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Pang F, Long Q, Liang S. Designing a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against Orf virus using molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Virulence 2024; 15:2398171. [PMID: 39258802 PMCID: PMC11404621 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2398171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is an acute contact, epitheliotropic, zoonotic, and double-stranded DNA virus that causes significant economic losses in the livestock industry. The objective of this study is to design an immunoinformatics-based multi-epitope subunit vaccine against ORFV. Various immunodominant cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), helper T lymphocytes (HTL), and B-cell epitopes from the B2L, F1L, and 080 protein of ORFV were selected and linked by short connectors to construct a multi-epitope subunit vaccine. Immunogenicity was enhanced by adding an adjuvant β-defensin to the N-terminal of the vaccine using the EAAAK linker. The vaccine exhibited a significant degree of antigenicity and solubility, without allergenicity or toxicity. The 3D formation of the vaccine was subsequently anticipated, improved, and verified. The optimized model exhibited a lower Z-score of -4.33, indicating higher quality. Molecular docking results demonstrated that the vaccine strongly binds to TLR2 and TLR4. Molecular dynamics results indicated that the docked vaccine-TLR complexes were stable. Immune simulation analyses further confirmed that the vaccine can induce a marked increase in IgG and IgM antibody titers, and elevated levels of IFN-γ and IL-2. Finally, the optimized DNA sequence of the vaccine was cloned into the vector pET28a (+) for high expression in the E.coli expression system. Overall, the designed multi-epitope subunit vaccine is highly stable and can induce robust humoral and cellular immunity, making it a promising vaccine candidate against ORFV.
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MESH Headings
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Animals
- Orf virus/immunology
- Orf virus/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/chemistry
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Molecular Dynamics Simulation
- Mice
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/chemistry
- Ecthyma, Contagious/prevention & control
- Ecthyma, Contagious/immunology
- Ecthyma, Contagious/virology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qinqin Long
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shaobo Liang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Yu Y, Cui Y, Song B. The cooperation between orf virus and Staphylococcus aureus leads to intractable lesions in skin infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1213694. [PMID: 38259972 PMCID: PMC10800892 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1213694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A large amount of evidence shows that different kinds of microorganisms can jointly cope with environmental pressures including cell hosts. For example, in many cases, it has been found that secondary or mixed infection of animals caused by ORFV (an epitheliophilic Parapoxvirus) and bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus) shows a mutual aid mode that indirectly leads to the deterioration of the disease. However, the lack of research on the co-pathogenic mechanism, including how to hijack and destroy the cell host in the pathological microenvironment, has hindered the in-depth understanding of the pathogenic process and consequences of this complex infection and the development of clinical treatment methods. Here, we summarized the current strategies of trapping cell hosts together, based on the previously defined ORFV-Host (O-H) system. The opportunistic invasion of S. aureus destroyed the delicate dynamic balance of the O-H, thus aggravating tissue damage through bacterial products (mediated by Agr), even causing sepsis or inducing cytokine storms. In fact, the virus products from its adaptive regulatory system (VARS) weaken the immune attacks and block molecular pathways, so that S. aureus can settle there more smoothly, and the toxins can penetrate into local tissues more quickly. This paper focuses on the main challenges faced by cell hosts in dealing with mixed infection, which provides a starting point for us to deal with this disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Cui H, Guan J, Lu H, Liu J, Tu F, Zhang C, Su K, Guo Z, Zhao K. Rapid Onsite Visual Detection of Orf Virus Using a Recombinase-Aided Amplification Assay. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020494. [PMID: 36836851 PMCID: PMC9968157 DOI: 10.3390/life13020494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf is an important zoonotic disease caused by the Orf virus (ORFV) which can cause contagious pustular dermatitis in goats and sheep. Orf is widespread in most sheep-raising countries in the world, causing huge economic losses. Although diagnostic methods for ORFV infection already exist, it is still necessary to develop a time-saving, labor-saving, specific, low-cost and visual diagnostic method for rapid detection of ORFV in the field and application in grassroots laboratories. This study establishes a DNA extraction-free, real-time, visual recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) method for the rapid detection of ORFV. This method is specific to ORFV and does not cross-react with other common DNA viruses. The detection limits of the real-time RAA and visual judgment of the RAA assay at 95% probability were 13 and 21 copies per reaction for ORFV, respectively. Compared with qPCR, the sensitivity and specificity of the real-time RAA assay were 100%, and those of the visual RAA assay were 92.31% and 100.0%, respectively. The DNA extraction-free visual detection method of RAA established in this study can meet the needs of rapid onsite detection and grassroots laboratories and has important reference value and significance for the early diagnosis of diseased animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiyu Guan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huijun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Fei Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lucky South Street, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Kai Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lucky South Street, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
| | - Kui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Correspondence: (Z.G.); (K.Z.)
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Yu Y, Zhang F, Duan X, Yang C, Cui Y, Yu L. ORFV can carry TRAP gene expression via intracellular CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology. J Virol Methods 2023; 312:114652. [PMID: 36493528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Orf is an acute and highly contracted human and animal infection caused by orf virus (ORFV), which mainly affects sheep, goats, and other species. Clinically, opportunistic or conditional pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are often detected in cases of orf, which greatly increases the risk of disease progression and clinical death. It has been reported that TRAP gene products of S. aureus can broadly influence bacterial life and pathogenicity in vivo, and introduction of exogenous TRAP genes may help to inhibit the proliferation of bacteria. In order to achieve the combined control of ORFV and S. aureus, a novel approach to design a S. aureus TRAP gene vaccine using a live attenuated ORFV vector is proposed. In this study, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology was used to disable vascular endothelial growth factor E of ORFV (VEGF-v) and introduced TRAP gene into this position. TRAP gene expression was detected in keratinocytes infected with recombinant virus. The construction and experimental verification of recombinant ORFV (ORFV-v/TRAP) will provide a reference for in-depth studies on the prevention and control of mixed infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongZhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Xuyang Duan
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - ChaoQun Yang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - YuDong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Li Yu
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
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Evaluation of the Immune Response Afforded by Combined Immunization with Orf Virus DNA and Subunit Vaccine in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091499. [PMID: 36146577 PMCID: PMC9504141 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (Orf) is a highly contagious disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) infection. Orf is prevalent all over the world and, not only affects the healthy development of sheep husbandry, but also threatens human health. However, there are no safe and effective vaccines or drugs for the prevention and treatment of Orf at present. In this study, we constructed a DNA plasmid expressing ORFV B2L and F1L genes as a DNA vaccine candidate, with purified B2L full-length protein and F1L truncated protein as subunit vaccine candidates. BALB/c mice were immunized with the DNA vaccine, subunit vaccine, as well as DNA prime-protein boost strategies. The results showed that compared with the DNA vaccine and subunit vaccine alone, the DNA prime-protein boost immunization group had a higher level of specific antibodies, stronger lymphocyte proliferation, and higher expression of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, which are considered to cause a Th1/Th2 mixed cytokine response. Our results demonstrated that the DNA prime-protein boost immunization strategy induced stronger humoral and cellular immune responses, which have potential advantages in preventing ORFV infection.
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