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Transient depletion of transported metabolites in the streaming cytoplasm of Chara upon shading the long-distance transmission pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148257. [PMID: 32621805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Export of reducing power from chloroplasts to cytoplasm serves to balance the NADPH/ATP ratio that is optimal for CO2 assimilation. Rapid cytoplasmic streaming in characean algae conveys the exported metabolites downstream towards the shaded plastids where envelope transporters may operate for the import of reducing power in accordance with the direction of concentration gradients. Import of reducing equivalents by chloroplasts in the analyzed area transiently enhances the pulse-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence F' controlled by the redox state of photosystem II acceptor QA. When the microfluidic pathway was transferred to darkness while the analyzed cell area remained in dim background light, the amplitude of cyclosis-mediated F' changes dropped sharply and then recovered within 5-10 min. The suppression of long-distance signaling indicates temporal depletion of transmitted metabolites in the streaming cytoplasm. The return to overall background illumination induced an exceptionally large F' response to the first local light pulse admitted to a remote cell region. This indicates the appearance of excess reductants in the streaming cytoplasm at a certain stage of photosynthetic induction. The results suggest highly dynamic exchange of metabolites between stationary chloroplasts lining the microfluidic pathway and the streaming cytoplasm upon light-dark and dark-light transitions. Evidence is obtained that slow stages of chlorophyll fluorescence induction in algae with rapid cytoplasmic streaming directly depend on cyclosis-mediated long-distance delivery of metabolites produced far beyond the analyzed cell area.
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Bulychev AA, Alova AV, Krupenina NA, Rubin AB. Cytoplasmic Streaming as an Intracellular Conveyer: Effect on Photosynthesis and H+ Fluxes in Chara Cells. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Eremin A, Bulychev AA, Kluge C, Harbinson J, Foissner I. PH-dependent cell-cell interactions in the green alga Chara. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1737-1751. [PMID: 31367920 PMCID: PMC6820879 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01392-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characean internodal cells develop alternating patterns of acid and alkaline zones along their surface in order to facilitate uptake of carbon required for photosynthesis. In this study, we used a pH-indicating membrane dye, 4-heptadecylumbiliferone, to study the kinetics of alkaline band formation and decomposition. The differences in growth/decay kinetics suggested that growth occurred as an active, autocatalytic process, whereas decomposition was due to diffusion. We further investigated mutual interactions between internodal cells and found that their alignment parallel to each other induced matching of the pH banding patterns, which was mirrored by chloroplast activity. In non-aligned cells, the lowered photosynthetic activity was noted upon a rise of the external pH, suggesting that the matching of pH bands was due to a local elevation of membrane conductance by the high pH of the alkaline zones of neighboured cells. Finally, we show that the altered pH banding pattern caused the reorganization of the cortical cytoplasm. Complex plasma membrane elaborations (charasomes) were degraded via endocytosis, and mitochondria were moved away from the cortex when a previously acid region became alkaline and vice versa. Our data show that characean internodal cells react flexibly to environmental cues, including those originating from neighboured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Eremin
- Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, 39016, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander A Bulychev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Christopher Kluge
- Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, 39016, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wageningen, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse Foissner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Bulychev AA, Krupenina NA. Interchloroplast communications in Chara are suppressed under the alkaline bands and are relieved after the plasma membrane excitation. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 129:62-69. [PMID: 31103848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Immobile chloroplasts in Chara internodal cells release photometabolites into the streaming cytoplasm that distributes the exported solutes and provides metabolic connectivity between spatially remote plastids. The metabolite transmission by fluid flow is evident from chlorophyll fluorescence changes in shaded chloroplasts upon local illumination applied upstream of the analyzed area. The connectivity correlates with the pH pattern on cell surface: it is strong in cell regions with high H+-pump activity and is low in regions featuring large passive H+ influx (OH- efflux). One explanation for low connectivity under the alkaline bands is that H+ influx lowers the cytoplasmic pH, thus retarding metabolic conversions of solutes carried by the microfluidic transporter. The cessation of H+ influx across the plasma membrane by eliciting the action potential and by adding NH4Cl into the medium greatly enhanced the amplitude of cyclosis-mediated fluorescence transients. The transition from latent to the transmissive state after the dark pretreatment was paralleled by the temporary increase in chlorophyll fluorescence, reflecting changes in photosynthetic electron transport. It is proposed that the connectivity between distant chloroplasts is controlled by cytoplasmic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Bulychev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia A Krupenina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Bulychev AA, Rybina AA. Long-range interactions of Chara chloroplasts are sensitive to plasma-membrane H + flows and comprise separate photo- and dark-operated pathways. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1621-1634. [PMID: 29704048 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Local illumination of the characean internode with a 30-s pulse of white light was found to induce the delayed transient increase of modulated chlorophyll fluorescence in shaded cell parts, provided the analyzed region is located downstream in the cytoplasmic flow at millimeter distances from the light spot. The fluorescence response to photostimulation of a remote cell region indicates that the metabolites produced by source chloroplasts in an illuminated region are carried downstream with the cytoplasmic flow, thus ensuring long-distance communications between anchored plastids in giant internodal cells. The properties of individual stages of metabolite signaling are not yet well known. We show here that the export of assimilates and/or reducing equivalents from the source chloroplasts into the flowing cytoplasm is largely insensitive to the direction of plasma-membrane H+ flows, whereas the events in sink regions where these metabolites are delivered to the acceptor chloroplasts under dim light are controlled by H+ fluxes across the plasma membrane. The fluorescence response to local illumination of remote cell regions was best pronounced under weak background light and was also observed in a modified form within 1-2 min after the transfer of cell to darkness. The fluorescence transients in darkened cells were suppressed by antimycin A, an inhibitor of electron transfer from ferredoxin to plastoquinone, whereas the fluorescence response under background light was insensitive to this inhibitor. We conclude that the accumulation of reduced metabolites in the stroma leads to the reduction of photosystem II primary quinone acceptor (QA) via two separate (photochemical and non-photochemical) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Bulychev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
| | - Anna A Rybina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 119991
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Komarova AV, Sukhov VS, Bulychev AA. Cyclosis-mediated long distance communications of chloroplasts in giant cells of Characeae. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2018; 45:236-246. [PMID: 32291038 DOI: 10.1071/fp16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-distance communications in giant characean internodal cells involve cytoplasmic streaming as an effective means for transportation of regulatory substances. The local illumination of Chara corallina Klein ex C.L.Willdenow internodal cells with an intense 30s pulse of white light caused a transient increase of modulated chlorophyll fluorescence in cell regions positioned downstream the cytoplasmic flow after a delay whose duration increased with the axial distance from the light source. No changes in fluorescence were observed in cell regions residing upstream of the light spot. The transient increase in actual fluorescence F' in cell areas exposed to constant dim illumination at large distances from the brightly lit area indicates the transmission of photosynthetically active metabolite between chloroplasts separated by 1-5mm distances. The shapes of fluorescence transients were sensitive to retardation of cytoplasmic streaming by cytochalasin D and to variations in cyclosis velocity during gradual recovery of streaming after an instant arrest of cyclosis by elicitation of the action potential. Furthermore, the analysed fluorescence transients were skewed on the ascending or descending fronts depending on the position of light-modulated cytoplasmic package at the moment of streaming cessation with respect to the point of measurements. The observations are simulated in qualitative terms with a simplified streaming-diffusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Komarova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Gagarin Avenue 23, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A Bulychev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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Bulychev AA, Komarova AV. Photoregulation of photosystem II activity mediated by cytoplasmic streaming in Chara and its relation to pH bands. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:386-395. [PMID: 28257779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts in vivo exposed to strong light export assimilates and excess reducing power to the cytoplasm for metabolic conversions and allocation to neighboring and distant organelles. The cytoplasmic streaming, being particularly fast in characean internodes, distributes the exported metabolites from brightly illuminated cell spots to light-limited regions, which is evident from the transient increase in chlorophyll fluorescence of shaded areas in response to illumination of distant cell regions situated upstream the liquid flow. It is not yet known whether long-distance communications between anchored chloroplasts are interfered by pH banding that commonly arises in characean internodes under the action of continuous or fluctuating light. In this study, microfluorometry, pH-microsensors, and local illumination were combined to examine long-distance transport and subsequent reentry of photosynthetic metabolites, including triose phosphates, into chloroplasts of cell regions producing external alkaline and acid bands. The lateral transmission of metabolic signals between distant chloroplasts was found to operate effectively in cell areas underlying acid zones but was almost fully blocked under alkaline zones. The rates of linear electron flow in chloroplasts of these regions were nearly equal under dim background light, but differed substantially at high light when availability of CO2, rather than irradiance, was the rate-limiting factor. Different productions of assimilates by chloroplasts underlying CO2-sufficient acid and CO2-deficient alkaline zones were a cause for contrasting manifestations of long-distance transport of photosynthetic metabolites. Nonuniform cytoplasmic pH in cells exhibiting pH bands might contribute to different activities of metabolic translocators under high and low pH zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Bulychev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Anna V Komarova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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Bulychev AA, Komarova AV. Implication of long-distance cytoplasmic transport into dynamics of local pH on the surface of microinjured Chara cells. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:557-567. [PMID: 27091340 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic streaming is essential for intracellular communications but its specific functions are not well known. In Chara corallina internodes, long-distance interactions mediated by cyclosis are clearly evident with microscopy-pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometer under application of localized light (LL) pulses to a remote cell region. Measurements of LL-induced profiles of chlorophyll fluorescence F' at various distances from the LL source suggest that illuminated chloroplasts release into the streaming cytoplasm excess reducing equivalents that are entrained by the fluid flow and transiently reduce the intersystem electron carriers in chloroplasts of downstream shaded areas. The reducing equivalents propagate to distances up to 4.5 mm from the LL source, with the transport rate nearly equal to the velocity of liquid flow. The F' transients disappeared after the arrest of streaming with cytochalasin D and reappeared upon its recovery in washed cells. The F' responses to a distant LL were used as an indicator for the passage of cytosolic reductants across the analyzed cell area during measurements of cell surface pH (pHo) in intact and microperforated internodes. In microwounded cell regions, the LL-induced increase in F' occurred synchronously with the increase in pHo, by contrast to a slight decrease in pHo observed prior to perforation. The results show that reducing agents transported with the cytoplasmic flow are involved in rapid pH changes on the surface of microinjured cells. A possibility is considered that cytoplasmic reductants are processed by stress-activated plasmalemmal NADPH oxidase carrying electrons to oxygen with the eventual H+ consumption on the outer cell side.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna V Komarova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia
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Photoinduction of cyclosis-mediated interactions between distant chloroplasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:379-389. [PMID: 25615586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Communications between chloroplasts and other organelles based on the exchange of metabolites, including redox active substances, are recognized as a part of intracellular regulation, chlororespiration, and defense against oxidative stress. Similar communications may operate between spatially distant chloroplasts in large cells where photosynthetic and respiratory activities are distributed unevenly under fluctuating patterned illumination. Microfluorometry of chlorophyll fluorescence in vivo in internodal cells of the alga Chara corallina revealed that a 30-s pulse of localized light induces a transient increase (~25%) in F' fluorescence of remote cell parts exposed to dim background light at a 1.5-mm distance on the downstream side from the illuminated spot in the plane of unilateral cytoplasmic streaming but has no effect on F' at equal distance on the upstream side. An abrupt arrest of cytoplasmic streaming for about 30s by triggering the action potential extended either the ascending or descending fronts of the F' fluorescence response, depending on the exact moment of streaming cessation. The response of F' fluorescence to localized illumination of a distant cell region was absent in dark-adapted internodes, when the localized light was applied within the first minute after switching on continuous background illumination of the whole cell, but it appeared in full after longer exposures to continuous background light. These results and the elimination of the F' response by methyl viologen known to redirect electron transport pathways beyond photosystem I indicate the importance of photosynthetic induction and the stromal redox state for long-distance communications of chloroplasts in vivo.
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Bulychev AA, Komarova AV. Long-distance signal transmission and regulation of photosynthesis in characean cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:273-81. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Foissner I, Wasteneys GO. Characean internodal cells as a model system for the study of cell organization. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:307-64. [PMID: 24952921 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Giant internodal cells of characean green algae have been widely used for studying cellular physiology. This review emphasizes their significance for understanding cytoarchitecture and cytoplasmic reorganization. The cytoarchitecture of internodal cells undergoes pronounced, cytoskeleton-dependent changes during development and in response to environmental cues. Under bright light, internodes develop alternating bands of acid and alkaline pH at their surface that correlate with the differential size and abundance of cortical organelles and, in the genus Chara, with the size and distribution of convoluted plasma membrane domains known as charasomes. Wounding induces responses ranging from chloroplast detachment to deposition of wound walls. These properties and the possibility for mechanical manipulation make the internodal cell ideal for exploring plasma membrane domains, organelle interactions, vesicle trafficking, and local cell wall deposition. The significance of this model system will further increase with the application of molecular biological methods in combination with metabolomics and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Foissner
- Division of Plant Physiology, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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Eremin A, Bulychev A, Hauser MJB. Cyclosis-mediated transfer of H2O 2 elicited by localized illumination of Chara cells and its relevance to the formation of pH bands. PROTOPLASMA 2013; 250:1339-49. [PMID: 23760663 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic streaming occurs in most plant cells and is vitally important for large cells as a means of long-distance intracellular transport of metabolites and messengers. In internodal cells of characean algae, cyclosis participates in formation of light-dependent patterns of surface pH and photosynthetic activity, but lateral transport of regulatory metabolites has not been visualized yet. Hydrogen peroxide, being a signaling molecule and a stress factor, is known to accumulate under excessive irradiance. This study was aimed to examine whether H2O2 produced in chloroplasts under high light conditions is released into streaming fluid and transported downstream by cytoplasmic flow. To this end, internodes of Chara corallina were loaded with the fluorogenic probe dihydrodichlorofluorescein diacetate and illuminated locally by a narrow light beam through a thin optic fiber. Fluorescence of dihydrodichlorofluorescein (DCF), produced upon oxidation of the probe by H2O2, was measured within and around the illuminated cell region. In cells exhibiting active streaming, H2O2 first accumulated in the illuminated region and then entered into the streaming cytoplasm, giving rise to the expansion of DCF fluorescence downstream of the illuminated area. Inhibition of cyclosis by cytochalasin B prevented the spreading of DCF fluorescence along the internode. The results suggest that H2O2 released from chloroplasts under high light is transported along the cell with the cytoplasmic flow. It is proposed that the shift of cytoplasmic redox poise and light-induced elevation of cytoplasmic pH facilitate the opening of H(+)/OH(-)-permeable channels in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Eremin
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39016, Magdeburg, Germany
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Bulychev AA, Alova AV, Bibikova TN. Strong alkalinization of Chara cell surface in the area of cell wall incision as an early event in mechanoperception. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2359-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Propagation of photoinduced signals with the cytoplasmic flow along Characean internodes: evidence from changes in chloroplast fluorescence and surface pH. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2013; 42:441-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-013-0895-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Domozych DS. The quest for four-dimensional imaging in plant cell biology: it's just a matter of time. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:461-74. [PMID: 22628381 PMCID: PMC3394652 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of plant cell dynamics over time, or four-dimensional imaging (4-DI), represents a major goal of plant science. The ability to resolve structures in the third dimension within the cell or tissue during developmental events or in response to environmental or experimental stresses (i.e. 4-DI) is critical to our understanding of gene expression, post-expression modulations of macromolecules and sub-cellular system interactions. SCOPE Microscopy-based technologies have been profoundly integral to this type of investigation, and new and refined microscopy technologies now allow for the visualization of cell dynamics with unprecedented resolution, contrast and experimental versatility. However, certain realities of light and electron microscopy, choice of specimen and specimen preparation techniques limit the scope of readily attaining 4-DI. Today, the plant microscopist must use a combinatorial strategy whereby multiple microscopy-based investigations are used. Modern fluorescence, confocal laser scanning, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy provide effective conduits for synthesizing data detailing live cell dynamics and highly resolved snapshots of specific cell structures that will ultimately lead to 4-DI. This review provides a synopsis of such technologies available.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
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Effects of cyclosis on chloroplast–cytoplasm interactions revealed with localized lighting in Characean cells at rest and after electrical excitation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:1221-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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