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Stenzel T, Dziewulska D, Łukaszuk E, Custer JM, De Koch MD, Kraberger S, Varsani A. The pigeon circovirus evolution, epidemiology and interaction with the host immune system under One Loft Race rearing conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13815. [PMID: 38877168 PMCID: PMC11178769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the frequency of PiCV recombination, the kinetics of PiCV viremia and shedding and the correlation between viral replication and host immune response in young pigeons subclinically infected with various PiCV variants and kept under conditions mimicking the OLR system. Fifteen racing pigeons originating from five breeding facilities were housed together for six weeks. Blood and cloacal swab samples were collected from birds every seven days to recover complete PiCV genomes and determine PiCV genetic diversity and recombination dynamics, as well as to assess virus shedding rate, level of viremia, expression of selected genes and level of anti-PiCV antibodies. Three hundred and eighty-eight complete PiCV genomes were obtained and thirteen genotypes were distinguished. Twenty-five recombination events were detected. Recombinants emerged during the first three weeks of the experiment which was consistent with the peak level of viremia and viral shedding. A further decrease in viremia and shedding partially corresponded with IFN-γ and MX1 gene expression and antibody dynamics. Considering the role of OLR pigeon rearing system in spreading infectious agents and allowing their recombination, it would be reasonable to reflect on the relevance of pigeon racing from both an animal welfare and epidemiological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Daria Dziewulska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ewa Łukaszuk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joy M Custer
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Matthew D De Koch
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa.
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2
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Li X, Wang S, Li W, Wang S, Qin X, Wang J, Fu R. Investigating pigeon circovirus infection in a pigeon farm: molecular detection, phylogenetic analysis and complete genome analysis. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:369. [PMID: 38622517 PMCID: PMC11020411 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigeon circovirus infections in pigeons (Columba livia domestica) have been reported worldwide. Pigeons should be PiCV-free when utilized as qualified experimental animals. However, pigeons can be freely purchased as experimental animals without any clear guidelines to follow. Herein, we investigated the status quo of PiCV infections on a pigeon farm in Beijing, China, which provides pigeons for experimental use. RESULTS PiCV infection was verified in at least three types of tissues in all forty pigeons tested. A total of 29 full-length genomes were obtained and deposited in GenBank. The whole genome sequence comparison among the 29 identified PiCV strains revealed nucleotide homologies of 85.8-100%, and these sequences exhibited nucleotide homologies of 82.7-98.9% as compared with those of the reference sequences. The cap gene displayed genetic diversity, with a wide range of amino acid homologies ranging from 64.5% to 100%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 29 full-genome sequences revealed that the PiCV strains in this study could be further divided into four clades: A (17.2%), B (10.4%), C (37.9%) and D (34.5%). Thirteen recombination events were also detected in 18 out of the 29 PiCV genomes obtained in this study. Phylogenetic research using the rep and cap genes verified the recombination events, which occurred between clades A/F, A/B, C/D, and B/D among the 18 PiCV strains studied. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, PiCV infection, which is highly genetically varied, is extremely widespread on pigeon farms in Beijing. These findings indicate that if pigeons are to be used as experimental animals, it is necessary to evaluate the impact of PiCV infection on the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
- National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
- National Laboratory Animal Quality Testing Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shujing Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
- National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
- National Laboratory Animal Quality Testing Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
- National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
- National Laboratory Animal Quality Testing Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
- National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
- National Laboratory Animal Quality Testing Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
- National Rodent Laboratory Animal Resources Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
- National Laboratory Animal Quality Testing Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui Fu
- National Laboratory Animal Quality Testing Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
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Nath BK, Das T, Peters A, Gupta SD, Sarker S, Forwood JK, Raidal SR, Das S. Australasian Pigeon Circoviruses Demonstrate Natural Spillover Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2025. [PMID: 37896802 PMCID: PMC10611180 DOI: 10.3390/v15102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is considered to be genetically diverse, with a relatively small circular single-stranded DNA genome of 2 kb that encodes for a capsid protein (Cap) and a replication initiator protein (Rep). Australasia is known to be the origin of diverse species of the Order Columbiformes, but limited data on the PiCV genome sequence has hindered phylogeographic studies in this species. To fill this gap, this study was conducted to investigate PiCV in 118 characteristic samples from different birds across Australia using PCR and sequencing. Eighteen partial PiCV Rep sequences and one complete PiCV genome sequence were recovered from reservoir and aberrant hosts. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that PiCV circulating in Australia was scattered across three different subclades. Importantly, one subclade dominated within the PiCV sequenced from Australia and Poland, whereas other PiCV sequenced in this study were more closely related to the PiCV sequenced from China, USA and Japan. In addition, PiCV Rep sequences obtained from clinically affected plumed whistling duck, blue billed duck and Australian magpie demonstrated natural spillover of PiCV unveiled host generalist characteristics of the pigeon circovirus. These findings indicate that PiCV genomes circulating in Australia lack host adapted population structure but demonstrate natural spillover infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Kanti Nath
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (T.D.); (A.P.); (S.R.R.); (S.D.)
- Biosecurity Research Program and Training Centre, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (S.D.G.); (J.K.F.)
| | - Tridip Das
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (T.D.); (A.P.); (S.R.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Andrew Peters
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (T.D.); (A.P.); (S.R.R.); (S.D.)
- Biosecurity Research Program and Training Centre, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (S.D.G.); (J.K.F.)
| | - Suman Das Gupta
- Biosecurity Research Program and Training Centre, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (S.D.G.); (J.K.F.)
| | - Subir Sarker
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia;
| | - Jade K. Forwood
- Biosecurity Research Program and Training Centre, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (S.D.G.); (J.K.F.)
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
- Training Hub Promoting Regional Industry and Innovation in Virology and Epidemiology, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Shane R. Raidal
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (T.D.); (A.P.); (S.R.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Shubhagata Das
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia; (T.D.); (A.P.); (S.R.R.); (S.D.)
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Nath BK, Das S, Das T, Forwood JK, Raidal SR. Development and applications of a TaqMan based quantitative real-time PCR for the rapid detection of Pigeon circovirus (PiCV). J Virol Methods 2022; 308:114588. [PMID: 35870671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
TaqMan probe based quantitative polymerase reaction (TaqMan qPCR) is a robust and reliable technique for detecting and quantifying target DNA copies. Quantitative molecular diagnosis of genetically diverse single stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus such as Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) can be challenging owing to difficulties in primer binding or low abundance of template DNA copies in clinical specimens. Several methods have been described for the detection of PiCV, being qPCR the most simple and reliable. As far as is known, two qPCR systems described until now are based on SYBR green. This study reports development and validation of a highly sensitive TaqMan qPCR targeted to Rep for the detection of highly diverse PiCV in pigeon samples with excellent reproducibility, specificity, and sensitivity. The limit of detection was determined as low as 2 (two) plasmid copies. Estimations of 100 % specificity and 100 % sensitivity were obtained based on the qPCR results with panel of 60 samples (known PiCV positive, n = 30; known PiCV negative, n = 20; samples positive to Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), n = 5 and samples positive to canine circovirus, n = 5). Co-efficient of variation (CV) for Ct values ranged between 0.27 % and 0.78 % in the same assay and 1.84-2.87 % in different assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu K Nath
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Shubhagata Das
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Tridip Das
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
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Pigeon Circovirus over Three Decades of Research: Bibliometrics, Scoping Review, and Perspectives. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071498. [PMID: 35891478 PMCID: PMC9317399 DOI: 10.3390/v14071498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pigeon circovirus (PiCV), first described in the literature in the early 1990s, is considered one of the most important infectious agents affecting pigeon health. Thirty years after its discovery, the current review has employed bibliometric strategies to map the entire accessible PiCV-related research corpus with the aim of understanding its present research landscape, particularly in consideration of its historical context. Subsequently, developments, current knowledge, and important updates were provided. Additionally, this review also provides a textual analysis examining the relationship between PiCV and the young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS), as described and propagated in the literature. Our examination revealed that usages of the term ‘YPDS’ in the literature are characterizations that are diverse in range, and neither standard nor equivalent. Guided by our understanding of the PiCV research corpus, a conceptualization of PiCV diseases was also presented in this review. Proposed definitions and diagnostic criteria for PiCV subclinical infection (PiCV-SI) and PiCV systemic disease (PiCV-SD) were also provided. Lastly, knowledge gaps and open research questions relevant to future PiCV-related studies were identified and discussed.
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Wang H, Gao H, Jiang Z, Shi L, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Wang C. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of pigeon circovirus from racing pigeons in Northern China. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:290. [PMID: 35410130 PMCID: PMC8995411 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08425-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) infections in pigeons (Columba livia) have been reported worldwide. Currently, pigeon racing is becoming increasingly popular and considered to be a national sport in China, and even, the greatest competitions of racing pigeons are taking place in China. However, there are still no epidemiologic data regarding PiCV infections among racing pigeons in China. The purpose of our study was to provide information of prevalence, genetic variation and evolution of PiCV from racing pigeons in China. Results To trace the prevalence, genetic variation and evolution of PiCV in sick and healthy racing pigeons, 622 samples were collected from 11 provinces or municipalities in China from 2016 to 2019. The results showed that the positive rate of PiCV was 19.3% (120/622) at the sample level and 59.0% (23/39) at the club level, thus suggesting that the virus was prevalent in Chinese racing pigeons. A sequence analysis revealed that the cap genes of the PiCV strains identified in our study displayed a high genetic diversity and shared nucleotide homologies of 71.9%–100% and amino acid homologies of 71.7%–100%. 28 and 36 unique amino acid substitutions were observed in the Cap and Rep proteins derived from our PiCV strains, respectively. A cladogram representation of PiCV strains phylogeny based on 90 cap gene sequences showed that the strains in this study could be further divided into seven clades (A, B, C, E, G, H, and I) and some of them were closely related to worldwide strains from different types of pigeons. A large number of recombination events (31 events) were also detected in the PiCV genomes from Chinese racing pigeons. Conclusions These findings indicate that PiCV strains circulating in China exhibit a high genetic diversity and also contribute to information of prevalence, genetic variation and evolution of PiCV from racing pigeons in China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08425-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hui Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Leibo Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Chengbao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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7
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Detection of bat-associated circoviruses in Korean bats. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3013-3021. [PMID: 34402973 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, several novel circular single-stranded DNA viruses have been detected in various mammals, birds, insects, and environmental samples using metagenomic and high-throughput sequencing approaches. In this study, we tested for the presence of circoviruses in 243 bat fecal samples collected between 2018 and 2019 from 48 sampling sites across Korea. To detect circoviruses, nested PCR was performed with degenerate primers targeting a conserved replication-associated protein (rep) gene of circovirus/cyclovirus. Among 243 samples tested, a total of 37 fecal samples from 14 sampling sites were PCR-positive for circoviruses at a frequency rate of 15.23%. We obtained 36 partial rep gene sequences of circoviruses and one complete genome sequence of bat-associated circovirus 12, encompassing a genome size of 2097 nt containing two inversely arranged open reading frames and a conserved nonamer sequence in the apex of a stem-loop structure. In addition, we found four bat species that were harboring circoviruses in Korea based on species identification PCR of circovirus-positive bat fecal samples. Detailed sequence analysis indicated that the bat-associated circovirus sequences identified in this study were related to those of known bat and avian groups of circoviruses. Herein, we report evidence for the presence of bat-associated circoviruses in Korean bats.
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8
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A Pilot Study Investigating the Dynamics of Pigeon Circovirus Recombination in Domesticated Pigeons Housed in a Single Loft. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060964. [PMID: 34067378 PMCID: PMC8224587 DOI: 10.3390/v13060964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) infects pigeon populations worldwide and has been associated with immunosuppression in younger pigeons. Recombination is a common mechanism of evolution that has previously been shown in various members of the Circoviridae family, including PiCV. In this study, three groups of pigeons acquired from separate lofts were screened for PiCV, and their genome sequence was determined. Following this, they were housed in a single loft for 22 days, during which blood and cloacal swab samples were taken. From these blood and cloacal swabs, PiCV genomes were determined with the aim to study the spread and recombination dynamics of PiCV in the birds. Genome sequences of PiCV were determined from seven pigeons (seven tested PiCV positive) before they were housed together in a loft (n = 58 sequences) and thereafter from the ten pigeons from blood and cloacal swabs (n = 120). These 178 PiCV genome sequences represent seven genotypes (98% pairwise identity genotype demarcation), and they share >88% genome-wide pairwise identity. Recombination analysis revealed 13 recombination events, and a recombination hotspot spanning the 3′ prime region, the replication-associated protein (rep) gene and the intergenic region. A cold spot in the capsid protein-coding region of the genome was also identified. The majority of the recombinant regions were identified in the rep coding region. This study provides insights into the evolutionary dynamics of PiCV in pigeons kept under closed rearing systems.
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9
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Immunogenicity and Protective Activity of Pigeon Circovirus Recombinant Capsid Protein Virus-Like Particles (PiCV rCap-VLPs) in Pigeons ( Columba livia) Experimentally Infected with PiCV. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020098. [PMID: 33525416 PMCID: PMC7912323 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is the most recurrent virus diagnosed in pigeons and is among the major causative agents of young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS). Due to the lack of an established laboratory protocol for PiCV cultivation, development of prophylaxis is hampered. Alternatively, virus-like particles (VLPs), which closely resemble native viruses but lack the viral genetic material, can be generated using a wide range of expression systems and are shown to have strong immunogenicity. Therefore, the use of VLPs provides a promising prospect for vaccine development. In this study, transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells, a mammalian expression system, were used to express the PiCV capsid protein (Cap), which is a major component of PiCV and believed to contain antibody epitopes, to obtain self-assembled VLPs. The VLPs were observed to have a spherical morphology with diameters ranging from 12 to 26 nm. Subcutaneous immunization of pigeons with 100 µg PiCV rCap-VLPs supplemented with water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) adjuvant induced specific antibodies against PiCV. Observations of the cytokine expression and T-cell proliferation levels in spleen samples showed significantly higher T-cell proliferation and IFN- γ expression in pigeons immunized with VLPs compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Experimentally infected pigeons that were vaccinated with VLPs also showed no detectable viral titer. The results of the current study demonstrated the potential use of PiCV rCap-VLPs as an effective vaccine candidate against PiCV.
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10
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Stenzel T, Dziewulska D, Tykałowski B, Koncicki A. The Clinical Infection with Pigeon Circovirus (PiCV) Leads to Lymphocyte B Apoptosis But Has No Effect on Lymphocyte T Subpopulation. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080632. [PMID: 32756467 PMCID: PMC7460237 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathology of pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is still unknown, but it is regarded as an immunosuppressant. This study aimed to find a correlation between PiCV natural infection and immunosuppression. The study was conducted with 56 pigeons divided into the following groups: PiCV-positive but showing (group S) or not (group I) non-specific clinical symptoms and asymptomatic pigeons negative for PiCV (group H). The percentage and apoptosis of T CD3+ and B IgM+ splenocytes; the expression of CD4, CD8, and IFN-γ genes in splenic mononuclear cells; the number of PiCV viral loads in the bursa of Fabricius; and the level of anti-PiCV antibodies were analyzed. The results showed that the percentage of B IgM+ cells was almost two-fold lower in group S than in group H, and that ca. 20% of the lymphocytes were apoptotic. No increased apoptosis was detected in TCD3+ subpopulation. The PiCV viral loads were approximately one thousand and ten thousand times higher in group S than in groups I and H, respectively. Our results indicate a possible correlation between the number of PiCV viral loads and severity of PiCV infection and confirm that PiCV infection leads to the suppression of humoral immunity by inducing B lymphocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Stenzel
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-89-523-38-11
| | - Daria Dziewulska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Bartłomiej Tykałowski
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Koncicki
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (D.D.); (A.K.)
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11
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Loiko MR, Varela APM, Tochetto C, Lopes BC, Scheffer CM, Morel AP, Vidaletti MR, Lima DA, Cerva C, Mayer FQ, Roehe PM. Novel Gyrovirus genomes recovered from free-living pigeons in Southern Brazil. Virology 2020; 548:132-135. [PMID: 32838934 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Wild birds carry a number of infectious agents, some of which may have pathogenic potential for the host and others species, including humans. Domestic pigeons (Columba livia) are important targets of study since these increasingly cohabit urban spaces, being possible spillover sources of pathogens to humans. In the present study, two genomes (PiGyV_Tq/RS/Br and PiGyV_RG/RS/Br), representative of Gyrovirus genus, family Anelloviridae, were detected in sera of free-living pigeons collected in Southern Brazil. The genomes exhibit less than 50% identity to previously described members of Gyrovirus genus, suggesting that they constitute a new viral species circulating in pigeons, to which the name "pigeon gyrovirus (PiGyV)" is proposed. The current study characterizes these two PiGyV genomes which, to date, are the first gyrovirus species identified in domestic pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Loiko
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil; Feevale - Universidade Feevale, RS-239, 2755, CEP 93525-075, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - A P M Varela
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - C Tochetto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - B C Lopes
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - C M Scheffer
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - A P Morel
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil; Falcoaria e Consultoria Ambiental - HAYABUSA, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil
| | - M R Vidaletti
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - D A Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - C Cerva
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - F Q Mayer
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, CEP 92990-000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - P M Roehe
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Av. Sarmento Leite 500, Sala 208, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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