lack of animal models and the influence of environmental factors during evaluation render their implementation in practical breeding programs demanding. This is where modern molecular genetic methods, such as Gene Editing, come into play. Both approaches possess their pros and cons, which are discussed in this paper. The most important infectious diseases in pigs, including general diseases and epizootics, diseases of the respiratory and digestive tract and diseases of the immune system are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Höltig
- Klinik für kleine Klauentiere, forensische Medizin und Ambulatorische Klinik, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Gerald Reiner
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität
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Li W, Li J, He N, Dai X, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ni X, Zeng D, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Pan K. Molecular mechanism of enhancing the immune effect of the Newcastle disease virus vaccine in broilers fed with Bacillus cereus PAS38. Food Funct 2021; 12:10903-10916. [PMID: 34647113 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01777b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism of enhancing the immune effect of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine in broilers fed with Bacillus cereus PAS38. The results showed that the NDV antibody titer of broilers in the treatment group supplemented with B. cereus PAS38 was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was significant at 28 days of age (P < 0.05). The spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius of 42-day-old broilers were quickly collected to construct a differentially expressed gene library of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). A total of 31 immune-related differentially expressed genes were screened from three immune organs, of which 15 were up-regulated and 16 were down-regulated. After silencing the up-regulated genes MIF, CD74, DOCK2 and KLHL6, the expression levels of cytokines (Akirin2, NF-κB, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α) in lymphocytes were reduced to varying degrees. B. cereus PAS38 might be involved in the proliferation, differentiation, activation, migration of B lymphocytes and vaccine antigen presentation by up-regulating the expression of MIF, CD74, DOCK2, KLHL6 and other genes. Moreover, it also stimulated plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins and specific antibodies, thereby improving the humoral immune function of broilers and enhancing the immune effect of the NDV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Jianzhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China. .,Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Nianjia He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xixi Dai
- Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, 404155, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xueqin Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Dong Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Kangcheng Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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6
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Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Induces Single Immunoglobulin Interleukin-1 Related Receptor (SIGIRR) Downregulation to Promote Interleukin-1β Upregulation in Porcine Alveolar Macrophage. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111021. [PMID: 31684202 PMCID: PMC6893714 DOI: 10.3390/v11111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystemic inflammation in pigs affected by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) indicates the disordered expression of inflammatory cytokines. However, the PCV2-induced expression profile of inflammation cytokines and its regulating mechanism remain poorly understood. In this study, inflammatory cytokines and receptors in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) after PCV2 infection were profiled in vitro by an RT2 ProfilerTM PCR array assay. The regulatory mechanism of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression was investigated. Results showed that 49 of 84 inflammation cytokines and receptors were differentially expressed (p < 0.05, absolute fold change ≥2) in PAMs at different stages post-PCV2 infection. Moreover, the overexpression of single-immunoglobulin interleukin-1 related receptor (SIGIRR) or the blocking of NF-κB activation by its inhibitor markedly decreased IL-1β secretion. This finding suggested that PCV2-induced overexpression of IL-1β was associated with the downregulation of SIGIRR and the activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, the excessive activity of NF-κB in SIGIRR-knockout PAMs cell line, indicating that SIGIRR negatively regulated IL-1β production by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB. Overall, PCV2-induced downregulation of SIGIRR induction of NF-κB activation is a critical process in enhancing IL-1β production in PAMs. This study may provide insights into the underlying inflammatory response that occurs in pigs following PCV2 infection.
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7
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Chen HL, Tan HL, Yang J, Wei YY, Hu TJ. Sargassum polysaccharide inhibits inflammatory response in PCV2 infected-RAW264.7 cells by regulating histone acetylation. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:633-640. [PMID: 30177210 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxic inflammatory response is frequently introduced upon virus infection. In this study, RAW264.7 cells were infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and treated with Sargassum polysaccharide SP. It was found that PCV2 infection induced increased significant inflammation response represented with increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, corresponding with promoted HAT activity, inhibited HDAC activity, elevated HDAC1 mRNA levels, and up-regulated acetylation levels of H3 and H4 in RAW264.7 cells. SP treatment significantly inhibited the increase of inflammatory cytokines, HAT activity and the acetylation of histones, but dramatically increased the HDAC activity and the expression of HDAC1. From these results, SP might be able to protect immune cells from virus induced damages through inhibiting the inflammatory responds by maintaining an equilibrium between the activity of HATs and HDACs which contributes to an appropriate level of histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Hong-Lian Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Ying-Yi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Ting-Jun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
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8
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The biological function and significance of CD74 in immune diseases. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:209-216. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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9
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Liu J, Zhang X, Ma C, You J, Dong M, Yun S, Jiang P. Heat shock protein 90 is essential for replication of porcine circovirus type 2 in PK-15 cells. Virus Res 2016; 224:29-37. [PMID: 27553861 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is recognized as the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). However, the mechanism of PCV2 replication has not been understood completely. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) plays an important role in viral genome replication, viral genes expression, and viral particle packaging. In this study, we firstly found that inhibition of Hsp90 by pretreatment of host cells with 17-AAG, a specific inhibitor of Hsp90, or blocking Hsp90α/Hsp90β with siRNA, resulted in significantly reduced viral replication in PK-15 cells. But inhibition of Hsp90 by 17-AAG did not affect PCV2 entry into the host cells. Meanwhile, over-expression of Hsp90α/Hsp90β enhanced PCV2 genome replication and virion production. In addition, Hsp90β was enriched in the nuclear zone in the cells infected with PCV2. But it did not interact with the viral Cap/Rep proteins. It suggested that Hsp90 is required for PCV2 production in PK-15 cells culture. It should be helpful for further evaluating the mechanism of replication and pathogenesis of PCV2 and developing novel antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Chang Ma
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Jinwei You
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China
| | - Shifeng Yun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, PR China.
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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10
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Lv Q, Guo K, Zhang G, Zhang Y. The ORF4 protein of porcine circovirus type 2 antagonizes apoptosis by stabilizing the concentration of ferritin heavy chain through physical interaction. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1636-1646. [PMID: 27030984 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary aetiological agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease in swine. The mechanism of PCV2 pathogenesis remains largely unknown. A newly identified viral protein of PCV2, ORF4, has been suggested to be involved in virus-induced apoptosis. However, there is still no information regarding the molecular mechanism by which ORF4 regulates apoptosis. In this study, we reveal that a physical interaction between the PCV2 ORF4 protein and ferritin heavy chain (FHC) in the cytoplasm of host cells reduced the cellular concentration of FHC. The ORF4-mediated reduction of FHC inhibited reactive oxygen species accumulation in PCV2-infected cells. Consequently, the ORF4 protein inhibited apoptosis in host cells. This may be the first report to describe the mechanism of ORF4 cytoprotection against apoptosis during the early stages of PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhuang Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Guangfang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
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11
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Ren L, Chen X, Ouyang H. Interactions of porcine circovirus 2 with its hosts. Virus Genes 2016; 52:437-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Qin Y, Li H, Qiao J. TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signalling pathway regulates IL-8 production in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus 2. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:445-452. [PMID: 26581603 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuan-Ming-Yuan West Road, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Haihua Li
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jin-Jing Road, Tianjin 300381, PR China
| | - Jiayun Qiao
- Tianjin Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jin-Jing Road, Tianjin 300381, PR China
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13
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Valiño-Rivas L, Baeza-Bermejillo C, Gonzalez-Lafuente L, Sanz AB, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. CD74 in Kidney Disease. Front Immunol 2015; 6:483. [PMID: 26441987 PMCID: PMC4585214 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD74 (invariant MHC class II) regulates protein trafficking and is a receptor for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and d-dopachrome tautomerase (d-DT/MIF-2). CD74 expression is increased in tubular cells and/or glomerular podocytes and parietal cells in human metabolic nephropathies, polycystic kidney disease, graft rejection and kidney cancer and in experimental diabetic nephropathy and glomerulonephritis. Stressors like abnormal metabolite (glucose, lyso-Gb3) levels and inflammatory cytokines increase kidney cell CD74. MIF activates CD74 to increase inflammatory cytokines in podocytes and tubular cells and proliferation in glomerular parietal epithelial cells and cyst cells. MIF overexpression promotes while MIF targeting protects from experimental glomerular injury and kidney cysts, and interference with MIF/CD74 signaling or CD74 deficiency protected from crescentic glomerulonephritis. However, CD74 may protect from interstitial kidney fibrosis. Furthermore, CD74 expression by stressed kidney cells raises questions about the kidney safety of cancer therapy strategies delivering lethal immunoconjugates to CD74-expressing cells. Thus, understanding CD74 biology in kidney cells is relevant for kidney therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Valiño-Rivas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ciro Baeza-Bermejillo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Laura Gonzalez-Lafuente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ana Belen Sanz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid , Spain ; School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Fundacion Renal Iñigo Alvarez de Toledo-IRSIN , Madrid , Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain ; Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) , Madrid , Spain
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14
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Xia J, Zhang Y, Xin L, Kong S, Chen Y, Yang S, Li K. Global Transcriptomic Profiling of Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fatty Heart Induced by Long-Term High-Energy Diet in Bama Miniature Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132420. [PMID: 26161779 PMCID: PMC4498776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-term high-energy diet affects human health and leads to obesity and metabolic syndrome in addition to cardiac steatosis and hypertrophy. Ectopic fat accumulation in the heart has been demonstrated to be a risk factor for heart disorders, but the molecular mechanism of heart disease remains largely unknown. Bama miniature pigs were fed a high-fat, high-sucrose diet (HFHSD) for 23 months. These pigs developed symptoms of metabolic syndrome and showed cardiac steatosis and hypertrophy with a greatly increased body weight (2.73-fold, P<0.01), insulin level (4.60-fold, P<0.01), heart weight (1.82-fold, P<0.05) and heart volume (1.60-fold, P<0.05) compared with the control pigs. To understand the molecular mechanisms of cardiac steatosis and hypertrophy, nine pig heart cRNA samples were hybridized to porcine GeneChips. Microarray analyses revealed that 1,022 genes were significantly differentially expressed (P<0.05, ≥1.5-fold change), including 591 up-regulated and 431 down-regulated genes in the HFHSD group relative to the control group. KEGG analysis indicated that the observed heart disorder involved the signal transduction-related MAPK, cytokine, and PPAR signaling pathways, energy metabolism-related fatty acid and oxidative phosphorylation signaling pathways, heart function signaling-related focal adhesion, axon guidance, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and actin cytoskeleton signaling pathways, inflammation and apoptosis pathways, and others. Quantitative RT-PCR assays identified several important differentially expressed heart-related genes, including STAT3, ACSL4, ATF4, FADD, PPP3CA, CD74, SLA-8, VCL, ACTN2 and FGFR1, which may be targets of further research. This study shows that a long-term, high-energy diet induces obesity, cardiac steatosis, and hypertrophy and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms of hypertrophy and fatty heart to facilitate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Leilei Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- Agricultural Genomes Institute at Shenzhen, CAAS, Shenzhen, 518120, P.R. China
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15
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Lv Q, Guo K, Xu H, Wang T, Zhang Y. Identification of Putative ORF5 Protein of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Functional Analysis of GFP-Fused ORF5 Protein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127859. [PMID: 26035722 PMCID: PMC4452787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the essential infectious agent responsible for causing porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. To date, eleven RNAs and five viral proteins of PCV2 have been detected. Here, we identified a novel viral gene within the PCV2 genome, termed ORF5, that exists at both the transcriptional and translational level during productive infection of PCV2 in porcine alveolar macrophages 3D4/2 (PAMs). Northern blot analysis was used to demonstrate that the ORF5 gene measures 180 bp in length and overlaps completely with ORF1 when read in the same direction. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to show that the ORF5 protein is not essential for PCV2 replication. To investigate the biological functions of the novel protein, we constructed a recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid capable of expressing PCV2 ORF5. The results show that the GFP-tagged PCV2 ORF5 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is degraded via the proteasome, inhibits PAM growth and prolongs the S-phase of the cell cycle. Further studies show that the GFP-tagged PCV2 ORF5 protein induces ER stress and activates NF-κB, which was further confirmed by a significant upregulation in IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2 expression. In addition, five cellular proteins (GPNMB, CYP1A1, YWHAB, ZNF511 and SRSF3) were found to interact with ORF5 via yeast two-hybrid assay. These findings provide novel information on the identification and functional analysis of the PCV2 ORF5 protein and are likely to be of benefit in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of PCV2 pathogenicity. However, additional experiments are needed to validate the expression and function of the ORF5 protein during PCV2 infection in vitro before any definitive conclusion can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhuang Lv
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Han Xu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, PR China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Activation status of human microglia is dependent on lesion formation stage and remyelination in multiple sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:48-63. [PMID: 25470347 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to macrophages, microglia adopt diverse activation states and contribute to repair and tissue damage in multiple sclerosis. Using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, we show that in vitro M1-polarized (proinflammatory) human adult microglia express the distinctive markers CD74, CD40, CD86, and CCR7, whereas M2 (anti-inflammatory) microglia express mannose receptor and the anti-inflammatory cytokine CCL22. The expression of these markers was assessed in clusters of activated microglia in normal-appearing white matter (preactive lesions) and areas of remyelination, representing reparative multiple sclerosis lesions. We show that activated microglia in preactive and remyelinating lesions express CD74, CD40, CD86, and the M2 markers CCL22 and CD209, but not mannose receptor. To examine whether this intermediate microglia profile is static or dynamic and thus susceptible to changes in the microenvironment, we polarized microglia into M1 or M2 phenotype in vitro and then subsequently treated them with the opposing polarization regimen. These studies revealed that expression of CD40, CXCL10, and mannose receptor is dynamic and that microglia, like macrophages, can switch between M1 and M2 phenotypic profiles. Taken together, our data define the differential activation states of microglia during lesion development in multiple sclerosis-affected CNS tissues and underscore the plasticity of human adult microglia in vitro.
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17
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Duan D, Zhang S, Li X, Guo H, Chen M, Zhang Y, Han J, Lv Y. Activation of the TLR/MyD88/NF-κB signal pathway contributes to changes in IL-4 and IL-12 production in piglet lymphocytes infected with porcine circovirus type 2 in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97653. [PMID: 24841678 PMCID: PMC4026386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes immunosuppression in pigs. One causative factor is an imbalance in cytokine levels in the blood and lymphoid tissues. Many studies have reported changes in cytokine production, but the regulatory mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated alteration and regulation of IL-4 and IL-12 production in lymphocytes following incubation with PCV2 in vitro. The levels of IL-4 decreased and levels of IL-12 increased in lymphocyte supernatants, and the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB and the expression of p65 in the nucleus and p-IκB in the cytoplasm of lymphocytes increased after incubation with PCV2. However, these effects were reversed when lymphocytes were coincubated with PCV2 and the NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082. In addition, the expression of MyD88 protein increased and the expression of mRNA for the toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 was upregulated when lymphocytes were incubated with PCV2. However, no change was seen in TLR7 and TLR8 mRNA expression. In conclusion, this study showed that PCV2 induced a decrease in IL-4 and an increase in IL-12 production in lymphocytes, and these changes were regulated by the TLR-MyD88-NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianning Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyuan Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingjun Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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