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Ježić M, Schwarz JM, Prospero S, Sotirovski K, Risteski M, Ćurković-Perica M, Nuskern L, Krstin L, Katanić Z, Maleničić E, Poljak I, Idžojtić M, Rigling D. Temporal and Spatial Genetic Population Structure of Cryphonectria parasitica and Its Associated Hypovirus Across an Invasive Range of Chestnut Blight in Europe. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1327-1337. [PMID: 33417482 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0405-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut blight has spread throughout Europe since the introduction of its causal agent, Cryphonectria parasitica, >70 years ago. In our study, we analyzed the diversity of vegetative compatibility (vc) and microsatellite genotypes of C. parasitica, as well as sequence diversity of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) in six populations from Switzerland, Croatia, and North Macedonia. Resampling of local populations that were already investigated more than a decade ago allowed us to analyze the spatial and temporal population structure across an invasive range of the pathogen in Europe. Regardless of which genetic marker was used, the >60-year-old Swiss and Croatian populations had high population diversity, whereas more recent North Macedonian populations were mostly clonal. These diversity differences between the investigated populations remained stable over time. A high diversity of CHV1 was observed in all three countries, with North Macedonian strains forming a separate cluster from strains obtained in other countries. No correlation between vc diversity and CHV1 prevalence was observed, suggesting a well-established and maintained natural hypovirulence in all countries, further corroborated by an observed increase in genetic diversity of Croatian C. parasitica populations over time, without collapse of CHV1 prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Ježić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Simone Prospero
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Kiril Sotirovski
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mihajlo Risteski
- Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Hans Em Faculty of Forest Sciences, Landscape Architecture and Environmental Engineering, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Nuskern
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ljiljana Krstin
- University J. J. Strossmayer of Osijek, Department of Biology, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- University J. J. Strossmayer of Osijek, Department of Biology, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ema Maleničić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Poljak
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marilena Idžojtić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rigling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Krstin L, Katanić Z, Repar J, Ježić M, Kobaš A, Ćurković-Perica M. Genetic Diversity of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1, a Biocontrol Agent of Chestnut Blight, in Croatia and Slovenia. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2020; 79:148-163. [PMID: 31053974 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transmissible hypovirulence associated with Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) has been used for biological control of chestnut blight, devastating disease of chestnut caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. The main aims of this study were to provide molecular characterization of CHV1 from Croatia and Slovenia and to reveal its genetic variability, phylogeny, and diversification of populations. Fifty-one CHV1 haplotypes were detected among 54 partially sequenced CHV1 isolates, all belonging to Italian subtype (I). Diversity was mainly generated by point mutations while evidence of recombination was not found. The level of conservation over analyzed parts of ORF-A proteins p29 and p40 varied, but functional sites were highly conserved. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relatedness and intermixing of Croatian and Slovenian CHV1 populations. Our CHV1 isolates were also related to Swiss and Bosnian hypoviruses supporting previously suggested course of CHV1 invasion in Europe. Overall, this study indicates that phylogeny of CHV1 subtype I in Europe is complex and characterized with frequent point mutations resulting in many closely related variants of the virus. Possible association between variations within CHV1 ORF-A and growth of the hypovirulent fungal isolates is tested and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Krstin
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zorana Katanić
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Jelena Repar
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Ježić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Kobaš
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Xiong Q, Zhang L, Waletich J, Zhang L, Zhang C, Zheng X, Qian Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Cheng Q. Characterization of the Papain-Like Protease p29 of the Hypovirus CHV1-CN280 in Its Natural Host Fungus Cryphonectria parasitica and Nonhost Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:736-747. [PMID: 30592694 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-18-0318-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 strain CN280 (CHV1-CN280) was isolated from North China and exhibited typical hypovirulence-associated traits. We previously reported that CHV1-CN280 was more aggressive and had a higher horizontal transmission ability between Cryphonectria parasitica isolates belonging to different vegetative compatibility groups than two other CHV1 hypoviruses (namely, CHV1-EP713 and CHV1-Euro7), thus displaying greater potential for biological control of chestnut blight. The genome sequence of CHV1-CN280 shared approximately 70% identity with three other hypoviruses (CHV1-EP713, CHV1-Euro7, and CHV1-EP721). The coding region for p29, a papain-like protease encoded by CHV1-CN280 hypovirus, displayed an average of only approximately 60% amino acid identity among them, while the identity between the other three CHV1 isolates was higher than 89%. Protease p29 acted as a virus-encoded determinant responsible for altering fungal host phenotypes in other CHV1 isolates. In this study, the impacts of CHV1-CN280 p29 expression in virus-free C. parasitica were investigated. CHV1-CN280 p29 expression in C. parasitica resulted in significantly reduced sporulation, pigmentation, extracellular laccase activities, and pathogenicity, which is consistent with previous investigations. Subsequently, the potential of CHV1-CN280 p29 as a viral determinant responsible for suppression of host phenotypes in other phytopathogenic fungi such as Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease, was discussed. However, heterologous expression of p29 in M. oryzae induced the opposite effect on sporulation, extracellular laccase activities, and pathogenicity; had no significant effect on pigmentation and mycelial growth; and contributed to extracellular peroxidase activities, suggesting that CHV1-CN280 p29 may disturb a unique regulatory pathway in C. parasitica, rather than a basic regulatory pathway conserved in diverse range of fungi. Alternatively, CHV1-CN280 p29-mediated modulation of fungal phenotypes may be facilitated by the specific interaction between p29 and a special fungal-host component, which exists only with C. parasitica but not M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiong
- 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Linqiao Zhang
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- 3 Institute of Agricultural Sciences for Lixiahe Region in Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Justin Waletich
- 4 Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A.; and
| | - Linlin Zhang
- 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yulin Qian
- 1 Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- 5 The Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Murolo S, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F, Romanazzi G. Phenotypic and Molecular Investigations on Hypovirulent Cryphonectria parasitica in Italy. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:540-545. [PMID: 30673478 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-17-0517-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chestnut blight is caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. As one of the most ecologically important diseases of Castanea spp., C. parasitica can rapidly kill trees. In Europe, mitigation of disease severity took place spontaneously through colonization of C. parasitica by mycoviruses, which reduced the virulence of the fungus. In the framework of a survey, 138 C. parasitica isolates were identified, and virulent/hypovirulent phenotypes were determined through morphological properties and pathogenicity tests. For a pool of four hypovirulent isolates, dsRNA was extracted, cDNA synthesized, and a library subjected to next-generation sequencing. The bioinformatics analysis allowed detecting and reconstructing the complete genome of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV-1), denoted as CHV-1 Marche. When compared with the available genomes of other hypoviruses that affected the virulence of C. parasitica, available in databases, CHV-1 Marche showed some nucleotide diversity. The approach used in this study was effective to explore the virome inside a pool of hypovirulent C. parasitica isolates. Next-generation sequencing allowed us to exclude the presence of any other ssRNA and dsRNA viruses infecting the fungus and determine CHV-1 as the only responsible of hypovirulence of C. parasitica in the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Murolo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Romanazzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
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Mlinarec J, Nuskern L, Ježić M, Rigling D, Ćurković-Perica M. Molecular evolution and invasion pattern of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 in Europe: Mutation rate, and selection pressure differ between genome domains. Virology 2018; 514:156-164. [PMID: 29179038 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding virus evolution is a fundamental goal of virology, evolutionary biology, and disease epidemiology. We provide a detailed analysis of evolution and origin of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) populations in Europe, based on the complete genome sequence of all European subtypes. Phylogenetic analyses divided European strains into two closely related clades. Strains of the subtype I belong to the first, while strains of the subtypes F1, D and E belong to the second clade suggesting that the subtypes F1, D and E are more closely related than previously thought. Strains of the subtype F2 appeared to be recombinant; subtypes F1/D/E contributed a larger fraction of sequence while subtype I contributed a smaller fraction. The p29 was the most variable domain, while the replication-associated large ORF B protein was the most conserved domain within the CHV1. Low sequence similarity, predominant negative selection and frequent recombination characterise the evolution of CHV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Mlinarec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Nuskern
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Ježić
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daniel Rigling
- WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Mirna Ćurković-Perica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 9a, HR-10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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