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Evaluation of Apoptosis and Autophagy Activities in the Brain of Dogs Naturally Infected with Canine Distemper Virus Based on Changes in Apoptotic and Autophagic Markers. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study investig ated the activation of apoptosis and autophagy in CDV infected brain tissues of dogs with acute neurological signs, by determining Cas-3, Cas-8, Cas-9, Bax, Bcl-2, LC3B, and Beclin-1 expression with real-time PCR. The expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3B, autophagy markers, were significantly up-regulated in comparison with the control group (p < 0.001). The expression levels of apoptotic markers Cas-3, Cas-8, Cas-9 and Bax were slightly up-regulated, but Bcl-2 was slightly down-regulated in contrast to the control group (p < 0.05). Therefore, the autophagy markers were more activated than apoptotic markers in dogs with acute neurological signs. In conclusion, autophagy takes part in the pathogenesis of demyelination in canine distemper. Knowing this may be helpful to create new therapeutic strategies, such as new effective antiviral medicines.
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Sarchahi AA, Arbabi M, Mohebalian H. Detection of canine distemper virus in cerebrospinal fluid, whole blood and mucosal specimens of dogs with distemper using RT-PCR and immunochromatographic assays. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1390-1399. [PMID: 35363942 PMCID: PMC9297742 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate diagnosis of canine distemper (CD), a highly contagious and acute viral disease, cannot be made solely based on clinical signs and haematological findings, but serological and molecular methods compatible with clinical signs are also required. The type of sample and method of tissue sampling are also very important. Sometimes in chronic cases, the canine distemper virus (CDV) may not be detected in blood and conjunctival specimens but can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the suitability of CSF samples with whole blood and conjunctival samples in the detection of CDV. Methods The CDV was detected in CSF, whole blood and mucosal specimens in 20 dogs with obvious neurological with or without systemic signs congruous with CD by RT‐PCR and rapid immunochromatographic (IC) antigen test kit assays. Results Rapid kit results were positive for mucosal swabs in 10 cases (50%) and for CSF in 17 cases (85%); RT‐PCR results from whole blood were positive in 11 cases (55%) and from CSF in 16 cases (80%). Conclusions Our results revealed that dogs with neurological signs showing simultaneous or recent systemic symptoms, whole blood, CSF and mucosal swabs are suitable for the diagnosis of CDV by RT‐PCR and rapid IC antigen test kits, but dogs with neurological symptoms that are systematically asymptomatic or have had systemic signs for a long time, whole blood and mucosal swabs are not good samples while CSF is a good one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Asghar Sarchahi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Arbabi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Mohebalian
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Pan Y, Wang S, Li P, Yue F, Zhang Y, Pan B, Liu X. Apoptotic investigation of brain tissue cells in dogs naturally infected by canine distemper virus. Virol J 2021; 18:165. [PMID: 34384430 PMCID: PMC8359588 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper caused by canine distemper virus that belongs to the Morbillivirus genus of the Paramyxoviridae family is still a global epidemic significant infectious disease, especially in pet dogs in China and serious harm to the development of the dog industry. It has been known that apoptosis caused by the canine distemper virus can show in culture cells, lymphoid tissues, and the cerebellum. However, its occurrence in brain tissue cells remains unclear. To investigate the relationship among canine distemper infecting brain tissues, apoptosis in brain tissue cells, and demyelinating pathogenesis was investigated. Methods 16 naturally infected dogs that exhibited clinical signs of CD and tested positive for the anti-CDV monoclonal antibody and six healthy dogs that served as the control, were used in the research. Brain specimens were divided into the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum embedded in paraffin and made the sections respectively. Approximately 5 µm-thick sections were stained by hematoxylin–eosin, methyl green pyronin, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling technique, and immunohistochemistry. CDV nucleocapsid protein was detected by immune streptavidin-biotinylated peroxidase complex. Results Alterations in the brain tissues of CDV-infected dogs involved both various cells and nerve fibers. CDV had varying degrees of cytotropism to all brain tissue cells; apoptosis also occurred in all brain cells, especially in the endothelia of cerebral vessels, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, the more serious infection, the more obvious apoptosis. Serious infections also involved the pyramidal and Purkinje cells. The nervous fibers exhibited demyelinating lesions (showed small multifocal vacuole), and some axonal neuron atrophy gradually disappeared (formed large vacuole). Conclusions Apoptosis in brain tissue cells was mainly related to the propagation path and cytotropism of CDV. The apoptosis of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and some neurons may play a significant role in the demyelinating pathogenesis in dogs with acute canine distemper. A lot of diverse nervous signs shown in the clinic may be related to different neuron apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqian Pan
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Feng Yue
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA.
| | - Xingyou Liu
- School of Life Science and Basic Medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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de Carvalho OV, Rebouças Santos M, Lopes Rangel Fietto J, Pires Moraes M, de Almeida MR, Costa Bressan G, José Pena L, Silva-Júnior A. Multi-targeted gene silencing strategies inhibit replication of Canine morbillivirus. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:448. [PMID: 33213424 PMCID: PMC7676405 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine morbilivirus (canine distemper virus, CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen associated with high morbidity and mortality in susceptible carnivores. Although there are CDV vaccines available, the disease poses a huge threat to dogs and wildlife hosts due to vaccine failures and lack of effective treatment. Thus, the development of therapeutics is an urgent need to achieve rapid outbreak control and reduce mortality in target species. Gene silencing by RNA interference has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach against different human and animal viruses. In this study, plasmid-based short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against three different regions in either CDV nucleoprotein (N), or large polymerase (L) genes and recombinant adenovirus-expressing N-specific multi-shRNAs were generated. Viral cytopathic effect, virus titration, plaque-forming unit reduction, and real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis were used to check the efficiency of constructs against CDV. RESULTS In CDV-infected VerodogSLAM cells, shRNA-expressing plasmids targeting the N gene markedly inhibited the CDV replication in a dose-dependent manner, with viral genomes and titers being decreased by over 99%. Transfection of plasmid-based shRNAs against the L gene displayed weaker inhibition of viral RNA level and virus yield as compared to CDV N shRNAs. A combination of shRNAs targeting three sites in the N gene considerably reduced CDV RNA and viral titers, but their effect was not synergistic. Recombinant adenovirus-expressing multiple shRNAs against CDV N gene achieved a highly efficient knockdown of CDV N mRNAs and successful inhibition of CDV replication. CONCLUSIONS We found that this strategy had strong silencing effects on CDV replication in vitro. Our findings indicate that the delivery of shRNAs using plasmid or adenovirus vectors potently inhibits CDV replication and provides a basis for the development of therapeutic strategies for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio Valério de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil
| | - Marcus Rebouças Santos
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Mauro Pires Moraes
- Laboratory of Immunobiological and Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rogéria de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa, MG, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Lindomar José Pena
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Av. Moraes Rego, s/n, Campus UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50670-420, Brazil.
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Yardim A, Kandemir FM, Ozdemir S, Kucukler S, Comakli S, Gur C, Celik H. Quercetin provides protection against the peripheral nerve damage caused by vincristine in rats by suppressing caspase 3, NF-κB, ATF-6 pathways and activating Nrf2, Akt pathways. Neurotoxicology 2020; 81:137-146. [PMID: 33038355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the protective effects of quercetin on peripheral neurotoxicity caused by vincristine, which is used effectively in the treatment of various types of cancers, were investigated by using different techniques. In the study, for 12 days, male Sprague Dawley rats were given 25 and 50 mg/kg doses of quercetin orally and were administered a 0.1 mg/kg dose of vincristine (a total cumulative dose of 1.2 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 30 min later. The protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase-1 (NQO1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were measured with ELISA; the immunopositivity of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and caspase 3 were determined with immunohistochemistry; the mRNA transcript levels of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme-1 (IRE1), activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), caspase 3, protein kinase B1/2 (Akt-1/2), and forkhead box transcription factor, class O1 (FOXO1) were determined with RT-PCR. The reduction of Nrf2 levels and HO-1 and NQO1 activities in the sciatic nerve tissue, the increase in the levels of 8-OHdG, and the increase in the levels of GFAP and NF-κB caused by vincristine was observed to cause oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, neuronal cell damage, and inflammation, respectively. Additionally, vincristine was determined to cause ER stress and apoptosis by increasing PERK, IRE1, ATF-6, and GRP78 and caspase 3 and Bax expressions and by decreasing Bcl-2 expressions. Vincristine causing Akt inhibition also shows that it prevents neuronal survival. However, quercetin was determined to relieve oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, neuronal cell damage, inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis caused by vincristine and enable Akt activation. These results show that in rats, quercetin may have a protective effect against peripheral neurotoxicity caused by vincristine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Yardim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Private Buhara Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Selcuk Ozdemir
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Kucukler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selim Comakli
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cihan Gur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hamit Celik
- Department of Neurology, Private Buhara Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
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