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Antileishmanial Activity of Lignans, Neolignans, and Other Plant Phenols. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 115:115-176. [PMID: 33797642 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64853-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SM) from organisms have served medicinal chemists over the past two centuries as an almost inexhaustible pool of new drugs, drug-like skeletons, and chemical probes that have been used in the "hunt" for new biologically active molecules with a "beneficial effect on human mind and body." Several secondary metabolites, or their derivatives, have been found to be the answer in the quest to search for new approaches to treat or even eradicate many types of diseases that oppress humanity. A special place among SM is occupied by lignans and neolignans. These phenolic compounds are generated biosynthetically via radical coupling of two phenylpropanoid monomers, and are known for their multitarget activity and low toxicity. The disadvantage of the relatively low specificity of phenylpropanoid-based SM turns into an advantage when structural modifications of these skeletons are made. Indeed, phenylpropanoid-based SM previously have proven to offer great potential as a starting point in drug development. Compounds such as Warfarin® (a coumarin-based anticoagulant) as well as etoposide and teniposide (podophyllotoxin-based anticancer drugs) are just a few examples. At the beginning of the third decade of the twenty-first century, the call for the treatment of more than a dozen rare or previously "neglected" diseases remains for various reasons unanswered. Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease that desperately needs new ways of treatment, is just one of these. This disease is caused by more than 20 leishmanial parasites that are pathogenic to humans and are spread by as many as 800 sandfly species across subtropical areas of the world. With continuing climate changes, the presence of Leishmania parasites and therefore leishmaniasis, the disease caused by these parasites, is spreading from previous locations to new areas. Thus, leishmaniasis is affecting each year a larger proportion of the world's population. The choice of appropriate leishmaniasis treatment depends on the severity of the disease and its form of manifestation. The success of current drug therapy is often limited, due in most cases to requiring long hospitalization periods (weeks to months) and the toxicity (side effects) of administered drugs, in addition to the increasing resistance of the parasites to treatment. It is thus important to develop new drugs and treatments that are less toxic, can overcome drug resistance, and require shorter periods of treatment. These aspects are especially important for the populations of developing countries. It was reported that several phenylpropanoid-based secondary metabolites manifest interesting antileishmanial activities and are used by various indigenous people to treat leishmaniasis. In this chapter, the authors shed some light on the various biological activities of phenylpropanoid natural products, with the main focus being on their possible applications in the context of antileishmanial treatment.
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Lahive CW, Kamer PCJ, Lancefield CS, Deuss PJ. An Introduction to Model Compounds of Lignin Linking Motifs; Synthesis and Selection Considerations for Reactivity Studies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4238-4265. [PMID: 32510817 PMCID: PMC7540175 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of fundamentally new valorization strategies for lignin plays a vital role in unlocking the true potential of lignocellulosic biomass as sustainable and economically compatible renewable carbon feedstock. In particular, new catalytic modification and depolymerization strategies are required. Progress in this field, past and future, relies for a large part on the application of synthetic model compounds that reduce the complexity of working with the lignin biopolymer. This aids the development of catalytic methodologies and in-depth mechanistic studies and guides structural characterization studies in the lignin field. However, due to the volume of literature and the piecemeal publication of methodology, the choice of suitable lignin model compounds is far from straight forward, especially for those outside the field and lacking a background in organic synthesis. For example, in catalytic depolymerization studies, a balance between synthetic effort and fidelity compared to the actual lignin of interest needs to be found. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of the model compounds available to study the chemistry of the main native linking motifs typically found in lignins from woody biomass, the synthetic routes and effort required to access them, and discuss to what extent these represent actual lignin structures. This overview can aid researchers in their selection of the most suitable lignin model systems for the development of emerging lignin modification and depolymerization technologies, maximizing their chances of successfully developing novel lignin valorization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran W. Lahive
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul C. J. Kamer
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
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Valdés E, González C, Díaz K, Vásquez-Martínez Y, Mascayano C, Torrent C, Cabezas F, Mejias S, Montoya M, Cortez-San Martín M, Muñoz MA, Joseph-Nathan P, Osorio M, Taborga L. Biological Properties and Absolute Configuration of Flavanones From Calceolaria thyrsiflora Graham. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1125. [PMID: 32848744 PMCID: PMC7399337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavanones (-)-(2S)-5,4'-dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (1) and (-)-(2S)-5,3',4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (2) were isolated from the extracts of Calceolaria thyrsiflora Graham, an endemic perennial small shrub growing in the central zone of Chile. The absolute configuration of these compounds was resolved by optical rotation experiments and in silico calculations. Three analogs (3, 4, and 5) were synthesized to do structure-activity relationships with the biological assays studied. Biological tests revealed that only flavanone 2 exhibited a moderate inhibitory activity against the methicillin-resistant strain S. aureus MRSA 97-77 (MIC value of 50 µg/ml). In addition, flavanone 2 showed a potent, selective, and competitive inhibition of 5-hLOX, which supports the traditional use of this plant as an anti-inflammatory in diseases of the respiratory tract. Also, 2 exhibited cytotoxic and selective effects against B16-F10 (8.07 ± 1.61 µM) but 4.6- and 17-fold lesser activity than etoposide and taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Valdés
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - César González
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Katy Díaz
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez
- Programa Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Mascayano
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Torrent
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Cabezas
- Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sophia Mejias
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita Montoya
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Cortez-San Martín
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo A Muñoz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pedro Joseph-Nathan
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Osorio
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Lautaro Taborga
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
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Konrádová D, Bon DJYD, Pospíšil J. 1-(Phenylsulfonyl)-3-oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-one as a Building Block in Organic Synthesis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12229-12238. [PMID: 30188126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of the readily available phenylsulfonyl lactone building block to structurally diverse molecular scaffolds is described. Depicted structures are accessed in one to three steps, and their overall yields are high. The rigidity of the starting building block greatly directs the stereoselectivity of the transformations, and newly generated stereogenic centers including the quaternary carbon centers are formed with high stereoselectivity generally superior to dr > 95:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Konrádová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators , Palacky University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR , Šlechtitelů 27 , CZ-783 71 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - David Jean-Yves Denis Bon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , tř. 17. listopadu 1192/12 , CZ-771 46 Olomouc , Czech republic
| | - Jiří Pospíšil
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators , Palacky University & Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR , Šlechtitelů 27 , CZ-783 71 Olomouc , Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Palacky University , tř. 17. listopadu 1192/12 , CZ-771 46 Olomouc , Czech republic
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