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Ssemadaali M, Islam MT, Fang W, Aboezz Z, Webb B, Ramamoorthy S. Trans-replicase helper activity of porcine circoviruses promotes the synergistic replication of torque teno virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1326696. [PMID: 38322315 PMCID: PMC10844557 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1326696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
While the primary pathogenic potential of torque teno viruses (TTVs) is yet to be defined, TTVs are often co-detected with other pathogens and are suspected of exacerbating clinical disease in coinfections. Swine TTVs (TTSuVs) enhance clinical signs of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in a gnotobiotic pig model. However, the mechanisms involved are unknown. In this study, we observed that co-culture of TTSuV1 and PCV1, and specifically supplementing TTSuV1 cultures with the PCV replicase protein in trans consistently resulted in higher levels of replication of TTSuV1 when compared to TTSuV1 cultured alone. Therefore, the hypothesis that the PCV replicase (rep) protein has trans-replicase helper activity for TTSuV1 was examined. Based on EMSA and reporter gene assays, it was determined that the PCV1 rep directly interacted with the TTSuV1 UTR. The TTSuV1 rep trans-complemented a PCV rep null mutant virus, indicating that the TTSuV1 and PCV1 replicase proteins supported the replication of both viruses. In mice, the administration of plasmids encoding the PCV1 rep and a TTSuV1 infectious clone resulted in the production of higher TTSuV1 genome copies in dually exposed mice when compared to singly exposed mice. Higher sero-conversion and lymphoid hyperplasia were also observed in the dually exposed experimental mice. Thus, this study provides evidence for trans-replicase activity of PCVs and TTVs as a novel mechanism of explaining enhanced viral replication in coinfections involving both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Ssemadaali
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Md-Tariqul Islam
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Wenjuan Fang
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Zeinab Aboezz
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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Webb B, Rakibuzzaman A, Ramamoorthy S. Torque teno viruses in health and disease. Virus Res 2020; 285:198013. [PMID: 32404273 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno viruses (TTVs) are small, ubiquitous, viruses with a highly diverse, single-stranded, negative sense DNA genome and wide host range. They are detected at high rates in both healthy and diseased individuals and are considered a significant part of the mammalian virome. Similar to human TTVs, swine TTVs (TTSuVs) are epidemiologically linked to several coinfections including porcine circovirus types 2 and 3 and the porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome virus. Experimental infection of gnotobiotic pigs with TTSuVs resulted in lesions in multiple organs and exacerbation of coinfections, making TTSuVs the only members of the Anelloviridae family with experimental evidence for pathogenicity. However, due to the lack of reliable cell culture and animal models, mechanistic studies on viral immunity and pathogenesis are limited. The objective of this review is to summarize the current status of knowledge regarding the biology, detection, pathogenesis and public health significance of TTSuVs, while identifying gaps in knowledge which limit the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Agm Rakibuzzaman
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
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Yang Y, Shen W, Huang J, Li R, Xiao Y, Wei H, Chou YC, Zhang M, Himmel ME, Chen S, Yi L, Ma L, Yang S. Prediction and characterization of promoters and ribosomal binding sites of Zymomonas mobilis in system biology era. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:52. [PMID: 30911332 PMCID: PMC6417218 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zymomonas mobilis is a model bacterial ethanologen with many systems biology studies reported. Besides lignocellulosic ethanol production, Z. mobilis has been developed as a platform for biochemical production through metabolic engineering. However, identification and rigorous understanding of the genetic origins of cellular function, especially those based in non-coding region of DNA, such as promoters and ribosomal binding sites (RBSs), are still in its infancy. This knowledge is crucial for the effective application of Z. mobilis to new industrial applications of biotechnology for fuels and chemicals production. RESULTS In this study, we explored the possibility to systematically predict the strength of promoters based on systems biology datasets. The promoter strength was clustered based on the expression values of downstream genes (or proteins) from systems biology studies including microarray, RNA-Seq and proteomics. Candidate promoters with different strengths were selected for further characterization, which include 19 strong, nine medium, and ten weak ones. A dual reporter-gene system was developed which included appropriate reporter genes. These are the opmCherry reporter gene driven by the constitutive PlacUV5 promoter for calibration, and EGFP reporter gene driven by candidate promoters for quantification. This dual reporter-gene system was confirmed using the inducible promoter, Ptet, which was used to determine the strength of these predicted promoters with different strengths. In addition, the dual reporter-gene system was applied to determine four synthetic RBSs with different translation initiation rates based on the prediction from bioinformatics server RBS calculator. Our results showed that the correlations between the prediction and experimental results for the promoter and RBS strength are relatively high, with R 2 values more than 0.7 and 0.9, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study not only identified and characterized 38 promoters and four RBSs with different strengths for future metabolic engineering in Z. mobilis, but also established a flow cytometry-based dual reporter-gene system to characterize genetic elements including, but not limited to the promoters and RBSs studied in this work. This study also suggested the feasibility of predicting and selecting candidate genetic elements based on omics datasets and bioinformatics tools. Moreover, the dual reporter-gene system developed in this study can be utilized to characterize other genetic elements of Z. mobilis, which can also be applied to other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Wei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Ju Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Runxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Yubei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Hui Wei
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Yat-Chen Chou
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Li Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, and School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062 China
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