Synthesis and blood glucose and lipid-lowering effects of benzothiazole-substituted benzenesulfonylurea derivatives

In Silico Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Series of Benzothiazole- Based Pyrazolidinediones as Potent Hypoglycemic Agents

Background:

The discovery of novel ligand binding domain (LBD) of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has recently attracted attention to few research groups in order to develop more potent and safer antidiabetic agents.

Objective:

This study is focused on docking-based design and synthesis of novel compounds combining benzothiazole and pyrazolidinedione scaffold as potential antidiabetic agents.

Methods:

Several benzothiazole-pyrazolidinedione hybrids were synthesized and tested for their in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activity. Interactions profile of title compounds against PPARγ was examined through molecular modelling approach.

Results:

All tested compounds exhibited anti-hyperglycemic activity similar or superior to the reference drug Rosiglitazone. Introducing chlorine atom and alkyl group at position-6 and -5 respectively on benzothiazole core resulted in enhancing the anti-hyperglycemic effect. Docking study revealed that such groups demonstrated favorable hydrophobic interactions with novel LBD Ω- pocket of PPARγ protein.

Conclusion:

Among the tested compounds, N-(6-chloro-5-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl-4-(4((3,5- dioxopyrazolidin-4-ylidene)methyl)phenoxy)butanamide 5b was found to be the most potent compound and provided valuable insights to further develop novel hybrids as anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Novel Hybrids of Pyrazolidinedione and Benzothiazole as TZD Analogues. Rationale Design, Synthesis and In Vivo Anti-Diabetic Evaluation

BACKGROUND

The development of new classes of blood glucose-lowering medications has increased the number of treatment opportunities available for type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, long term complicated treatments and side effects of available antidiabetic therapies have urged huge demands for effective affordable anti-diabetic agents that can lessen negative health consequences. In this sense, the exploration of alternative medicinal remedies associated with new significant antidiabetic efficiencies with minimized adverse effects is an active domain of research.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to synthesize a series of benzothiazole-pyrazolidinedione hybrids and evaluate their antidiabetic activity along with molecular docking and in silico analysis.

METHODS

The hybrids were synthesized by a multi-step synthesis and were further subjected for in vivo anti-hyperglycemic assessment on rat models of type II diabetes. Molecular modelling study was undertaken against peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) to highlight possible key interactions.

RESULTS

Docking studies revealed that appropriate substituents on benzothiazole ring interacted favorably with the hydrophobic Ω-pocket of PPARγ binding site resulting in improving their antihyperglycemic activity. All the synthesized hybrids manifested promising anti-hyperglycemic potency. Excitingly, 5a, 5b and 5c were even more potent than the standard drug.

CONCLUSION

The newly synthesized hybrids can be considered as a new class of antidiabetic agents and this study provided useful information on further optimization.

Novel hybrids of benzothiazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole-4-thiazolidinone: Synthesis, in silico ADME study, molecular docking and in vivo anti-diabetic assessment

A series of new benzothiazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole-4-thiazolidinone hybrid analogs (Tz1-Tz28) were synthesized in search of potential anti-diabetic agents. Molecular docking study was conducted with binding pocket of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma to elucidate the binding interactions of newly synthesized targets. Seven selected compounds with best docking scores were further screened for in vivo anti-hyperglycemic efficacy by oral glucose tolerance test in non-diabetic rats and on streptozotocin induced diabetic rat models. All the tested compounds demonstrated excellent to moderate reduction in blood glucose levels. Three of the compounds (Tz21, Tz7 and Tz10) showed excellent anti-diabetic effect by reducing concentration of glucose to 157.15 ± 1.79 mg/dL, 154.39 ± 1.71 mg/dL, 167.36 ± 2.45 mg/dL, respectively better than the standard drug, pioglitazone, 178.32 ± 1.88 mg/dL. Moreover, three derivatives Tz21, Tz4 and Tz24 with IC50 values of 0.21 ± 0.01 µM, 9.03 ± 0.12 µM and 11.96 ± 0.40 µM respectively also showed better inhibitory activities on alpha-glucosidase even more than the standard acarbose (IC50 = 18.5 ± 0.20 µM), indicating Tz21 has the highest inhibitory effect among the seven tested derivatives. Prediction of Drug like properties using molinspiration online software suggests that all the synthesized compounds have potential of becoming the orally active molecules. Thus, these novel hybrids could serve as potential candidates to become leads for the development of new drugs eliciting anti-hyperglycemic effect orally.

Synthesis, molecular modelling studies and ADME prediction of benzothiazole clubbed oxadiazole-Mannich bases, and evaluation of their anti-diabetic activity through in vivo model

A small library of new benzothiazole clubbed oxadiazole-Mannich bases (M-1 to M-22) were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR, Mass and Elemental analysis results. Molecular docking studies were done to assess the binding mode and interactions of synthesized hits at binding site of receptor Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, PPAR-γ or PPARG (PDB 1FM9). Among the synthesized compounds, nine compounds were selected on the basis of docking score and evaluated for their in vivo anti-diabetic activity using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) in normal rats followed by Streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetes. Results indicated that compound M-14 (161.39 ± 4.38) showed the highest reduction of blood glucose level comparable to that of the standard drug glibenclamide (140.29 ± 1.24) in STZ model. Other compounds exhibited moderate to good anti hyperglycaemic activity. ADME studies was done using Molinspiration online software, revealed that all compounds (except M-11) are likely to be orally active as they obeyed Lipinski's rule of five.