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Zhao L, Zheng L. A Review on Bioactive Anthraquinone and Derivatives as the Regulators for ROS. Molecules 2023; 28:8139. [PMID: 38138627 PMCID: PMC10745977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones are bioactive natural products, which are often found in medicinal herbs. These compounds exert antioxidant-related pharmacological actions including neuroprotective effects, anti-inflammation, anticancer, hepatoprotective effects and anti-aging, etc. Considering the benefits from their pharmacological use, recently, there was an upsurge in the development and utilization of anthraquinones as reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulators. In this review, a deep discussion was carried out on their antioxidant activities and the structure-activity relationships. The antioxidant mechanisms and the chemistry behind the antioxidant activities of both natural and synthesized compounds were furtherly explored and demonstrated. Due to the specific chemical activity of ROS, antioxidants are essential for human health. Therefore, the development of reagents that regulate the imbalance between ROS formation and elimination should be more extensive and rational, and the exploration of antioxidant mechanisms of anthraquinones may provide new therapeutic tools and ideas for various diseases mediated by ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhao
- Tianjin Renai College, Tianjin 301636, China;
| | - Lin Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Mitra S, Anjum J, Muni M, Das R, Rauf A, Islam F, Bin Emran T, Semwal P, Hemeg HA, Alhumaydhi FA, Wilairatana P. Exploring the journey of emodin as a potential neuroprotective agent: Novel therapeutic insights with molecular mechanism of action. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112877. [PMID: 35367766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative found in the roots and bark of a variety of plants, molds, and lichens. Emodin has been used as a traditional medication for more than 2000 years and is still common in numerous herbal drugs. Emodin is plentiful in the three plant families, including Polygonaceae (Rheum, Rumex, and Polygonum spp.), Fabaceae (Cassia spp.), and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnus, Frangula, and Ventilago spp.). Emerging experimental evidences indicate that emodin confers a wide range of pharmacological activities; special focus was implemented toward neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, anxiety and depression, schizophrenia, chronic hyperglycemic peripheral neuropathy, etc. Numerous preclinical evidences were established in support of the neuroprotection of emodin. However, this review highlighted the role of emodin as a potent neurotherapeutic agent; therefore, its evidence-based functionality on neurological disorders (NDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Juhaer Anjum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Maniza Muni
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan.
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh.
| | - Prabhakar Semwal
- Department of Life Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, P.O. Box 344, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Agwupuye JA, Neji PA, Louis H, Odey JO, Unimuke TO, Bisiong EA, Eno EA, Utsu PM, Ntui TN. Investigation on electronic structure, vibrational spectra, NBO analysis, and molecular docking studies of aflatoxins and selected emerging mycotoxins against wild-type androgen receptor. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07544. [PMID: 34345733 PMCID: PMC8319581 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The geometry, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), vibrational, NBO analysis, and molecular docking simulations of aflatoxins (B1, B2, M1, M2, G1, G2), zearalenone (ZEA) emodin (EMO), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monoethyl ether (AMME), and tenuazonic acid (TeA) mycotoxins have been extensively theoretically studied and discussed based on quantum density functional theory calculations using Gaussian 16 software package. The theoretical computation for the geometry optimization, NBOs, and the molecular docking interaction was conducted using Density Functional Theory with B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p), NBO program, and AutoDock Vina tools respectively. Charge delocalization patterns and second-order perturbation energies of the most interacting natural bond orbitals (NBOs) of these mycotoxins have also been computed and predicted. Interestingly, among the mycotoxins investigated, aflatoxin G1 is seen to give the strongest stabilization energy while Zearalenone shows the highest tendency to accept electron(s) and emodin, an emerging mycotoxin gave the best binding pose within the androgen receptor pocket with a mean binding affinity of -7.40 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Agwupuye
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Peter A. Neji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Computational Quantum Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Joseph O. Odey
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Tomsmith O. Unimuke
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel A. Bisiong
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ededet A. Eno
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Patrick M. Utsu
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Tabe N. Ntui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
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Szymańska M, Majerz I. Effect of Substitution of Hydrogen Atoms in the Molecules of Anthrone and Anthraquinone. Molecules 2021; 26:502. [PMID: 33477805 PMCID: PMC7832899 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The geometry of anthrone and anthraquinone-natural substances of plant origin-was investigated under the substitution of hydrogen atoms in side aromatic ring and, for anthrone, also in the central ring. A significant influence of substitution on geometry expressed by the angle between the side rings was shown. The geometry changes are connected with the changes of electron density and aromaticity of the anthrone and anthraquinone rings. The flexibility of the investigated compounds was confirmed by comparison of the optimized molecules and the molecules in the crystal state where the packing forces can influence the molecular geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irena Majerz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Deitersen J, El-Kashef DH, Proksch P, Stork B. Anthraquinones and autophagy - Three rings to rule them all? Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115042. [PMID: 31420258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome therapy resistance in cancer, scientists search in nature for novel lead structures for the development of improved chemotherapeutics. Anthraquinones belong to a class of tricyclic organic natural compounds with promising anti-cancer effects. Anthraquinone derivatives are rich in structural diversity, and exhibit pleiotropic properties, among which the modulation of autophagy seems promising in the context of overcoming cancer-therapy resistance. Among the most promising derivatives in this regard are emodin, aloe emodin, rhein, physcion, chrysophanol and altersolanol A. On the molecular level, these compounds target autophagy via different upstream pathways including the AKT/mTOR-axis and transcription of autophagy-related proteins. The role of autophagy is pro-survival as well as cell death-promoting, depending on derivatives and their cell type specificity. This review summarizes observed effects of anthraquinone derivatives on autophagy and discusses targeted pathways and crosstalks. A cumulative knowledge about this topic paves the way for further research on modes of action, and aids to find a therapeutic window of anthraquinones in cancer-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Deitersen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dina H El-Kashef
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Stork
- Institute for Molecular Medicine I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Yi Y, Adrjan B, Wlodarz J, Li J, Jackowski K, Roszak S. NMR measurements and DFT studies of nuclear magnetic shielding in emodin and chuanxiongzine molecules. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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da Cunha AR, Duarte EL, Stassen H, Lamy MT, Coutinho K. Experimental and theoretical studies of emodin interacting with a lipid bilayer of DMPC. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:729-745. [PMID: 28940105 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin is one of the most abundant anthraquinone derivatives found in nature. It is the active principle of some traditional herbal medicines with known biological activities. In this work, we combined experimental and theoretical studies to reveal information about location, orientation, interaction and perturbing effects of Emodin on lipid bilayers, where we have taken into account the neutral form of the Emodin (EMH) and its anionic/deprotonated form (EM-). Using both UV/Visible spectrophotometric techniques and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we showed that both EMH and EM- are located in a lipid membrane. Additionally, using MD simulations, we revealed that both forms of Emodin are very close to glycerol groups of the lipid molecules, with the EMH inserted more deeply into the bilayer and more disoriented relative to the normal of the membrane when compared with the EM-, which is more exposed to interfacial water. Analysis of several structural properties of acyl chains of the lipids in a hydrated pure DMPC bilayer and in the presence of Emodin revealed that both EMH and EM- affect the lipid bilayer, resulting in a remarkable disorder of the bilayer in the vicinity of the Emodin. However, the disorder caused by EMH is weaker than that caused by EM-. Our results suggest that these disorders caused by Emodin might lead to distinct effects on lipid bilayers including its disruption which are reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R da Cunha
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, UFMA, Campus Balsas, Maranhão, 06500-000, Brazil.,Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro L Duarte
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hubert Stassen
- Grupo de Química Teórica, Instituto de Química, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - M Teresa Lamy
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Özbakır Işın D. Theoretical study on the investigation of antioxidant properties of some hydroxyanthraquinones. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1248514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Özbakır Işın
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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9
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Monisha BA, Kumar N, Tiku AB. Emodin and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:47-73. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Marković Z, Jeremić S, Dimitrić Marković J, Stanojević Pirković M, Amić D. Influence of structural characteristics of substituents on the antioxidant activity of some anthraquinone derivatives. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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da Cunha AR, Duarte EL, Lamy MT, Coutinho K. Protonation/deprotonation process of Emodin in aqueous solution and pKa determination: UV/Visible spectrophotometric titration and quantum/molecular mechanics calculations. Chem Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lafifi I, Khatmi D. Theoretical Investigation of the Intramolecular H-Bonding on Tautomerism. ADVANCES IN QUANTUM CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800536-1.00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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In vitro antioxidant activity of selected 4-hydroxy-chromene-2-one derivatives-SAR, QSAR and DFT studies. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2822-41. [PMID: 21686153 PMCID: PMC3116159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12052822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The series of fifteen synthesized 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives was subjected to antioxidant activity evaluation in vitro, through total antioxidant capacity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxide scavenging and chelating activity. The highest activity was detected during the radicals scavenging, with 2b, 6b, 2c, and 4c noticed as the most active. The antioxidant activity was further quantified by the quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) studies. For this purpose, the structures were optimized using Paramethric Method 6 (PM6) semi-empirical and Density Functional Theory (DFT) B3LYP methods. Bond dissociation enthalpies of coumarin 4-OH, Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) gained hybridization of the oxygen, acidity of the hydrogen atom and various molecular descriptors obtained, were correlated with biological activity, after which we designed 20 new antioxidant structures, using the most favorable structural motifs, with much improved predicted activity in vitro.
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Marković ZS, Manojlović NT. Analytical characterization of lichexanthone in lichen: HPLC, UV spectroscopic, and DFT analysis of lichexanthone extracted from Laurera benguelensis (Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-010-0349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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