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Colson P, Ominami Y, Hisada A, La Scola B, Raoult D. Giant mimiviruses escape many canonical criteria of the virus definition. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 25:147-154. [PMID: 30267933 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of mimivirus in 2003 prompted the quest for other giant viruses of amoebae. Mimiviruses and their relatives were found to differ considerably from other viruses. Their study led to major advances in virology and evolutionary biology. AIMS We summarized the widening gap between mimiviruses and other viruses. SOURCES We collected data from articles retrieved from PubMed using as keywords 'giant virus', 'mimivirus' and 'virophage', as well as quoted references from these articles. CONTENT Data accumulated during the last 15 years on mimiviruses and other giant viruses highlight that there is a quantum leap between these infectious agents, the complexity of which is similar to that of intracellular microorganisms, and classical viruses. Notably, in addition to their giant structures and genomes, giant viruses have abundant gene repertoires with genes unique in the virosphere, including a tremendous set of translation components. The viruses contain hundreds of proteins and many transcripts. They share a core of central and ancient proteins but their genome sequences display a substantial level of mosaicism. Finally, mimiviruses have a specific mobilome, including virophages that can integrate into their genomes, and against which they can defend themselves through integration of short fragments of the DNA of these invaders. IMPLICATIONS Mimiviruses and subsequently discovered giant viruses have changed the virus paradigm and contradict many virus definition criteria delineated for classical viruses. The major cellular hallmark that is still lacking in giant viruses is the ribosome, including both ribosomal protein and RNA encoding genes, which makes them bona fide microbes without ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Colson
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM); Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI); Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Y Ominami
- Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, Science & Medical Systems Business Group, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Hisada
- Hitachi Ltd, Research & Development Group, Saitama, Japan
| | - B La Scola
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM); Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI); Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - D Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM); Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEΦI); Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France.
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Zara V, Ferramosca A, Günnewig K, Kreimendahl S, Schwichtenberg J, Sträter D, Çakar M, Emmrich K, Guidato P, Palmieri F, Rassow J. Mimivirus-Encoded Nucleotide Translocator VMC1 Targets the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:5233-5245. [PMID: 30261167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mimivirus (Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus) was the first giant DNA virus identified in an amoeba species. Its genome contains at least 979 genes. One of these, L276, encodes a nucleotide translocator with similarities to mitochondrial metabolite carriers, provisionally named viral mitochondrial carrier 1 (VMC1). In this study, we investigated the intracellular distribution of VMC1 upon expression in HeLa cells and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We found that VMC1 is specifically targeted to mitochondria and to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Newly synthesized VMC1 binds to the mitochondrial outer-membrane protein Tom70 and translocates through the import channel formed by the β-barrel protein Tom40. Derivatization of the four cysteine residues inside Tom40 by N-ethylmaleimide caused a delay in translocation but not a complete occlusion. Cell viability was not reduced by VMC1. Neither the mitochondrial membrane potential nor the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species was affected. Similar to endogenous metabolite carriers, mimivirus-encoded VMC1 appears to act as a specific translocator in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Due to its permeability for deoxyribonucleotides, VMC1 confers to the mitochondria an opportunity to contribute nucleotides for the replication of the large DNA genome of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Zara
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferramosca
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Kathrin Günnewig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreimendahl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Schwichtenberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dina Sträter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Mahmut Çakar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Kerstin Emmrich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Patrick Guidato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Joachim Rassow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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Assis FL, Franco-Luiz APM, Dos Santos RN, Campos FS, Dornas FP, Borato PVM, Franco AC, Abrahao JS, Colson P, Scola BL. Genome Characterization of the First Mimiviruses of Lineage C Isolated in Brazil. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2562. [PMID: 29312242 PMCID: PMC5743647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The family Mimiviridae, comprised by giant DNA viruses, has been increasingly studied since the isolation of the Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV), in 2003. In this work, we describe the genome analysis of two new mimiviruses, each isolated from a distinct Brazilian environment. Furthermore, for the first time, we are reporting the genomic characterization of mimiviruses of group C in Brazil (Br-mimiC), where a predominance of mimiviruses from group A has been previously reported. The genomes of the Br-mimiC isolates Mimivirus gilmour (MVGM) and Mimivirus golden (MVGD) are composed of double-stranded DNA molecules of ∼1.2 Mb, each encoding more than 1,100 open reading frames. Genome functional annotations highlighted the presence of mimivirus group C hallmark genes, such as the set of seven aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. However, the set of tRNA encoded by the Br-mimiC was distinct from those of other group C mimiviruses. Differences could also be observed in a genome synteny analysis, which demonstrated the presence of inversions and loci translocations at both extremities of Br-mimiC genomes. Both phylogenetic and phyletic analyses corroborate previous results, undoubtedly grouping the new Brazilian isolates into mimivirus group C. Finally, an updated pan-genome analysis of genus Mimivirus was performed including all new genomes available until the present moment. This last analysis showed a slight increase in the number of clusters of orthologous groups of proteins among mimiviruses of group A, with a larger increase after addition of sequences from mimiviruses of groups B and C, as well as a plateau tendency after the inclusion of the last four mimiviruses of group C, including the Br-mimiC isolates. Future prospective studies will help us to understand the genetic diversity among mimiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L Assis
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Franco-Luiz
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Raíssa N Dos Santos
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabrício S Campos
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agronomy, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Fábio P Dornas
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paulo V M Borato
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana C Franco
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jônatas S Abrahao
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Philippe Colson
- CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, UM63, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, AP-HM, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, UM63, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, AP-HM, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Sobhy H. A comparative review of viral entry and attachment during large and giant dsDNA virus infections. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3567-3585. [PMID: 28866775 PMCID: PMC5671522 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses enter host cells via several mechanisms, including endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis. They can also fuse at the plasma membrane and can spread within the host via cell-to-cell fusion or syncytia. The mechanism used by a given viral strain depends on its external topology and proteome and the type of cell being entered. This comparative review discusses the cellular attachment receptors and entry pathways of dsDNA viruses belonging to the families Adenoviridae, Baculoviridae, Herpesviridae and nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) belonging to the families Ascoviridae, Asfarviridae, Iridoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, and Poxviridae, and giant viruses belonging to the families Mimiviridae and Marseilleviridae as well as the proposed families Pandoraviridae and Pithoviridae. Although these viruses have several common features (e.g., topology, replication and protein sequence similarities) they utilize different entry pathways to infect wide-range of hosts, including humans, other mammals, invertebrates, fish, protozoa and algae. Similarities and differences between the entry methods used by these virus families are highlighted, with particular emphasis on viral topology and proteins that mediate viral attachment and entry. Cell types that are frequently used to study viral entry are also reviewed, along with other factors that affect virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Sobhy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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