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Rosa LMP, Silva MS, da Silva Carneiro RG, Machado M, Kuster VC. Hemiptera-induced galls of Sapium glandulosum have histological and cytological compartmentalization created with a large amount of carbohydrate. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:593-606. [PMID: 38195894 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Gall formation impacts the development of plant species by altering the structure and mobilization of reserves, and the functional and physiological patterns of the host organ. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact generated by the Neolithus fasciatus galling insect (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in Sapium glandulosum leaves (Euphorbiaceae) at the cytological, histological, histochemical, and biochemical levels. Non-galled leaves and galls in the young, mature, and senescent stages were evaluated. The non-galled leaf has a uniseriate epidermis, stomata only on the abaxial side, a dorsiventral mesophyll, and parenchyma cells with thin primary walls containing chloroplasts with plastoglobules. The gall has a parenchymatous compartmentalized cortex. The young and mature galls already have a dense cytoplasm, especially in the inner cells of the cortex, with chloroplasts, mitochondria, Golgi complex, and large and evident nuclei. In senescent galls, there are signs of organelle degradation and cell digestion. Carbohydrates occur in greater amounts in the mature gall, mainly in the starch grain form, while proteins and lipids predominate in non-galled leaves. Secondary metabolites occur mainly in the young gall and may be related to its protection and to the signaling of its development. Sapium glandulosum galls have histological and cytological compartmentalization of the cortex with a large amount of carbohydrates, which supply energy to maintain the development of the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Moreira Pires Rosa
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Campus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Maraíza Sousa Silva
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Campus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, Jataí, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Machado
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Coelho Kuster
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Jataí - UFJ, Campus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, Jataí, Brazil.
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Vilela RMIF, Kuster VC, Magalhães TA, Martini VC, Oliveira RM, de Oliveira DC. Galls induced by a root-knot nematode in Petroselinum crispum (Mill.): impacts on host development, histology, and cell wall dynamics. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1287-1302. [PMID: 36892633 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection by the root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita, impacts crop productivity worldwide, including parsley cultures (Petroselinum crispum). Meloidogyne infection involves a complex relationship between the pathogen and the host plant tissues, leading to the formation of galls and feeding sites that disorganize the vascular system, affecting the development of cultures. Herein, we sought to evaluate the impact of RKN on the agronomic traits, histology, and cell wall components of parsley, with emphasis on giant cell formation. The study consisted of two treatments: (i) control, where 50 individuals of parsley grew without M. incognita inoculation; and (ii) inoculated plants, where 50 individuals were exposed to juveniles (J2) of M. incognita. Meloidogyne incognita infection affected the development of parsley, reducing the growth of some agronomical characteristics such as root weight and shoot weight and height. Giant cell formation was noticed at 18 days after inoculation, promoting disorganization of the vascular system. Epitopes of HGs detected in giant cells reveal the continuous capacity of giant cells to elongate under the stimulus of RKN, essential processes for feeding site establishment. In addition, the detection of epitopes of HGs with low and high methyl-esterified groups indicates the PMEs activity despite biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinícius Coelho Kuster
- Campus Cidade Universitária, Universidade Federal de Jataí (UFJ), Jataí, Goiás, CEP 75801-615, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, Minas Gerais, CEP 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Vitor Campana Martini
- Campus Umuarama, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP 38402-020, Brazil
| | | | - Denis Coelho de Oliveira
- Campus Umuarama, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP 38402-020, Brazil.
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3
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Chemical composition of cell wall changes during developmental stages of galls on Matayba guianensis (Sapindaceae): perspectives obtained by immunocytochemistry analysis. Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:16. [PMID: 33871712 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of plant organs depends on cell division, elongation, structural and chemical changes, and reorganization of cell wall components. As phenotype manipulators, galling insects can manipulate the structure and metabolism of host tissues to build the gall. The gall formation depends on the rearrangement of cell wall components to allow cell growth and elongation, key step for the knowledge regarding gall development, and shape acquisition. Herein, we used an immunocytochemical approach to investigate the chemical composition of the cell wall during the development of galls induced by Bystracoccus mataybae (Eriococcidae) on leaflets of Matayba guianensis (Sapindaceae). Different developmental stages of non-galled leaflets (n = 10) and of leaflet galls (n = 10) were collected from the Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) for anatomical and immunocytochemical analysis. We found that the epitopes of (1 → 4) β-D-galactans and (1 → 5) α-L-arabinans were evident in the tissues of the young and senescent galls. These epitopes seem to be associated with the mechanical stability maintenance and increased gall porosity. As well, the degree of methyl-esterification of pectins changed from the young to the senescent galls and revealed the conservation of juvenile cell and tissue features even in the senescent galls. The extensins detected in senescent galls seem to support their rigidity and structural reinforcement of these bodies. Our results showed a disruption in the pattern of deposition of leaflet cell wall for the construction of M. guianensis galls, with pectin and protein modulation associated with the change of the developmental gall stages.
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Bragança GPP, Alencar CF, Freitas MSC, Isaias RMS. Hemicelluloses and associated compounds determine gall functional traits. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:981-991. [PMID: 32597563 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The intriguing questions concerning gall development refer to the processes of the remodelling of the host plant organ. Such processes involve the restructuring of cell walls and can be influenced by phenolics, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Alterations in cell walls demand the interference in the coupling of cellulose fibrils and hemicelluloses (xyloglucans) at specific stages of gall development. In addition to cell wall remodelling, hemicelluloses, such as the, xyloglucans and heteromannans can act as reserve carbohydrates, while xylans provide rigidity to the secondary cell walls. Developmental traits of the lenticular, fusiform and globoid galls on Inga ingoides (Fabaceae) were analysed using anatomical, cytometric, histochemical and immunocytochemical tools. Phenolics, IAA and ROS accumulated in similar gall tissue compartments, and may have influenced the restructuring of hemicelluloses and pectins. Contrary to expectations, cell wall flexibility regarding the dynamics of xyloglucans and cellulose fibrils does not relate to a temporal scale. The detection of xyloglucans in nutritive cell walls relate to carbohydrate nutritional resources to the galling insect, while xylans were associated to the lignified cell walls. Heteromanans were not detected, either in non-galled or galled tissues. The patterns of cell expansion during gall development relied on the relationship among phenolics, ROS and IAA with the hemicelluloses (xyloglucans and xylans) and cellulose fibrils. Although cell wall dynamics is specific to each gall morphotype in I. ingoides, the xyloglucans function as carbohydrate reserve to the gall inducers, which constitutes a functional trait common to the three morphotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P P Bragança
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - C F Alencar
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M S C Freitas
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R M S Isaias
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Oliveira DCDE, Martini VC, Moreira ASFP, Fuzaro L, GonÇalves LA. Pseudophacopteron longicaudatum (Hemiptera) induces intralaminar leaf galls on Aspidosperma tomentosum (Apocynaceae): a qualitative and quantitative structural overview. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20181002. [PMID: 33084750 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020181002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural complexity of galls depends on species-specific interaction driven by the galling taxa. However, the host plant and environment stressors can impose limits on gall developmental patterns and impact the establishment of gall morphology. Herein, we employed qualitative and quantitative approaches in order to elucidate how cell divisions, elongation patterns, and tissue organization are determinant for the development of intralaminar gall morphology induced by Pseudophacopteron longicaudatum Malenovský, Burckhardt, Queiroz, Isaias & Oliveira (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Phacopteronidae) on leaves of Aspidosperma tomentosum Mart. (Apocynaceae). In addition, we aimed to determine which anatomical process can discriminate the stages of gall development, plus, examine the histochemical and cytological profiles of the galls. The differentiated structures, mainly abaxial epidermis and spongy parenchyma, are associated with gall closure, with hyperplastic events concentrated in the young phase of the galls. Thus, epidermis and spongy parenchyma hypertrophy and are responsible for the determination of the nymphal chamber formation and gall shape. The mature galls do not differentiate into a typical nutritive cells and do not develop a histochemical gradient in their tissues. The cytological features of galls such as plastoglobules and multivesicular bodies are related to ROS scavenging mechanisms due the high oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis C DE Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal e Interações, Av. Amazonas, 20, Umuarama, 38405-302 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Vitor C Martini
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Av. Amazonas, 20, Umuarama, 38405-302 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Silvia F P Moreira
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Chácaras Califórnia, 74045-155 Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Leandro Fuzaro
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal e Interações, Av. Amazonas, 20, Umuarama, 38405-302 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - LetÍcia A GonÇalves
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal e Interações, Av. Amazonas, 20, Umuarama, 38405-302 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Ferreira BG, Bragança GP, Isaias RMS. Cytological attributes of storage tissues in nematode and eriophyid galls: pectin and hemicellulose functional insights. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:229-244. [PMID: 31410590 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls and protoplast may work together or distinctly in the establishment of the functional profiles of gall tissue compartments. This presumption is herein evaluated in three gall systems by immunocytochemical and ultrastructural analyses. The common storage tissues (CSTs) of leaf galls induced by Eriophyidae on Miconia ibaguensis leaves and by Ditylenchus gallaeformans on M. ibaguensis and M. albicans have rigid and porous cell walls due to their composition of pectins. Hemicelluloses in CST cell walls are scarcer when compared to the cell walls of the control leaves, being functionally compensated by rigid pectate gels. The typical nutritive tissues (TNTs) in galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans are similar to promeristematic and secretory cells regarding their enriched cytoplasm, several mitochondria, and proplastids, as well as multivesicular and prolamellar bodies in cell membranes. The cytological features of the feeding cells of Eriophyidae galls indicate that they are not as metabolically active as the cells of the TNT in nematode galls. However, their cell wall composition suggests more plasticity and porosity than the cells of the TNT, which can compensate the less production of nutrients with more transport. The ultrastructural and immunocytochemical profiles of CST cells reveal functional similarities, which are independent of the taxa of the gall inducer or of the host plant. Despite their analogous functionalities, the protoplast and cell wall features of TNT cells of nematode galls and of the feeding cells of the Eriophyidae galls are distinct, and work out through different strategies toward keeping gall developmental site active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Ferreira
- Department of Botany, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CP 406, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Gracielle P Bragança
- Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CP 406, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rosy M S Isaias
- Department of Botany, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, CP 406, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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Oliveira DCD, Burckhardt D, Calácio TDF, Kuster VC, de Queiroz DL. Ceropsylla pouteriae Burckhardt sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae), a new species of jumping plant-louse inducing galls on the leaves of Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. (Sapotaceae): taxonomy, gall structure and histochemistry. J NAT HIST 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2019.1676931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Burckhardt
- Department of Biosciences, Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Vinícius Coelho Kuster
- Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Goiás ‒ Regional Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
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Agudelo I, Cogoi L, Filip R, Kuzmanich N, Wagner ML, Ricco RA. Anatomy, histochemistry, and comparative analysis of hydroxycinnamic derivatives in healthy leaves and galls induced by Baccharopelma spp. (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Baccharis spicata (Lam) Baill (Asteraceae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oliveira DC, Isaias RMS, Fernandes GW, Ferreira BG, Carneiro RGS, Fuzaro L. Manipulation of host plant cells and tissues by gall-inducing insects and adaptive strategies used by different feeding guilds. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 84:103-113. [PMID: 26620152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biologists who study insect-induced plant galls are faced with the overwhelming diversity of plant forms and insect species. A challenge is to find common themes amidst this diversity. We discuss common themes that have emerged from our cytological and histochemical studies of diverse neotropical insect-induced galls. Gall initiation begins with recognition of reactive plant tissues by gall inducers, with subsequent feeding and/or oviposition triggering a cascade of events. Besides, to induce the gall structure insects have to synchronize their life cycle with plant host phenology. We predict that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in gall induction, development and histochemical gradient formation. Controlled levels of ROS mediate the accumulation of (poly)phenols, and phytohormones (such as auxin) at gall sites, which contributes to the new cell developmental pathways and biochemical alterations that lead to gall formation. The classical idea of an insect-induced gall is a chamber lined with a nutritive tissue that is occupied by an insect that directly harvests nutrients from nutritive cells via its mouthparts, which function mechanically and/or as a delivery system for salivary secretions. By studying diverse gall-inducing insects we have discovered that insects with needle-like sucking mouthparts may also induce a nutritive tissue, whose nutrients are indirectly harvested as the gall-inducing insects feeds on adjacent vascular tissues. Activity of carbohydrate-related enzymes across diverse galls corroborates this hypothesis. Our research points to the importance of cytological and histochemical studies for elucidating mechanisms of induced susceptibility and induced resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Caixa Postal 593, Av. Pará 1720, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | - R M S Isaias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - G W Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - B G Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - R G S Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Caixa Postal 486, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas 1, Departamento de Botânica, Sala 203. Avenida Esperança, s/n, Câmpus Samambaia. CEP 74.690-900 Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - L Fuzaro
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Caixa Postal 593, Av. Pará 1720, CEP 38400-902 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Carneiro RGDS, Pacheco P, Isaias RMDS. Could the Extended Phenotype Extend to the Cellular and Subcellular Levels in Insect-Induced Galls? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129331. [PMID: 26053863 PMCID: PMC4460019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neo-ontogenesis of plant galls involves redifferentiation of host plant tissues to express new phenotypes, when new cell properties are established via structural-functional remodeling. Herein, Psidium cattleianum leaves and Nothotrioza cattleiani galls are analyzed by developmental anatomy, cytometry and immunocytochemistry of cell walls. We address hypothesis-driven questions concerning the organogenesis of globoid galls in the association of P. cattleianum-N. cattleianum, and P. myrtoides-N. myrtoidis. These double co-generic systems represent good models for comparing final gall shapes and cell lineages functionalities under the perspective of convergent plant-dependent or divergent insect-induced characteristics. Gall induction, and growth and development are similar in both galls, but homologous cell lineages exhibit divergent degrees of cell hypertrophy and directions of elongation. Median cortical cells in P. cattleianum galls hypertrophy the most, while in P. myrtoides galls there is a centrifugal gradient of cell hypertrophy. Cortical cells in P. cattleianum galls tend to anisotropy, while P. myrtoidis galls have isotropically hypertrophied cells. Immunocytochemistry evidences the chemical identity and functional traits of cell lineages: epidermal cells walls have homogalacturonans (HGAs) and galactans, which confer rigidity to sites of enhanced cell division; oil gland cell walls have arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) that help avoiding cell death; and parenchyma cell walls have HGAs, galactans and arabinans, which confer porosity. Variations in such chemical identities are related to specific sites of hypertrophy. Even though the double co-generic models have the same macroscopic phenotype, the globoid morphotype, current analyses indicate that the extended phenotype of N. cattleiani is substantiated by cellular and subcellular specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscilla Pacheco
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Santos Isaias RM, Oliveira DC, Moreira ASFP, Soares GLG, Carneiro RGS. The imbalance of redox homeostasis in arthropod-induced plant galls: Mechanisms of stress generation and dissipation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:1509-17. [PMID: 25813551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galls have specialized tissues for the protection and nutrition of the inducers, and these tissues have been studied from the developmental and histochemical perspectives. Recently, the role of oxidative stress in galls has been tested histochemically through detection of H2O2 in gall tissues. SCOPE OF REVIEW Developmental processes and cytological events are revisited from the perspective of the redox-potential balance in both the apoplast and symplast, especially concerning the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The redox potential is imbalanced differently in the apoplast and symplast at gall sites, with the apoplast having lower antioxidant-buffering capacity than the symplast. The strategies to recover redox-potential homeostasis involve the dissipation of ROS by scavenging molecules, such as phenolics, flavonoid derivatives, tocopherol, and enzyme systems. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Insect galls are good models to test developmental hypotheses. Although the exact mechanisms of gall induction and development have not been elucidated at the biochemical and biophysical levels, modulation of the redox potential is involved in the crucial steps of gall initiation and establishment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Mary Santos Isaias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, CEP 31270-901.
| | - Denis Coelho Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Umuarama, Rua Ceará s/n, Bloco 2D, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, CEP 38400-902.
| | - Ana Sílvia Franco Pinheiro Moreira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Umuarama, Rua Ceará s/n, Bloco 2D, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, CEP 38400-902.
| | - Geraldo Luiz Gonçalves Soares
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Bl. IV, Prédio 43433, Sala 222, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, CEP 91509-900.
| | - Renê Gonçalves Silva Carneiro
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, CEP 31270-901.
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12
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Carneiro RGS, Oliveira DC, Isaias RMS. Developmental anatomy and immunocytochemistry reveal the neo-ontogenesis of the leaf tissues of Psidium myrtoides (Myrtaceae) towards the globoid galls of Nothotrioza myrtoidis (Triozidae). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:2093-106. [PMID: 25228569 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1683-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The temporal balance between hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and the new functions of different cell lineages led to cell transformations in a centrifugal gradient that determines the gall globoid shape. Plant galls develop by the redifferentiation of new cell types originated from those of the host plants, with new functional and structural designs related to the composition of cell walls and cell contents. Variations in cell wall composition have just started to be explored with the perspective of gall development, and are herein related to the histochemical gradients previously detected on Psidium myrtoides galls. Young and mature leaves of P. myrtoides and galls of Nothotrioza myrtoidis at different developmental stages were analysed using anatomical, cytometrical and immunocytochemical approaches. The gall parenchyma presents transformations in the size and shape of the cells in distinct tissue layers, and variations of pectin and protein domains in cell walls. The temporal balance between tissue hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy, and the new functions of different cell lineages led to cell transformations in a centrifugal gradient, which determines the globoid shape of the gall. The distribution of cell wall epitopes affected cell wall flexibility and rigidity, towards gall maturation. By senescence, it provided functional stability for the outer cortical parenchyma. The detection of the demethylesterified homogalacturonans (HGAs) denoted the activity of the pectin methylesterases (PMEs) during the senescent phase, and was a novel time-based detection linked to the increased rigidity of the cell walls, and to the gall opening. Current investigation firstly reports the influence of immunocytochemistry of plant cell walls over the development of leaf tissues, determining their neo-ontogenesis towards a new phenotype, i.e., the globoid gall morphotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renê G S Carneiro
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
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de Oliveira DC, Magalhães TA, Ferreira BG, Teixeira CT, Formiga AT, Fernandes GW, Isaias RMDS. Variation in the degree of pectin methylesterification during the development of Baccharis dracunculifolia kidney-shaped gall. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94588. [PMID: 24747777 PMCID: PMC3991646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect galls may be study models to test the distribution of pectins and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) and their related functions during plant cell cycles. These molecules are herein histochemically and immunocitochemically investigated in the kidney-shaped gall induced by Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae (Psyllidae) on leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (Asteraceae) on developmental basis. The homogalacturonans (HGAs) (labeled by JIM5) and the arabinans (labeled by LM6) were detected either in non-galled leaves or in young galls, and indicated stiffening of epidermal cell walls, which is an important step for cell redifferentiation. The labeling of HGAs by JIM7 changed from young to senescent stage, with an increase in the rigidity of cell walls, which is important for the acquaintance of the final gall shape and for the mechanical opening of the gall. The variation on the degree of HGAs during gall development indicated differential PMEs activity during gall development. The epitopes recognized by LM2 (AGP glycan) and LM5 (1–4-β-D-galactans) had poor alterations from non-galled leaves towards gall maturation and senescence. Moreover, the dynamics of pectin and AGPs on two comparable mature kidney-shaped galls on B. dracunculifolia and on B. reticularia revealed specific peculiarities. Our results indicate that similar gall morphotypes in cogeneric host species may present distinct cell responses in the subcelular level, and also corroborate the functions proposed in literature for HGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Coelho de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Thiago Alves Magalhães
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Bruno Garcia Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Cristiane Trindade Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Anete Teixeira Formiga
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Geraldo Wilson Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rosy Mary dos Santos Isaias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Botânica, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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