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Eckerstorfer MF, Dolezel M, Miklau M, Greiter A, Heissenberger A, Engelhard M. Scanning the Horizon for Environmental Applications of Genetically Modified Viruses Reveals Challenges for Their Environmental Risk Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1507. [PMID: 38338787 PMCID: PMC10855828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The release of novel genetically modified (GM) virus applications into the environment for agricultural, veterinary, and nature-conservation purposes poses a number of significant challenges for risk assessors and regulatory authorities. Continuous efforts to scan the horizon for emerging applications are needed to gain an overview of new GM virus applications. In addition, appropriate approaches for risk assessment and management have to be developed. These approaches need to address pertinent challenges, in particular with regard to the environmental release of GM virus applications with a high probability for transmission and spreading, including transboundary movements and a high potential to result in adverse environmental effects. However, the current preparedness at the EU and international level to assess such GM virus application is limited. This study addresses some of the challenges associated with the current situation, firstly, by conducting a horizon scan to identify emerging GM virus applications with relevance for the environment. Secondly, outstanding issues regarding the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of GM virus applications are identified based on an evaluation of case study examples. Specifically, the limited scientific information available for the ERA of some applications and the lack of detailed and appropriate guidance for ERA are discussed. Furthermore, considerations are provided for future work that is needed to establish adequate risk assessment and management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Eckerstorfer
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Marion Dolezel
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Marianne Miklau
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Anita Greiter
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Heissenberger
- Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.D.); (M.M.); (A.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Margret Engelhard
- Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Division Assessment Synthetic Biology, Enforcement Genetic Engineering Act, Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany;
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Rubio L, Arruabarrena A, Salvo M, Castells M, Bertalmío A, Hernández-Rodríguez L, Benítez-Galeano MJ, Maeso D, Colina R, Rivas F. Biological and molecular characterization of a resistance-breaking isolate of citrus tristeza virus from Uruguay and its effects on Poncirus trifoliata growth performance. Arch Virol 2023; 168:123. [PMID: 36988730 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Resistance-breaking (RB) isolates of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) can replicate and move systemically in Poncirus trifoliata, a rootstock widely used for management of decline caused by CTV and other purposes. In Uruguay, severe CTV isolates are prevalent, and an RB isolate (designated as RB-UY1) was identified. In order to predict the implications of this genotype circulating in citrus crops grafted on trifoliate rootstocks, the aim of this work was to determine the biological and molecular characteristics of this isolate, the efficiency of its transmission by Toxoptera citricida, and its effects on plant growth performance of P. trifoliata. Our results show that RB-UY1 can be classified as a mild isolate, that it is phylogenetically associated with the RB1 group, and that it is efficiently transmitted by T. citrida. They also suggest that the RB-UY1 isolate should not affect the performance of citrus crops grafted on trifoliate rootstocks, although some growth parameters of P. trifoliata seedlings were affected four years after inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Rubio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Salto Grande. Camino al Terrible, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay.
| | - Ana Arruabarrena
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Salto Grande. Camino al Terrible, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay
| | - Matías Salvo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Salto Grande. Camino al Terrible, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay
| | - Matías Castells
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte (CENUR Litoral Norte), Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay
| | - Ana Bertalmío
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Salto Grande. Camino al Terrible, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay
| | - Lester Hernández-Rodríguez
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Salto Grande. Camino al Terrible, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay
| | - María J Benítez-Galeano
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte (CENUR Litoral Norte), Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay
| | - Diego Maeso
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Salto Grande. Camino al Terrible, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay
| | - Rodney Colina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte (CENUR Litoral Norte), Universidad de la República, Rivera 1350, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Rivas
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA Salto Grande. Camino al Terrible, Salto, CP 50000, Uruguay
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Koloniuk I, Matyášová A, Brázdová S, Veselá J, Přibylová J, Fránová J, Elena SF. Transmission of Diverse Variants of Strawberry Viruses Is Governed by a Vector Species. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071362. [PMID: 35891344 PMCID: PMC9316375 DOI: 10.3390/v14071362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput sequencing methods have boosted the discovery of multistrain viral infections in diverse plant systems. This phenomenon appears to be pervasive for certain viral species. However, our knowledge of the transmission aspects leading to the establishment of such mixed infections is limited. Recently, we reported a mixed infection of a single strawberry plant with strawberry mottle virus (SMoV), strawberry crinkle virus (SCV) and strawberry virus 1 (StrV-1). While SCV and StrV-1 are represented by two and three molecular variants, respectively, SmoV has three different RNA1 and RNA2 segments. In this study, we focus on virus acquisition by individual adult aphids of the Aphis gossypii, Aphis forbesi and Chaetosiphon fragaefolii species. Single-aphid transmission trials are performed under experimental conditions. Both different viruses and individual virus strains show varying performances in single aphid acquisition. The obtained data suggests that numerous individual transmission events lead to the establishment of multistrain infections. These data will be important for the development of epidemiological models in plant virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Koloniuk
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Virology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.B.); (J.V.); (J.P.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-38-777-5521
| | - Alena Matyášová
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Virology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.B.); (J.V.); (J.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Sára Brázdová
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Virology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.B.); (J.V.); (J.P.); (J.F.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Veselá
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Virology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.B.); (J.V.); (J.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Jaroslava Přibylová
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Virology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.B.); (J.V.); (J.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Jana Fránová
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Plant Virology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (S.B.); (J.V.); (J.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Santiago F. Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, CSIC-Universitat de València, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain;
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
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Shilts T, El-Mohtar C, Dawson WO, Killiny N. Citrus tristeza virus P33 Protein is Required for Efficient Transmission by the Aphid Aphis ( Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy). Viruses 2020; 12:E1131. [PMID: 33036216 PMCID: PMC7600554 DOI: 10.3390/v12101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are threatening many valuable crops, and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is considered one of the most economically important plant viruses. CTV has destroyed millions of citrus trees in many regions of the world. Consequently, understanding of the transmission mechanism of CTV by its main vector, the brown citrus aphid, Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy), may lead to better control strategies for CTV. The objective of this study was to understand the CTV-vector relationship by exploring the influence of viral genetic diversity on virus transmission. We built several infectious clones with different 5'-proximal ends from different CTV strains and assessed their transmission by the brown citrus aphid. Replacement of the 5'- end of the T36 isolate with that of the T30 strain (poorly transmitted) did not increase the transmission rate of T36, whereas replacement with that of the T68-1 isolate (highly transmitted) increased the transmission rate of T36 from 1.5 to 23%. Finally, substitution of p33 gene of the T36 strain with that of T68 increased the transmission rate from 1.5% to 17.8%. Although the underlying mechanisms that regulate the CTV transmission process by aphids have been explored in many ways, the roles of specific viral proteins are still not explicit. Our findings will improve our understanding of the transmission mechanisms of CTV by its aphid vector and may lead to the development of control strategies that interfere with its transmission by vector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nabil Killiny
- Plant Pathology Department, CREC-IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA; (T.S.); (C.E.-M.); (W.O.D.)
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Sanfaçon H. Modulation of disease severity by plant positive-strand RNA viruses: The complex interplay of multifunctional viral proteins, subviral RNAs and virus-associated RNAs with plant signaling pathways and defense responses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:87-131. [PMID: 32711736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses induce a range of symptoms of varying intensity, ranging from severe systemic necrosis to mild or asymptomatic infection. Several evolutionary constraints drive virus virulence, including the dependence of viruses on host factors to complete their infection cycle, the requirement to counteract or evade plant antiviral defense responses and the mode of virus transmission. Viruses have developed an array of strategies to modulate disease severity. Accumulating evidence has highlighted not only the multifunctional role that viral proteins play in disrupting or highjacking plant factors, hormone signaling pathways and intracellular organelles, but also the interaction networks between viral proteins, subviral RNAs and/or other viral-associated RNAs that regulate disease severity. This review focusses on positive-strand RNA viruses, which constitute the majority of characterized plant viruses. Using well-characterized viruses with different genome types as examples, recent advances are discussed as well as knowledge gaps and opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada.
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