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Li J, Shang Q, Luo Y, Wei S, Zhao C, Ban L. Transmission from seed to seedling and elimination of alfalfa viruses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1330219. [PMID: 38903432 PMCID: PMC11187482 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1330219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Viral diseases have become a vital factor limiting the development of the alfalfa (Medicago sativa) industry. Six viruses infecting alfalfa with a high incidence rate are Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Medicago sativa alphapartitivirus 1 (MsAPV1), Medicago sativa alphapartitivirus 2 (MsAPV2), Medicago sativa deltapartitivirus 1 (MsDPV1), Medicago sativa amalgavirus 1 (MsAV1), and Cnidium vein yellowing virus 1 (CnVYV1). The purpose of this study was to develop preventive measures against these viruses by investigating their transmission through alfalfa seeds. Methods In this study, we investigated the transmission rate of alfalfa viruses from seed to seedling by PCR, determined the location of viruses in seed by dissecting seed embryos and seed coat, tracked the changes of viruses in seedlings, and finally discover effective elimination measures for alfalfa viruses from 16 measures. Results and discussion Our results demonstrated that all these six viruses could be transmitted from alfalfa seeds to seedlings with the transmission rate ranging from 44.44% to 88.89%. For AMV, MsAPV2, and MsAV1, the viral load was significantly higher in the seed coats than in the seed embryos; however, it did not show significant differences between these two parts of the seeds for MsAPV1, MsDPV1, and CnVYV1. Dynamic accumulation analysis of AMV and MsAPV2 indicated that the viral load in plants increased continuously in the early growth stage, making it important to inactivate these viruses prior to their seed-to-seedling transmission. Sixteen treatments including physical, chemical, and combinations of physical and chemical measures were compared in terms of their elimination efficiency on AMV and MsAPV2 and impacts on seed germination. The results showed that soaking alfalfa seeds in sterile distilled water for 2h + 2% NaClO for 1h or 2% NaClO for 1h were more promisingly applicable because it could significantly reduce AMV and MsAPV2 particles in both seeds and seedlings. Our data revealed a route of virus transmission in alfalfa and shed light on the discovery of a highly efficient method for the management of alfalfa viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Qiaoxia Shang
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yingning Luo
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Wei
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhao
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Liping Ban
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Brine TJ, Crawshaw S, Murphy AM, Pate AE, Carr JP, Wamonje FO. Identification and characterization of Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus 1, 2 and 3 in common bean cultivars of East Africa. Virus Genes 2023; 59:741-751. [PMID: 37563541 PMCID: PMC10500008 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent viruses include members of the family Endornavirus that cause no apparent disease and are transmitted exclusively via seed or pollen. It is speculated that these RNA viruses may be mutualists that enhance plant resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses. Using reverse transcription coupled polymerase chain reactions, we investigated if common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties popular in east Africa were hosts for Phaseolus vulgaris endornavirus (PvEV) 1, 2 or 3. Out of 26 bean varieties examined, four were infected with PvEV1, three were infected with both PvEV1 and PvEV2 and three had infections of all three (PvEV) 1, 2 and 3. Notably, this was the first identification of PvEV3 in common bean from Africa. Using high-throughput sequencing of two east African bean varieties (KK022 and KK072), we confirmed the presence of these viruses and generated their genomes. Intra- and inter-species sequence comparisons of these genomes with comparator sequences from GenBank revealed clear species demarcation. In addition, phylogenetic analyses based on sequences generated from the helicase domains showed that geographical distribution does not correlate to genetic relatedness or the occurrence of endornaviruses. These findings are an important first step towards future investigations to determine if these viruses engender positive effects in common bean, a vital crop in east Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Brine
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Sam Crawshaw
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alex M Murphy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Adrienne E Pate
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - John P Carr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Francis O Wamonje
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
- Pest and Pathogen Ecology, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, East Malling, ME19 6BJ, UK.
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Scholthof KBG. The Past Is Present: Coevolution of Viruses and Host Resistance Within Geographic Centers of Plant Diversity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:119-136. [PMID: 37253696 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-113819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the coevolutionary history of plants, pathogens, and disease resistance is vital for plant pathology. Here, I review Francis O. Holmes's work with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) framed by the foundational work of Nikolai Vavilov on the geographic centers of origin of plants and crop wild relatives (CWRs) and T. Harper Goodspeed's taxonomy of the genus Nicotiana. Holmes developed a hypothesis that the origin of host resistance to viruses was due to coevolution of both at a geographic center. In the 1950s, Holmes proved that genetic resistance to TMV, especially dominant R-genes, was centered in South America for Nicotiana and other solanaceous plants, including Capsicum, potato, and tomato. One seeming exception was eggplant (Solanum melongena). Not until the acceptance of plate tectonics in the 1960s and recent advances in evolutionary taxonomy did it become evident that northeast Africa was the home of eggplant CWRs, far from Holmes's geographic center for TMV-R-gene coevolution. Unbeknownst to most plant pathologists, Holmes's ideas predated those of H.H. Flor, including experimental proof of the gene-for-gene interaction, identification of R-genes, and deployment of dominant host genes to protect crop plants from virus-associated yield losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen-Beth G Scholthof
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
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Lyu J, Yang Y, Sun X, Jiang S, Hong H, Zhu X, Liu Y. Genetic Variability and Molecular Evolution of Tomato Mosaic Virus Populations in Three Northern China Provinces. Viruses 2023; 15:1617. [PMID: 37515303 PMCID: PMC10383530 DOI: 10.3390/v15071617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses tend to mutate during transmission and host infection, which is critical to viral adaptation and evolution. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) is a member of the genus Tobamovirus (family Virgaviridae) and an economically important virus with detrimental effects on tomatoes worldwide. Although the ToMV gene sequences have been completed in China, their genetic diversity and population structure remain unclear. We collected 425 tomato samples from tomato-growing areas in three northern Chinese provinces 2016. Reverse transcription PCR results showed that the average incidence of the virus in the field samples was 67.15%, and ToMV was detected in all test areas. The analysis of ToMV single nucleotide polymorphisms in China showed that ToMV was evolutionarily conserved, and the variation in the whole genome was uneven. Pairwise identity analysis showed significant variability in genome sequences among ToMV strains with genomic nucleotide identities of 73.2-99.6%. The ToMV population in the northern Chinese provinces had purification and selection functions, which were beneficial in the evolution of the ToMV population. Although there has been some distribution of ToMV strains in China, the virus was generally stabilized as a uniform strain under the pressure of purification selection. Our findings show how to monitor the prevalent strains of ToMV and their virulence in China and provide useful information for its prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Lyu
- Shandong Provincial University Laboratory for Protected Horticulture, Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Shandong Provincial University Laboratory for Protected Horticulture, Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Protection, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yongguang Liu
- Shandong Provincial University Laboratory for Protected Horticulture, Shandong Facility Horticulture Bioengineering Research Center, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, China
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Pankaew C, Supdensong K, Tothong C, Roytrakul S, Phaonakrop N, Kongbangkerd A, Limmongkon A. Combining elicitor treatment of chitosan, methyl jasmonate, and cyclodextrin to induce the generation of immune response bioactive peptides in peanut hairy root culture. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 331:111670. [PMID: 36914116 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous peptides from peanut hairy root culture were induced upon elicitor treatment with chitosan (CHT), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and cyclodextrin (CD): CHT+MeJA+CD. The peptides secreted into the liquid culture medium play an important role in plant signaling and stress responses. By performing gene ontology (GO) analysis, a number of plant proteins involved in biotic and abiotic defense responses were identified, such as endochitinase, defensin, antifungal protein, cationic peroxidase and Bowman-Birk type protease inhibitor A-II. The bioactivity of 14 peptides synthesized from secretome analysis was determined. Peptide BBP1-4, derived from the diverse region of Bowman-Birk type protease inhibitor, displayed high antioxidant activity and mimicked the property of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase enzymes. The antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, S. typhimurium, and E. coli was evidenced with different peptide concentrations. Additionally, peptide BBP1-4 has the potential to be a useful candidate for an immune response property, as it was found to increase the expression of some pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and stilbene biosynthesis genes in peanut hairy root tissues. The findings indicate that secreted peptides may play a role in plant responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses. These peptides, which possess bioactive properties, could be considered as potential candidates for use in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyanut Pankaew
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Kanitha Supdensong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Chonnikan Tothong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Narumon Phaonakrop
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anupan Kongbangkerd
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand
| | - Apinun Limmongkon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
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Sidharthan VK, Rajeswari V, Vanamala G, Baranwal VK. Revisiting the amalgaviral landscapes in plant transcriptomes expands the host range of plant amalgaviruses. Virology 2022; 577:65-73. [PMID: 36308887 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant amalgaviruses are monopartite, double-stranded RNA viruses, capable of vertical transmission through seeds. An attempt to revisit plant transcriptome-assembled contigs for amalgaviral sequences identified 40 putative novel amalgaviruses in 35 plant species, nearly doubling the number of plant amalgaviruses. Of the 35 plant species, 33 are reported to host amalgaviruses for the first time, including a pteridophytic and two gymnospermic species. Coding-complete genomes of all identified viruses were recovered and the putative +1 programmed ribosomal frameshift (PRF) sites were determined. Genomes of 35 identified amalgaviruses contained the conserved +1 PRF motif 'UUU_CGN', while variant versions were predicted in five genomes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped pteridophyte- and gymnosperm-infecting amalgaviruses together in divergent sub-clades while few of the related angiosperm-infecting amalgaviruses infect members of the same plant family, reiterating the co-evolution of plant amalgaviruses and their hosts. The current study paves way for further studies on understanding biological properties of identified viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kavi Sidharthan
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, Institute of Forest Biodiversity (ICFRE), Hyderabad, India.
| | - V Rajeswari
- Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Gayatri Vanamala
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, Institute of Forest Biodiversity (ICFRE), Hyderabad, India
| | - V K Baranwal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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Molecular Detection of Southern Tomato Amalgavirus Prevalent in Tomatoes and Its Genomic Characterization with Global Evolutionary Dynamics. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112481. [PMID: 36366579 PMCID: PMC9693158 DOI: 10.3390/v14112481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern tomato amalgavirus (STV) is a cryptic pathogen that is abundant in tomato production fields and intensifies the resurgence of tomato yellow stunt disease (ToYSD), together with other phytoviruses. Here, we mapped the geographical and genomic diversity, phylogenetics, and evolutionary dynamics of STV. We found that STV prevailed across China and Pakistan, with a maximum average rate of infection of 43.19% in Beijing, China, and 40.08% in Punjab, Pakistan. Subsequently, we amplified, cloned, and annotated the complete genome sequences of STV isolates from Solanum lycopersicum L. in China (OP548653 and OP548652) and Pakistan (MT066231) using Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS). These STV isolates displayed close evolutionary relationships with others from Asia, America, and Europe. Whole-genome-based molecular diversity analysis showed that STV populations had 33 haplotypes with a gene diversity (Hd) of 0.977 and a nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.00404. The genetic variability of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase (RdRp) was higher than that of the putative coat protein (CP) p42. Further analysis revealed that STV isolates were likely to be recombinant but with a lower-to-moderate level of confidence. With a variable distribution pattern of positively and negatively selected sites, negative selection pressure predominantly acted on p42 and RdRp. These findings elaborated on the molecular variability and evolutionary trends among STV populations across major tomato-producing regions of the world.
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Li Y, Liu S, Guo K, Ding W, Wang R. Virome of Pseudostellaria heterophylla: Identification and characterization of three novel carlaviruses and one novel amalgavirus associated with viral diseases of Pseudostellaria heterophylla. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:955089. [PMID: 36246219 PMCID: PMC9559581 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.955089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudostellaria heterophylla is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has been cultivated for hundreds of years. Viral diseases of P. heterophylla occur widely and limit the yield and quality of this medicinal plant. In this study, five leaf samples of P. heterophylla with typical viral symptoms were collected from four main producing regions that are distributed in Fujian, Guizhou, and Anhui Provinces in China and analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses revealed that nine viruses in five genera Carlavirus, Potyvirus, Fabavirus, Cucumovirus, and Amalgavirus infected P. heterophylla. Among these viruses, three novel and two known carlaviruses, tentatively designated Pseudostellaria heterophylla carlavirus 1, 2, and 3 (PhCV1, PhCV2, and PhCV3), Jasmine virus C isolate Ph (Ph-JVC) and Stevia carlavirus 1 isolate Ph (Ph-StCV1), respectively, were first identified in P. heterophylla. PhCV1-3 share a similar genomic organization and clear sequence homology with members in the genus Carlavirus and could potentially be classified as new species of this genus. One novel amalgavirus, tentatively designated P. heterophylla amalgavirus 1 (PhAV1), was first identified in P. heterophylla. It had a typical genomic organization of the genus Amalgavirus. In PhAV1, the + 1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting, which is prevalent in most amalgaviruses, was identified and used in the expression of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Combined with a phylogenetic analysis, PhAV1 could potentially be classified as new species of the genus Amalgavirus. In addition, multiple Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) variants, Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which have been reported in P. heterophylla, were also detected in this study. The distribution of PhCV1-3, Ph-JVC, Ph-StCV1, TuMV, BBWV2, and CMV in four production regions in Fujian, Guizhou, and Anhui Provinces was determined. This study increased our understanding of P. heterophylla virome and provided valuable information for the development of a molecular diagnostic technique and control of viral diseases in P. heterophylla.
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Chamkhi I, El Omari N, Balahbib A, El Menyiy N, Benali T, Ghoulam C. Is the rhizosphere a source of applicable multi-beneficial microorganisms for plant enhancement? Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1246-1259. [PMID: 35241967 PMCID: PMC8864493 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant faces different pedological and climatic challenges that influence its growth and enhancement. While, plant-microbes interactions throught the rhizosphere offer several privileges to this hotspot in the service of plant, by attracting multi-beneficial mutualistic and symbiotic microorganisms as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), archaea, mycorrhizal fungi, endophytic fungi, and others…). Currently, numerous investigations showed the beneficial effects of these microbes on growth and plant health. Indeed, rhizospheric microorganisms offer to host plants the essential assimilable nutrients, stimulate the growth and development of host plants, and induce antibiotics production. They also attributed to host plants numerous phenotypes involved in the increase the resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. The investigations and the studies on the rhizosphere can offer a way to find a biological and sustainable solution to confront these environmental problems. Therefore, the interactions between microbes and plants may lead to interesting biotechnological applications on plant improvement and the adaptation in different climates to obtain a biological sustainable agricultures without the use of chemical fertilizers.
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Key Words
- AMF, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
- AOA, Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea
- BMV, Brome Mosaic Virus
- C, Carbon
- CMV, Cucumber mosaic virus
- LDH, Layered double hydroxides
- MF, Mycorrhizal fungi
- Microorganisms
- P, Phosphorus
- PAL, L-Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
- PCA, Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid
- PGPR, Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
- POX, Peroxidase
- PPO, Polyphenol Oxidase
- Plant growth promoting microbes
- Plant-microbes interactions
- Rhizosphere
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Chamkhi
- Geo-Biodiversity and Natural Patrimony Laboratory (GeoBio), Geophysics, Natural Patrimony Research Center (GEOPAC), Scientific Institute, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.,University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Agrobiosciences Program, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology, and Cytogenetic, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- Laboratory of Zoology and General Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Naoual El Menyiy
- Faculty of Science, University Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Taoufiq Benali
- Environment and Health Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi, Cadi Ayyad University, Safi, Morocco
| | - Cherki Ghoulam
- University Mohammed VI Polytechnic, Agrobiosciences Program, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, Morocco.,Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, PO Box 549, Gueliz, Marrakech,Morocco
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Takahashi H, Tabara M, Miyashita S, Ando S, Kawano S, Kanayama Y, Fukuhara T, Kormelink R. Cucumber Mosaic Virus Infection in Arabidopsis: A Conditional Mutualistic Symbiont? Front Microbiol 2022; 12:770925. [PMID: 35069476 PMCID: PMC8776717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.770925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cucumber mosaic virus isolate, named Ho [CMV(Ho)], was isolated from a symptomless Arabidopsis halleri field sample containing low virus titers. An analysis of CMV(Ho) RNA molecules indicated that the virus isolate, besides the usual cucumovirus tripartite RNA genome, additionally contained defective RNA3 molecules and a satellite RNA. To study the underlying mechanism of the persistent CMV(Ho) infection in perennial A. halleri, infectious cDNA clones were generated for all its genetic elements. CMV, which consists of synthetic transcripts from the infectious tripartite RNA genomes, and designated CMV(Ho)tr, multiplied in A. halleri and annual Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 to a similar level as the virulent strain CMV(Y), but did not induce any symptoms in them. The response of Col-0 to a series of reassortant CMVs between CMV(Ho)tr and CMV(Y) suggested that the establishment of an asymptomatic phenotype of CMV(Ho) infection was due to the 2b gene of CMV RNA2, but not due to the presence of the defective RNA3 and satellite RNA. The accumulation of CMV(Ho) 2b protein tagged with the FLAG epitope (2b.Ho-FLAG) in 2b.Ho-FLAG-transformed Col-0 did not induce any symptoms, suggesting a 2b-dependent persistency of CMV(Ho)tr infection in Arabidopsis. The 2b protein interacted with Argonaute 4, which is known to regulate the cytosine methylation levels of host genomic DNA. Whole genomic bisulfite sequencing analysis of CMV(Ho)tr- and mock-inoculated Col-0 revealed that cytosine hypomethylation in the promoter regions of 82 genes, including two genes encoding transcriptional regulators (DOF1.7 and CBP1), was induced in response to CMV(Ho)tr infection. Moreover, the increased levels of hypomethylation in the promoter region of both genes, during CMV(Ho)tr infection, were correlated with the up- or down-regulation of their expression. Taken altogether, the results indicate that during persistent CMV(Ho) infection in Arabidopsis, host gene expression may be epigenetically modulated resulting from a 2b-mediated cytosine hypomethylation of host genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Midori Tabara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Shuhei Miyashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sugihiro Ando
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kawano
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kanayama
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukuhara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Hu Q, Zhang H, Zhang L, Liu Y, Huang C, Yuan C, Chen Z, Li K, Larkin RM, Chen J, Kuang H. Two TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION 2A homologs in tobacco control asymptomatic response to tobacco mosaic virus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2674-2690. [PMID: 34636879 PMCID: PMC8644204 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The most common response of a host to pathogens is arguably the asymptomatic response. However, the genetic and molecular mechanisms responsible for asymptomatic responses to pathogens are poorly understood. Here we report on the genetic cloning of two genes controlling the asymptomatic response to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). These two genes are homologous to tobamovirus multiplication 2A (TOM2A) from Arabidopsis, which was shown to be critical for the accumulation of TMV. Expression analysis indicates that the TOM2A genes might play fundamental roles in plant development or in responses to stresses. Consistent with this hypothesis, a null allele of the TOM2A ortholog in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) led to the development of bent branches and a high tolerance to both TMV and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). However, the TOM2A ortholog in Nicotiana glauca did not account for the asymptomatic response to TMV in N. glauca. We showed that TOM2A family is plant-specific and originated from Chlorophyte, and the biological functions of TOM2A orthologs to promote TMV accumulation are highly conserved in the plant kingdom-in both TMV host and nonhost species. In addition, we showed that the interaction between tobacco TOM1 and TOM2A orthologs in plant species is conserved, suggesting a conserved nature of TOM1-TOM2A module in promoting TMV multiplication in plants. The tradeoff between host development, the resistance of hosts to pathogens, and their influence on gene evolution are discussed. Our results shed light on mechanisms that contribute to asymptomatic responses to viruses in plants and provide approaches for developing TMV/ToMV-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Changjun Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng Yuan
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Science, Kunming, China
| | - Zefan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiongjiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hanhui Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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12
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Calle García J, Guadagno A, Paytuvi-Gallart A, Saera-Vila A, Amoroso CG, D'Esposito D, Andolfo G, Aiese Cigliano R, Sanseverino W, Ercolano MR. PRGdb 4.0: an updated database dedicated to genes involved in plant disease resistance process. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 50:D1483-D1490. [PMID: 34850118 PMCID: PMC8729912 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Plant Resistance Genes database (PRGdb; http://prgdb.org/prgdb4/) has been greatly expanded, keeping pace with the increasing amount of available knowledge and data (sequenced proteomes, cloned genes, public analysis data, etc.). The easy-to-use style of the database website has been maintained, while an updated prediction tool, more data and a new section have been added. This new section will contain plant resistance transcriptomic experiments, providing additional easy-to-access experimental information. DRAGO3, the tool for automatic annotation and prediction of plant resistance genes behind PRGdb, has been improved in both accuracy and sensitivity, leading to more reliable predictions. PRGdb offers 199 reference resistance genes and 586.652 putative resistance genes from 182 sequenced proteomes. Compared to the previous release, PRGdb 4.0 has increased the number of reference resistance genes from 153 to 199, the number of putative resistance genes from 177K from 76 proteomes to 586K from 182 sequenced proteomes. A new section has been created that collects plant-pathogen transcriptomic data for five species of agricultural interest. Thereby, with these improvements and data expansions, PRGdb 4.0 aims to serve as a reference to the plant scientific community and breeders worldwide, helping to further study plant resistance mechanisms that contribute to fighting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Calle García
- Sequentia Biotech SL, Calle Comte D'Urgell 240, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Guadagno
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | | | | | - Ciro Gianmaria Amoroso
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Daniela D'Esposito
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Andolfo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Raffaella Ercolano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
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13
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Mammadova R, Fiume I, Bokka R, Kralj-Iglič V, Božič D, Kisovec M, Podobnik M, Zavec AB, Hočevar M, Gellén G, Schlosser G, Pocsfalvi G. Identification of Tomato Infecting Viruses That Co-Isolate with Nanovesicles Using a Combined Proteomics and Electron-Microscopic Approach. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081922. [PMID: 34443753 PMCID: PMC8399691 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived nanovesicles (NVs) have attracted interest due to their anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidative properties and their efficient uptake by human intestinal epithelial cells. Previously we showed that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit is one of the interesting plant resources from which NVs can be obtained at a high yield. In the course of the isolation of NVs from different batches of tomatoes, using the established differential ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography methods, we occasionally observed the co-isolation of viral particles. Density gradient ultracentrifugation (gUC), using sucrose or iodixanol gradient materials, turned out to be efficient in the separation of NVs from the viral particles. We applied cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the morphological assessment and LC-MS/MS-based proteomics for the protein identification of the gradient fractions. Cryo-TEM showed that a low-density gUC fraction was enriched in membrane-enclosed NVs, while the high-density fractions were rich in rod-shaped objects. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis identified capsid proteins of tomato brown rugose fruit virus, tomato mosaic virus and tomato mottle mosaic virus. In another batch of tomatoes, we isolated tomato spotted wilt virus, potato virus Y and southern tomato virus in the vesicle sample. Our results show the frequent co-isolation of plant viruses with NVs and the utility of the combination of cryo-TEM, SEM and proteomics in the detection of possible viral contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramila Mammadova
- Extracellular Vesicles and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (I.F.); (R.B.)
| | - Immacolata Fiume
- Extracellular Vesicles and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (I.F.); (R.B.)
| | - Ramesh Bokka
- Extracellular Vesicles and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (I.F.); (R.B.)
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.K.-I.); (D.B.)
| | - Darja Božič
- Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.K.-I.); (D.B.)
| | - Matic Kisovec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (A.B.Z.)
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (A.B.Z.)
| | - Apolonija Bedina Zavec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (M.P.); (A.B.Z.)
| | - Matej Hočevar
- Institute of Metals and Technology, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gabriella Gellén
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Institute of Chemistry, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (G.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Extracellular Vesicles and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy; (R.M.); (I.F.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Cullen NP, Fetters AM, Ashman TL. Integrating microbes into pollination. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:48-54. [PMID: 33248285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbes (fungi, bacteria and viruses) living within flowers are hypothesized to affect pollination. We evaluate current support for this idea at each stage of the pollination process. Evidence to date is convincing that microbes influence pollinator attraction, but data are heavily weighted toward bumblebees and the effects of nectar yeasts. Effects of microbes on the efficacy of pollinator visits is understudied and variable outcomes from field studies suggest quality of pollinator visits, not only quantity, are likely involved. The effect of microbes on pollen performance is underappreciated. Beyond the effect of pathogenic viruses, the impacts of pollen-transmitted endophytic microbes on pollen viability or tube growth are unknown but could affect the outcome of pollen receipt. Future research integrating microbes into pollination should broaden taxonomic diversity of microbes, pollinators and plants and the processes under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin P Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Andrea M Fetters
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Tia-Lynn Ashman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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15
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Elvira González L, Peiró R, Rubio L, Galipienso L. Persistent Southern Tomato Virus (STV) Interacts with Cucumber Mosaic and/or Pepino Mosaic Virus in Mixed- Infections Modifying Plant Symptoms, Viral Titer and Small RNA Accumulation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:689. [PMID: 33810543 PMCID: PMC8066132 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Southern tomato virus (STV) is a persistent virus that was, at the beginning, associated with some tomato fruit disorders. Subsequent studies showed that the virus did not induce apparent symptoms in single infections. Accordingly, the reported symptoms could be induced by the interaction of STV with other viruses, which frequently infect tomato. Here, we studied the effect of STV in co- and triple-infections with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). Our results showed complex interactions among these viruses. Co-infections leaded to a synergism between STV and CMV or PepMV: STV increased CMV titer and plant symptoms at early infection stages, whereas PepMV only exacerbated the plant symptoms. CMV and PepMV co-infection showed an antagonistic interaction with a strong decrease of CMV titer and a modification of the plant symptoms with respect to the single infections. However, the presence of STV in a triple-infection abolished this antagonism, restoring the CMV titer and plant symptoms. The siRNAs analysis showed a total of 78 miRNAs, with 47 corresponding to novel miRNAs in tomato, which were expressed differentially in the plants that were infected with these viruses with respect to the control mock-inoculated plants. These miRNAs were involved in the regulation of important functions and their number and expression level varied, depending on the virus combination. The number of vsiRNAs in STV single-infected tomato plants was very small, but STV vsiRNAs increased with the presence of CMV and PepMV. Additionally, the rates of CMV and PepMV vsiRNAs varied depending on the virus combination. The frequencies of vsiRNAs in the viral genomes were not uniform, but they were not influenced by other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elvira González
- Biotechnology and Plant Protection Center, Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 46113 Valencia, Spain; (L.E.G.); (L.R.)
- Biotechnology Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Rosa Peiró
- Biotechnology Department, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Luis Rubio
- Biotechnology and Plant Protection Center, Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 46113 Valencia, Spain; (L.E.G.); (L.R.)
| | - Luis Galipienso
- Biotechnology and Plant Protection Center, Valencian Institute of Agricultural Research (IVIA), 46113 Valencia, Spain; (L.E.G.); (L.R.)
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16
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Ibaba JD, Gubba A. High-Throughput Sequencing Application in the Diagnosis and Discovery of Plant-Infecting Viruses in Africa, A Decade Later. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1376. [PMID: 33081084 PMCID: PMC7602839 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) application in the field of plant virology started in 2009 and has proven very successful for virus discovery and detection of viruses already known. Plant virology is still a developing science in most of Africa; the number of HTS-related studies published in the scientific literature has been increasing over the years as a result of successful collaborations. Studies using HTS to identify plant-infecting viruses have been conducted in 20 African countries, of which Kenya, South Africa and Tanzania share the most published papers. At least 29 host plants, including various agricultural economically important crops, ornamentals and medicinal plants, have been used in viromics analyses and have resulted in the detection of previously known viruses and novel ones from almost any host. Knowing that the effectiveness of any management program requires knowledge on the types, distribution, incidence, and genetic of the virus-causing disease, integrating HTS and efficient bioinformatics tools in plant virology research projects conducted in Africa is a matter of the utmost importance towards achieving and maintaining sustainable food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Davy Ibaba
- Discipline of Plant Pathology, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa;
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17
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Geographically distant isolates of the persistent southern tomato virus (STV) show very low genetic diversity in the putative coat protein gene. Virus Genes 2020; 56:668-672. [PMID: 32737756 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Southern tomato virus (STV) from genus Amalgavirus (Family Amalgaviridae) is a persistent virus infecting tomato crops worldwide. Information on genetic diversity and evolutionary mechanisms for plant persistent viruses are very scarce in comparison with plant acute viruses. In this work, the putative coat protein gene of worldwide STV isolates was analyzed showing very low nucleotide diversity (< 0.0100). Phylogenetic analysis separated STV isolates into two clades, but no correlation was found between genetic and geographic distances. Also, no recombination events among STV isolates were detected. Comparison of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions indicated negative selection at the amino acid level.
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18
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Hančinský R, Mihálik D, Mrkvová M, Candresse T, Glasa M. Plant Viruses Infecting Solanaceae Family Members in the Cultivated and Wild Environments: A Review. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050667. [PMID: 32466094 PMCID: PMC7284659 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses infecting crop species are causing long-lasting economic losses and are endangering food security worldwide. Ongoing events, such as climate change, changes in agricultural practices, globalization of markets or changes in plant virus vector populations, are affecting plant virus life cycles. Because farmer’s fields are part of the larger environment, the role of wild plant species in plant virus life cycles can provide information about underlying processes during virus transmission and spread. This review focuses on the Solanaceae family, which contains thousands of species growing all around the world, including crop species, wild flora and model plants for genetic research. In a first part, we analyze various viruses infecting Solanaceae plants across the agro-ecological interface, emphasizing the important role of virus interactions between the cultivated and wild zones as global changes affect these environments on both local and global scales. To cope with these changes, it is necessary to adjust prophylactic protection measures and diagnostic methods. As illustrated in the second part, a complex virus research at the landscape level is necessary to obtain relevant data, which could be overwhelming. Based on evidence from previous studies we conclude that Solanaceae plant communities can be targeted to address complete life cycles of viruses with different life strategies within the agro-ecological interface. Data obtained from such research could then be used to improve plant protection methods by taking into consideration environmental factors that are impacting the life cycles of plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hančinský
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Daniel Mihálik
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
- Institute of High Mountain Biology, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 8215/1, 01026 Žilina, Slovakia
- National Agricultural and Food Centre, Research Institute of Plant Production, Bratislavská cesta 122, 92168 Piešťany, Slovakia
| | - Michaela Mrkvová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Thierry Candresse
- INRAE, University Bordeaux, UMR BFP, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France;
| | - Miroslav Glasa
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 91701 Trnava, Slovakia; (R.H.); (D.M.); (M.M.)
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-5930-2447
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19
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Takahashi H, Fukuhara T, Kitazawa H, Kormelink R. Virus Latency and the Impact on Plants. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2764. [PMID: 31866963 PMCID: PMC6908805 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are thought to be essentially harmful to the lives of their cultivated crop hosts. In most cases studied, the interaction between viruses and cultivated crop plants negatively affects host morphology and physiology, thereby resulting in disease. Native wild/non-cultivated plants are often latently infected with viruses without any clear symptoms. Although seemingly non-harmful, these viruses pose a threat to cultivated crops because they can be transmitted by vectors and cause disease. Reports are accumulating on infections with latent plant viruses that do not cause disease but rather seem to be beneficial to the lives of wild host plants. In a few cases, viral latency involves the integration of full-length genome copies into the host genome that, in response to environmental stress or during certain developmental stages of host plants, can become activated to generate and replicate episomal copies, a transition from latency to reactivation and causation of disease development. The interaction between viruses and host plants may also lead to the integration of partial-length segments of viral DNA genomes or copy DNA of viral RNA genome sequences into the host genome. Transcripts derived from such integrated viral elements (EVEs) may be beneficial to host plants, for example, by conferring levels of virus resistance and/or causing persistence/latency of viral infections. Studies on viral latency in wild host plants might help us to understand and elucidate the underlying mechanisms of latency and provide insights into the raison d’être for viruses in the lives of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Plant Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukuhara
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences and Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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