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Gallegos-Rodarte C, Escobar-Chavarría O, Cantera-Bravo MM, Sarmiento-Silva RE, Benitez-Guzman A. NLRP3 Inflammasome Involved with Viral Replication in Cytopathic NADL BVDV Infection and IFI16 Inflammasome Connected with IL-1β Release in Non-Cytopathic NY-1 BVDV Infection in Bovine Macrophages. Viruses 2023; 15:1494. [PMID: 37515181 PMCID: PMC10386432 DOI: 10.3390/v15071494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that play a role in the processing of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The secretion of IL-1β in bovine macrophages infected with the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) cytopathic strain NADL (NADLcp-BVDV) is caspase 1-dependent. In the present study, we found that in macrophages infected with NADL, the NLRP3 inflammasome participated in the maturation of IL-1β as the level decreased from 4629.3 pg/mL to 897.0 pg/mL after treatment with cytokine release inhibitory drug 3 (CRID3). Furthermore, NLRP3 activation has implications regarding viral replication, as there was a decrease in the viral titer until 1 log of a supernatant of macrophages that were inhibited with CRID3 remained. In the case of the non-cytopathic BVDV strain NY-1 (NY-1 ncpBVDV), IL-1β secretion is not affected by NLRP3, but could be related to the IFI16 inflammasome; we found a colocalization of IFI16 with ASC using confocal microscopy in infected macrophages with the NY-1 ncp-BVDV biotype. To relate IFI16 activation to IL-1β release, we used ODN TTAGGG (A151), a competitive inhibitor of IFI16; the results show a decrease in its level from 248 pg/mL to 128.3 pg/mL. Additionally, we evaluated the caspase 1 activation downstream of IFI16 and found a decrease in the IL-1β from 252.9 pg/mL to 63.5 pg/mL when caspase 1 was inhibited with Y-VAD. Our results provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in the viral replication, inflammation and pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alejandro Benitez-Guzman
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (C.G.-R.); (O.E.-C.); (M.M.C.-B.); (R.E.S.-S.)
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Mi S, Wang L, Li H, Bao F, Madera R, Shi X, Zhang L, Mao Y, Yan R, Xia X, Gong W, Shi J, Tu C. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies that specifically differentiate field isolates from vaccine strains of classical swine fever virus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930631. [PMID: 35958565 PMCID: PMC9361847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a major animal pathogen threatening the global pork industry. To date, numerous anti-CSFV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and their recognizing epitopes have been reported. However, few mAbs were systematically characterized for the capacity to differentiate field CSFV isolates from CSF vaccine strains, and the molecular basis associated with antigenic differences between vaccines and field isolates is still largely unknown. In the present study, recombinant CSFV structural glycoproteins E2 of both virulent and vaccine strains and Erns of vaccine strain were expressed using eukaryotic cells and murine mAbs generated against E2 and Erns. After serial screening and cloning of the hybridomas, the viral spectra of mAbs were respectively determined by indirect fluorescent antibody assay (IFA) using 108 CSFVs, followed by Western blot analysis using expressed glycoproteins of all CSFV sub-genotypes including vaccine strains. The antigenic structures recognized by these mAbs were characterized by epitope mapping using truncated, chimeric, and site-directed mutated E2 and Erns proteins. We have identified two vaccine-specific, one field isolate-specific, and two universal CSFV-specific mAbs and five novel conformational epitopes with critical amino acid (aa) motifs that are associated with these five mAbs: 213EPD215, 271RXGP274, and 37LXLNDG42 on E2 and 38CKGVP42, W81, and D100/V107 on Erns. Particularly, E213 of E2 is field isolate-specific, while N40 of E2 and D100/V107 of Erns are vaccine strain-specific. Results from our study further indicate that N40D of E2 mutation in field strains was likely produced under positive selection associated with long-term mass vaccination, leading to CSFV evasion of host immune response. Taking together, this study provides new insights into the antigenic structure of CSFV E2 and Erns and the differentiating mAbs will contribute to the development of a diagnostic strategy to differentiate C-strain vaccination from natural infection (DIVA) of CSFV in terms of elimination of CSF in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijiang Mi
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Hongwei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Bao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Rachel Madera
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Xiju Shi
- Institute of Animal Qurantine Reserach, Science and Technology Research Center of China Customs, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renhe Yan
- Department of Research & Development, Guangzhou Bioneeds Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Changchun Tu, ; Jishu Shi, ; Wenjie Gong,
| | - Jishu Shi
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
- *Correspondence: Changchun Tu, ; Jishu Shi, ; Wenjie Gong,
| | - Changchun Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonoses Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Changchun Tu, ; Jishu Shi, ; Wenjie Gong,
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Connolly PF, Fearnhead HO. Viral hijacking of host caspases: an emerging category of pathogen-host interactions. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1401-1410. [PMID: 28524855 PMCID: PMC5520459 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses co-evolve with their hosts, and many viruses have developed mechanisms to suppress or modify the host cell apoptotic response for their own benefit. Recently, evidence has emerged for the opposite strategy. Some viruses have developed the ability to co-opt apoptotic caspase activity to facilitate their own proliferation. In these strategies, viral proteins are cleaved by host caspases to create cleavage products with novel activities which facilitate viral replication. This represents a novel and interesting class of viral-host interactions, and also represents a new group of non-apoptotic roles for caspases. Here we review the evidence for such strategies, and discuss their origins and their implications for our understanding of the relationship between viral pathogenesis and programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Connolly
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Howard O Fearnhead
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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