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Motta GH, Guimarães LP, Fernandes ER, Guedes F, de Sá LRM, Dos Ramos Silva S, Ribeiro OG, Katz ISS. Rabies virus isolated from insectivorous bats induces different inflammatory responses in experimental model. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 373:577974. [PMID: 36270078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) is a neurotropic virus that causes fatal neuroinflammation in mammals. The insectivorous bat RABV strains are less pathogenic for mice than strains associated with other reservoirs. We characterized the tissue inflammatory response in the CNS of RABV isolated from insectivorous bats. Eptesicus furinalis (EPBRV)-infected mice had a robust inflammatory response and a greater amount of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, while Myotis nigricans (MNBRV)-infected mice showed a higher expression of IL-17 and greater activation of IFN-β. New approaches to understand the inflammatory response to different mechanisms of action may provide insights for the development of novel therapies for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fernanda Guedes
- Pasteur Institute, Av. Paulista 393, São Paulo CEP 01311-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Orlando Garcia Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo CEP 05503-900, Brazil
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2
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Benavides JA, Velasco-Villa A, Godino LC, Satheshkumar PS, Nino R, Rojas-Paniagua E, Shiva C, Falcon N, Streicker DG. Abortive vampire bat rabies infections in Peruvian peridomestic livestock. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008194. [PMID: 32598388 PMCID: PMC7351222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus infections normally cause universally lethal encephalitis across mammals. However, 'abortive infections' which are resolved prior to the onset of lethal disease have been described in bats and a variety of non-reservoir species. Here, we surveyed rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers in 332 unvaccinated livestock of 5 species from a vampire bat rabies endemic region of southern Peru where livestock are the main food source for bats. We detected rabies virus neutralizing antibody titers in 11, 5 and 3.6% of cows, goats and sheep respectively and seropositive animals did not die from rabies within two years after sampling. Seroprevalence was correlated with the number of local livestock rabies mortalities reported one year prior but also one year after sample collection. This suggests that serological status of livestock can indicate the past and future levels of rabies risk to non-reservoir hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anti-rabies antibodies among goats and sheep, suggesting widespread abortive infections among livestock in vampire bat rabies endemic areas. Future research should resolve the within-host biology underlying clearance of rabies infections. Cost-effectiveness analyses are also needed to evaluate whether serological monitoring of livestock can be a viable complement to current monitoring of vampire bat rabies risk based on animal mortalities alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio A. Benavides
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Centro de Investigación para la Sustentabilidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Velasco-Villa
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NE, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren C. Godino
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NE, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Panayampalli Subbian Satheshkumar
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NE, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ruby Nino
- Colegio Médico Veterinario de Apurimac, Abancay, Peru
| | | | - Carlos Shiva
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Nestor Falcon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Henry Wellcome Building, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Cárdenas-Canales EM, Gigante CM, Greenberg L, Velasco-Villa A, Ellison JA, Satheshkumar PS, Medina-Magües LG, Griesser R, Falendysz E, Amezcua I, Osorio JE, Rocke TE. Clinical Presentation and Serologic Response during a Rabies Epizootic in Captive Common Vampire Bats (Desmodus rotundus). Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E34. [PMID: 32121499 PMCID: PMC7157733 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report mortality events in a group of 123 common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) captured in México and housed for a rabies vaccine efficacy study in Madison, Wisconsin. Bat mortalities occurred in México and Wisconsin, but rabies cases reported herein are only those that occurred after arrival in Madison (n = 15). Bats were confirmed positive for rabies virus (RABV) by the direct fluorescent antibody test. In accordance with previous reports, we observed long incubation periods (more than 100 days), variability in clinical signs prior to death, excretion of virus in saliva, and changes in rabies neutralizing antibody (rVNA) titers post-infection. We observed that the furious form of rabies (aggression, hyper-salivation, and hyper-excitability) manifested in three bats, which has not been reported in vampire bat studies since 1936. RABV was detected in saliva of 5/9 bats, 2-5 days prior to death, but was not detected in four of those bats that had been vaccinated shortly after exposure. Bats from different capture sites were involved in two separate outbreaks, and phylogenetic analysis revealed differences in the glycoprotein gene sequences of RABV isolated from each event, indicating that two different lineages were circulating separately during capture at each site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa M. Cárdenas-Canales
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (E.M.C.-C.); (L.G.M.-M.); (J.E.O.)
| | - Crystal M. Gigante
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (C.M.G.); (L.G.); (A.V.-V.); (J.A.E.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Lauren Greenberg
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (C.M.G.); (L.G.); (A.V.-V.); (J.A.E.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Andres Velasco-Villa
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (C.M.G.); (L.G.); (A.V.-V.); (J.A.E.); (P.S.S.)
| | - James A. Ellison
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (C.M.G.); (L.G.); (A.V.-V.); (J.A.E.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Panayampalli S. Satheshkumar
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; (C.M.G.); (L.G.); (A.V.-V.); (J.A.E.); (P.S.S.)
| | - Lex G. Medina-Magües
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (E.M.C.-C.); (L.G.M.-M.); (J.E.O.)
| | | | - Elizabeth Falendysz
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, WI 53711, USA;
| | - Ignacio Amezcua
- Comité Estatal para el Fomento y Protección Pecuaria de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78310, Mexico;
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (E.M.C.-C.); (L.G.M.-M.); (J.E.O.)
| | - Tonie E. Rocke
- US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, WI 53711, USA;
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Nyctinomops laticaudatus bat-associated Rabies virus causes disease with a shorter clinical period and has lower pathogenic potential than strains isolated from wild canids. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2469-2477. [PMID: 31297587 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04335-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal viral disease that can affect a wide range of mammals. Currently, Rabies virus (RABV) in some European and American countries is maintained primarily in wild species. The regulation of viral replication is one of the critical mechanisms involved in RABV pathogenesis. However, the relationship between replication and the pathogenesis of RABV isolated from wild animals remains poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated the pathogenicity of the street viruses Nyctinomops laticaudatus bat-associated RABV (NYBRV) and Cerdocyon thous canid-associated RABV (CECRV). Infection of mice with NYBRV led to 33% mortality with rapid disease evolution and marked histopathological changes in the CNS. In contrast, infection with CECRV led to 67% mortality and caused mild neuropathological lesions. The proportion of RABV antigen was significantly higher in the cytoplasm of neuronal cells of the cerebral cortex and in the meninges of mice infected with CECRV and NYBRV, respectively. Moreover, the replication rate of NYBRV was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of CECRV in neuroblastoma cells. However, CECRV replicated to a significantly higher titer in epithelial cells. Our results indicate that NYBRV infection results in rapid disease progression accompanied by frequent and intense histopathological alterations in the CNS in mice, and in a high replication rate in neuroblastoma cells. Although, CECRV is more pathogenic in mice, it caused milder histopathological changes in the CNS and replicated more efficiently in epithelial cells. Our data point to a correlation between clinical aspects of disease and the replication of RABV in different cell lines.
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Fuoco NL, Fernandes ER, Dos Ramos Silva S, Luiz FG, Ribeiro OG, Santos Katz IS. Street rabies virus strains associated with insectivorous bats are less pathogenic than strains isolated from other reservoirs. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:94-100. [PMID: 30393124 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal and viral zoonosis that causes acute, progressive encephalitis and remains an important concern in public health. In the last few years, there has been a change in the epidemiological profile of rabies after implementing canine rabies control in the Americas, which has led to a significant increase in both human and pet cases of rabies associated with insectivorous bats. Thus, it is important to understand the pathogenesis caused by Rabies virus (RABV) isolates from insectivorous bats. Viral growth kinetics, cell-to-cell spread and virus uptake in vitro were analyzed for RABV isolates from Eptesicus furiralis and Myotis nigricans. For pathogenesis evaluation, mice were inoculated with RABV isolates from Eptesicus furiralis and Myotis nigricans, and clinical signs were observed for 40 days. We observed that the insectivorous bat strains showed a higher replication rate, faster cell-to-cell spread and delayed virus uptake in N2a cells. Furthermore, after the first sign of a clinical infection, mice infected with Myotis nigricans and Eptesicus furiralis isolates succumbed rapidly (6 ± 9 days) compared with RABV strains associated with other reservoirs. Our results show that the insectivorous bat RABV strains are less pathogenic for mice than strains associated with other reservoirs. In addition, this study also indicates that the differences in the biological characteristics of the RABV strains are important to their pathogenicity. An enhanced understanding of rabies pathogenesis may be important for the development of novel therapies for humans and in the implementation of rabies control strategies.
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Fisher CR, Streicker DG, Schnell MJ. The spread and evolution of rabies virus: conquering new frontiers. Nat Rev Microbiol 2018; 16:241-255. [PMID: 29479072 PMCID: PMC6899062 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2018.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease that is caused by lyssaviruses, most often rabies virus. Despite control efforts, sporadic outbreaks in wildlife populations are largely unpredictable, underscoring our incomplete knowledge of what governs viral transmission and spread in reservoir hosts. Furthermore, the evolutionary history of rabies virus and related lyssaviruses remains largely unclear. Robust surveillance efforts combined with diagnostics and disease modelling are now providing insights into the epidemiology and evolution of rabies virus. The immune status of the host, the nature of exposure and strain differences all clearly influence infection and transmission dynamics. In this Review, we focus on rabies virus infections in the wildlife and synthesize current knowledge in the rapidly advancing fields of rabies virus epidemiology and evolution, and advocate for multidisciplinary approaches to advance our understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R. Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthias J. Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Vaccine Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Infection of neuroblastoma cells by rabies virus is modulated by the virus titer. Antiviral Res 2017; 149:89-94. [PMID: 29122670 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is a lethal viral infection that can affect almost all mammals, including humans. To better understand the replication of Rabies lyssavirus, we investigated if the viral load in brains naturally infected with rabies influences viral internalization and viral growth kinetics in neuroblastoma cells, and if the viral load affects mortality in mice after intradermal infection. We noted that high initial viral loads in brains (group II) were unfavourable for increasing viral titers during serial passages in neuroblastoma cells when compared to low initial viral loads in brains (group I). In addition, group I strains showed higher viral growth and enhanced internalization efficiency in neuroblastoma cells than group II strains. However, we observed that the dominant virus subpopulation in group II promoted efficient viral infection in the central nervous system in the new host, providing a selective advantage to the virus. Our data indicate that rabies infection in animal models depends on not only the virus strain but also the amount of virus. This study may serve as a basis for understanding the biologic proprieties of Rabies lyssavirus strains with respect to the effects on viral replication and the impact on pathogenesis, improving virus yields for use in vaccine development.
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Mesquita LP, Gamon THM, Cuevas SEC, Asano KM, Fahl WDO, Iamamoto K, Scheffer KC, Achkar SM, Zanatto DA, Mori CMC, Maiorka PC, Mori E. A rabies virus vampire bat variant shows increased neuroinvasiveness in mice when compared to a carnivore variant. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3671-3679. [PMID: 28831620 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is one of the most important zoonotic diseases and is caused by several rabies virus (RABV) variants. These variants can exhibit differences in neurovirulence, and few studies have attempted to evaluate the neuroinvasiveness of variants derived from vampire bats and wild carnivores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuropathogenesis of infection with two Brazilian RABV street variants (variant 3 and crab-eating fox) in mice. BALB/c mice were inoculated with RABV through the footpad, with the 50% mouse lethal dose (LD50) determined by intracranial inoculation. The morbidity of rabies in mice infected with variant 3 and the crab-eating fox strain was 100% and 50%, respectively, with an incubation period of 7 and 6 days post-inoculation (dpi), respectively. The clinical disease in mice was similar with both strains, and it was characterized initially by weight loss, ruffled fur, hunched posture, and hind limb paralysis progressing to quadriplegia and recumbency at 9 to 12 dpi. Histological lesions within the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis with neuronal degeneration and necrosis were observed in mice infected with variant 3 and those infected with the crab-eating fox variant. However, lesions and the presence of RABV antigen, were more widespread within the CNS of variant-3-infected mice, whereas in crab-eating fox-variant-infected mice, RABV antigens were more restricted to caudal areas of the CNS, such as the spinal cord and brainstem. In conclusion, the results shown here demonstrate that the RABV vampire bat strain (variant 3) has a higher potential for neuroinvasiveness than the carnivore variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pereira Mesquita
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Helena Martins Gamon
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Elena Campusano Cuevas
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karen Miyuki Asano
- Instituto Pasteur de Sao Paulo, Avenida Paulista 393, São Paulo, SP, 01311-000, Brazil
| | | | - Keila Iamamoto
- Instituto Pasteur de Sao Paulo, Avenida Paulista 393, São Paulo, SP, 01311-000, Brazil
| | - Karin Correa Scheffer
- Instituto Pasteur de Sao Paulo, Avenida Paulista 393, São Paulo, SP, 01311-000, Brazil
| | - Samira Maria Achkar
- Instituto Pasteur de Sao Paulo, Avenida Paulista 393, São Paulo, SP, 01311-000, Brazil
| | - Dennis Albert Zanatto
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Madalena Cabrera Mori
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Maiorka
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Enio Mori
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Instituto Pasteur de Sao Paulo, Avenida Paulista 393, São Paulo, SP, 01311-000, Brazil.
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