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Fan Y, Wang L, Feng J, Haneef Kashif M, Wang R, Liu Z. Dual catalytic potential of isoeugenol synthase in Asarum sieboldii Miq. (AsIGS): Unveiling isoeugenol preference in vitro and eugenol production in vivo, with insights into hydrogen bonding influence. Gene 2024; 933:148919. [PMID: 39236971 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Asarum sieboldii Miq. is an important medicinal plant valued for its diverse health benefits in the pharmaceutical industry. In the present study, we isolated and characterized isoeugenol synthase from A. sieboldii (AsIGS), an essential enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of volatile phenylpropenes. We hoped to elucidate the secondary metabolic network of eugenol in A. sieboldii plants, which constructed the prerequisite for quality improvement of the well-known TCM Asari Radix et Rhizoma. Bioinformatics analysis revealed high similarity between the DNA sequences of AsIGS and isoeugenol synthase genes from other plants, and that the association of the candidate protein AsIGS with the PIP reductase family. Moreover, the AsIGS protein displayed a molecular weight of about 34.96 kDa, with a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.01 and an average hydrophobicity of -0.092, indicating the protein's partial acidity, stability, and hydrophilic nature. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AsIGS had a close relationship with isoeugenol synthases and fewer eugenol synthases found in other species. Alphafold2 predicted the structure of the AsIGS protein, and CB-Dock2 predicted the binding sites of the ASIGS-NADPH-coniferyl acetate ternary complex. In vitro enzymatic assay results demonstrated that the optimal temperature of the AsIGS-involved catalysis for coniferyl acetate was 30 °C, and several kinetics parameters were Km (12.21 mM), Vmax (27.9 U/mg), kcat (76.26 s-1), and kcat/Km (6.49 s-1·mM-1). Furthermore, it was also determined that the AsIGS protein had varying performance at different pH levels. While the candidate protein converted coniferyl acetate into both isoeugenol and eugenol at pH 5.5, it just catalyzed the production of isoeugenol at pH 6.5. However, isoeugenol has never been detected in A. sieboldii. Altering AsIGS expression in transgenic plants impacted only eugenol contents. Compared with wild type, overexpression of AsIGS increased eugenol content by 23.3 %, while RNAi-induced down-regulation of AsIGS decreased it by 25.3 %. Taken together, these results confirmed that the AsIGS gene was involved in the biosynthesis of eugenol in A. sieboldii with a dual catalytic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China; School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiangxin Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | - Rufeng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Zhong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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2
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Qamar H, Li Y, He R, Waqas M, Song M, Deng D, Cui Y, Yang P, Liu Z, Qammar B, Asnan M, Xie X, Yu M, Ma X. Integrated Metabolomics and Metagenomics Unveiled Biomarkers of Antioxidant Potential in Fermented Brewer's Grains. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:872. [PMID: 39061941 PMCID: PMC11274078 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
About one-third of the global food supply is wasted. Brewers' spent grain (BSG), being produced in enormous amounts by the brewery industry, possesses an eminence nutritional profile, yet its recycling is often neglected for multiple reasons. We employed integrated metagenomics and metabolomics techniques to assess the effects of enzyme treatments and Lactobacillus fermentation on the antioxidant capacity of BSG. The biotreated BSG revealed improved antioxidant capability, as evidenced by significantly increased (p < 0.05) radical scavenging activity and flavonoid and polyphenol content. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that Lactobacillus fermentation led to the prominent synthesis (p < 0.05) of 15 novel antioxidant peptides, as well as significantly higher (p < 0.05) enrichment of isoflavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. The correlation analysis demonstrated that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum exhibited strong correlation (p < 0.05) with aucubin and carbohydrate-active enzymes, namely, glycoside hydrolases 25, glycosyl transferases 5, and carbohydrate esterases 9. The fermented BSG has potential applications in the food industry as a culture medium, a functional food component for human consumption, and a bioactive feed ingredient for animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Qamar
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (D.D.); (Y.C.); (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yuanfei Li
- Institute of Biological Technology, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Poultry Genetic Improvement, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang 330032, China;
| | - Rong He
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (D.D.); (Y.C.); (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan;
| | - Min Song
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (D.D.); (Y.C.); (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Dun Deng
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (D.D.); (Y.C.); (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yiyan Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (D.D.); (Y.C.); (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Pan Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (D.D.); (Y.C.); (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (D.D.); (Y.C.); (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.Y.)
| | | | - Muhammad Asnan
- Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Xiangxue Xie
- Guangdong VTR Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Zhuhai 519060, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (D.D.); (Y.C.); (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.Y.)
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.Q.); (R.H.); (M.S.); (D.D.); (Y.C.); (P.Y.); (Z.L.); (M.Y.)
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural, Maoming 525000, China
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Antony A, Karuppasamy R. Bioherbicides for sustainable barnyard grass management in paddy field: an in-silico perspective. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:3857-3861. [PMID: 36469677 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2152449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Paddy (Oryza sativa) yield is greatly influenced by the insidious presence of rice-mimicking weed, widely known as barnyard grass. This study explores the promising natural ACCase inhibitors that could enhance paddy yield by controlling weeds. A total of 2828 natural compounds were examined using diverse computational techniques. The results of this study depict that CNP0390839 (xanthoangelol) exhibited a better XP Gscore (-7.328 kcal/mol) and MM/GBSA score (-84.24 kcal/mol) than other investigated compounds. Importantly, ACCase-xanthoangelol complexes was thermodynamically stable with an RMSD value of ∼1.2 nm. Of note, 72% xanthoangelol resides in the Angelica keiskei plant root which exhibits 55% weed-inhibitory action. The A. keiskei plant mainly inhibits the hypocotyl (71.8 ± 5.4%) and root region (55.3 ± 4.7%) of weeds. Moreover, the existence of dihydroxyphenyl scaffold in xanthoangelol was also witnessed in literatures for weed inhibitory action. Overall, xanthoangelol might prove to be an effective ACCase herbicide in paddy weed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajitha Antony
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramanathan Karuppasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Herrera-Calderon O, Saleh AM, Mahmood AAR, Khalaf MA, Calva J, Loyola-Gonzales E, Tataje-Napuri FE, Chávez H, Almeida-Galindo JS, Chavez-Espinoza JH, Pari-Olarte JB. The Essential Oil of Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Fuss Seeds from Peru: Phytotoxic Activity and In Silico Evaluation on the Target Enzyme of the Glyphosate Herbicide. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2288. [PMID: 37375914 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Petroselinum crispum (Mill) Fuss is an aromatic plant belonging to the Apiaceae family and used in gastronomy as a spice. Several studies have been developed in leaves but studies are limited in seeds, especially the essential oils obtained from seeds. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical profile of the volatile compounds of this essential oil by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to evaluate its phytotoxic activity on Lactuca sativa seeds and to carry out an in silico analysis on the target enzyme of the herbicide glyphosate 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (EPSP). The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation for two hours and then was injected into a GC-MS, the phytotoxic assay was carried out on Lactuca seeds and the in silico evaluation on the EPSP synthase focused on the volatile compounds similar to glyphosate, docking analysis, and molecular dynamics to establish the protein-ligand stability of the most active molecule. The chromatographic analysis revealed 47 compounds, predominated by three compounds with the most abundant percentage in the total content (1,3,8-ρ-menthatriene (22.59%); apiole (22.41%); and β-phellandrene (15.02%)). The phytotoxic activity demonstrated that the essential oil had a high activity at 5% against L. sativa seed germination, inhibition of root length, and hypocotyl length, which is comparable to 2% glyphosate. The molecular docking on EPSP synthase revealed that trans-p-menth-6-en-2,8-diol had a high affinity with the enzyme EPSP synthase and a better stability during the molecular dynamic. According to the results, the essential oil of P. crispum seeds presented a phytotoxic activity and might be useful as a bioherbicide agent against weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Herrera-Calderon
- Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Abdulrahman M Saleh
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Ammar A Razzak Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Bab-Almouadam, Baghdad 10001, Iraq
| | - Mohamed A Khalaf
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - James Calva
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Eddie Loyola-Gonzales
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica 11001, Peru
| | - Freddy Emilio Tataje-Napuri
- Departamento de Ciencias Comunitarias de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica 11001, Peru
| | - Haydee Chávez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica 11001, Peru
| | | | - Javier Hernán Chavez-Espinoza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica 11001, Peru
| | - Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga, Ica 11001, Peru
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5
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Okagu IU, Okeke ES, Ezeorba WCF, Ndefo JC, Ezeorba TPC. Overhauling the ecotoxicological impact of synthetic pesticides using plants' natural products: a focus on Zanthoxylum metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:67997-68021. [PMID: 37148518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The reduction in agricultural production due to the negative impact of insects and weeds, as well as the health and economic burden associated with vector-borne diseases, has promoted the wide use of chemicals that control these "enemies." However, the use of these synthetic chemicals has been recognized to elicit negative impacts on the environment as well as the health and wellbeing of man. In this study, we presented an overview of recent updates on the environmental and health impacts of synthetic pesticides against agro-pest and disease vectors while exhaustive reviewing the potentials of natural plant products from Zanthoxylum species (Rutaceae) as sustainable alternatives. This study is expected to spur further research on exploiting these plants and their chemicals as safe and effective pesticide entities to minimize the impact of their chemical and synthetic counterparts on health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Joseph Chinedum Ndefo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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6
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Wang Z, Lv S, Han G, Wang Z, Li Z, Ren H, Wang J, Sun H, Zhang G. Heavy grazing reduced the spatial heterogeneity of Artemisia frigida in desert steppe. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:337. [PMID: 35831803 PMCID: PMC9281028 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grazing disturbance plays an important role in the desert steppe ecosystem in Inner Mongolia, China. Previous studies found that grazing affected the spatial distribution of species in a community, and showed patchiness characteristics of species under different grazing treatments. Artemisia frigida is the dominant species and semi-shrub in desert steppe, and whether grazing interference will affect the spatial distribution of A. frigida is studied. In this study, geo-statistical methods were mainly used to study the spatial distribution characteristics of A. frigida population in desert steppe of Inner Mongolia at two scales (quadrat size 2.5 m × 2.5 m, 5 m × 5 m) and four stocking rates (control, CK, 0 sheep·ha-1·month-1; light grazing, LG, 0.15 sheep·ha-1·month-1, moderate grazing, MG, 0.30 sheep·ha-1·month-1, heavy grazing, HG, 0.45 sheep·ha-1·month-1). RESULTS The results showed that the spatial distribution of A. frigida tended to be simplified with the increase of stocking rate, and tended to be banded with increased spatial scale. The density and height of A. frigida increased with increasing scale. With increased stocking rate, the density of A. frigida population decreased linearly, while its height decreased in a step-wise fashion. The spatial distribution of A. frigida was mainly affected by structural factors at different scales and stocking rate. The density of A. frigida was more sensitive to change in stocking rate, and the patchiness distribution of A. frigida was more obvious with increase in scale. CONCLUSIONS Stocking rate has a strong regulatory effect on the spatial pattern of A. frigida population in the desert steppe. Heavy grazing reduced the spatial heterogeneity of A. frigida in the desert steppe. The smaller dominant populations are unfavourable for its survival in heavy grazing condition, and affects the stability and productivity of the grassland ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Lv
- Science College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guodong Han
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwu Wang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiguo Li
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ren
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010019, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailian Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, 010010, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Guogang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Yang Q, Shen F, Zhang F, Bai X, Zhang Y, Zhang H. The combination of two natural medicines, Chuanxiong and Asarum: A review of the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198211039130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine has been clinically used in China for many years, with experimental studies and clinical trials having demonstrated that it is safe and valid. Among many traditional natural medicines, Chuanxiong and Asarum have been proven to be effective in the treatment of relieving pain. Actually, as well as analgesic, they have common attributes, such as anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular benefits, and anticancer activities, with volatile oils being their major components. Furthermore, Chuanxiong and Asarum have been combined as drug pairs in the same prescription for thousands of years, with examples being Chuanxiong Chatiao San and Chuanxiongxixintang. More interestingly, their combination has better therapeutic effects on diseases than a single drug. After the combination of Chuanxiong and Asarum forms a blend, a series of changes take place in their chemical components, such as the contents of the main active ingredients, ferulic acid and ligustilide, increased significantly after this progress. At the same time, the pharmacological effects of the combination appearing to be more powerful, such as synergistic analgesic. This review focuses on the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Chuanxiong, Asarum, and Chuanxiong Asarum compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Fangli Shen
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People’s Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, P.R. China
| | - Fengqin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
| | - Haizhu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali, P.R. China
- Western Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Drug Engineering Center, Dali, P.R. China
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Werrie PY, Burgeon C, Le Goff GJ, Hance T, Fauconnier ML. Biopesticide Trunk Injection Into Apple Trees: A Proof of Concept for the Systemic Movement of Mint and Cinnamon Essential Oils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:650132. [PMID: 33897739 PMCID: PMC8063119 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.650132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of conventional pesticides is debated because of their multiple potential adverse effects on non-target organisms, human health, pest resistance development and environmental contaminations. In this setting, this study focused on developing alternatives, such as trunk-injected essential oil (EO)-based biopesticides. We analysed the ecophysiology of apple trees (Malus domestica) following the injection of Cinnamomum cassia and Mentha spicata nanoemulsions in the tree's vascular system. Targeted and untargeted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) analyses were performed on leaf-contained and leaf-emitted VOCs and analysed through dynamic headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (DHS-GC-MS) and thermal desorption unit (TDU)-GC-MS. Our results showed that carvone, as a major constituent of the M. spicata EO, was contained in the leaves (mean concentrations ranging from 3.39 to 19.7 ng gDW -1) and emitted at a constant rate of approximately 0.2 ng gDW -1 h-1. Trans-cinnamaldehyde, C. cassia's major component, accumulated in the leaves (mean concentrations of 83.46 and 350.54 ng gDW -1) without being emitted. Furthermore, our results highlighted the increase in various VOCs following EO injection, both in terms of leaf-contained VOCs, such as methyl salicylate, and in terms of leaf-emitted VOCs, such as caryophyllene. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted differences in terms of VOC profiles. In addition, an analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) revealed that the VOC profiles were significantly impacted by the treatment. Maximum yields of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were within the range of 0.80-0.85, indicating that the trees remained healthy throughout the experiment. Our targeted analysis demonstrated the systemic translocation of EOs through the plant's vascular system. The untargeted analysis, on the other hand, highlighted the potential systemic acquired resistance (SAR) induction by these EOs. Lastly, C. cassia and M. spicata EOs did not appear phytotoxic to the treated trees, as demonstrated through chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Hence, this work can be seen as a proof of concept for the use of trunk-injected EOs given the systemic translocation, increased production and release of biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) and absence of phytotoxicity. Further works should focus on the ecological impact of such treatments in orchards, as well as apple quality and production yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Werrie
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Clément Burgeon
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Jean Le Goff
- Biodiversity Research Center, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thierry Hance
- Biodiversity Research Center, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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9
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Fan Y, Yang D, Huang X, Yao G, Wang W, Gao M, Jia X, Ouyang H, Chang Y, He J. Pharmacokinetic Study of Safrole and Methyl Eugenol after Oral Administration of the Essential Oil Extracts of Asarum in Rats by GC-MS. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6699033. [PMID: 33829063 PMCID: PMC8004375 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6699033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Asarum is a traditional medicine and has been widely used as remedies for inflammatory diseases, toothache, headache, local anesthesia, and aphthous stomatitis in China, Japan, and Korea. Our previous research found that safrole and methyl eugenol were vital compounds that contribute to distinguish the different species and raw Asarum and its processed products apart. The pharmacokinetics of safrole and methyl eugenol after oral administration of Asarum extract has not been reported yet. In this study, a rapid and simple gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method that has a complete run time of only 4.5 min was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of safrole and methyl eugenol in rat plasma after administration of Asarum extracts. The chromatographic separation was realized on a DB-17 column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm). And detection was carried out under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Plasma samples were pretreated by n-hexane. The pharmacokinetic parameters provided by this study will be beneficial for further developments and clinical applications of Asarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Fan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193 Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dongyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Guangzhe Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mengyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaohua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Huizi Ouyang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193 Tianjin, China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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10
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Werrie PY, Durenne B, Delaplace P, Fauconnier ML. Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils: Opportunities and Constraints for the Development of Biopesticides. A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E1291. [PMID: 32937933 PMCID: PMC7554882 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of chemical pesticides leads to risks for both the environment and human health due to the toxicity and poor biodegradability that they may present. Farmers therefore need alternative agricultural practices including the use of natural molecules to achieve more sustainable production methods to meet consumer and societal expectations. Numerous studies have reported the potential of essential oils as biopesticides for integrated weed or pest management. However, their phytotoxic properties have long been a major drawback for their potential applicability (apart from herbicidal application). Therefore, deciphering the mode of action of essential oils exogenously applied in regards to their potential phytotoxicity will help in the development of biopesticides for sustainable agriculture. Nowadays, plant physiologists are attempting to understand the mechanisms underlying their phytotoxicity at both cellular and molecular levels using transcriptomic and metabolomic tools. This review systematically discusses the functional and cellular impacts of essential oils applied in the agronomic context. Putative molecular targets and resulting physiological disturbances are described. New opportunities regarding the development of biopesticides are discussed including biostimulation and defense elicitation or priming properties of essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Werrie
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Bastien Durenne
- Soil, Water and Integrated Production Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Pierre Delaplace
- Plant Sciences, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
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11
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Plant Growth Inhibitory Activities and Volatile Active Compounds of 53 Spices and Herbs. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020264. [PMID: 32085476 PMCID: PMC7076484 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitory activities of the leachates and volatiles from 53 plant species (spices and herbs) were evaluated against lettuce (Lactuca sativa “Great Lakes 366”) seedling growth using the sandwich and dish pack methods, respectively. With the sandwich method, parsley (Petroselinum sativum) showed the strongest inhibitory effect on lettuce radicle growth (77%), followed by tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) (72%). However, caraway (Carum carvi), dill (Anethum graveolens) (seed), laurel (Laurus nobilis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and sage (Salvia officinalis) were the most inhibitory species (100% inhibition of lettuce radicle and hypocotyl growth inhibition at all distance wells) in the dish pack method. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) also showed strong inhibitory activity (100% for radicle and hypocotyl growth inhibition at all 41 and 58 mm distance wells). The headspace sampling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified the main inhibitory active compounds as carvone in caraway and dill (seeds), 1,8-cineole in laurel and cardamom, and borneol in thyme. Both camphor and 1,8-cineole were detected in rosemary and sage, and the total activity evaluation showed that camphor was the major inhibitory compound in rosemary, although both compounds played equal roles in sage.
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12
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Ahmed A, Ayoub K, Chaima AJ, Hanaa L, Abdelaziz C. Effect of drying methods on yield, chemical composition and bioactivities of essential oil obtained from Moroccan Mentha pulegium L. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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New Contributions to Asarum Powder on Immunology Related Toxicity Effects in Lung. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1054032. [PMID: 30245729 PMCID: PMC6139235 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1054032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Asarum is widely used in clinical practice of Chinese medicine in the treatment of respiratory diseases. Many toxic ingredients (safrole, etc.) had been found in Asarum that show multiple visceral toxicities. In this study, we performed systematic investigation of expression profiles of genes to take a new insight into unclear mechanism of Asarum toxicities in lung. Methods. mRNAs were extracted from lungs of rats after intragastric administration with/without Asarum powders, and microarray assays were applied to investigate gene expression profiles. Differentially expressed genes with significance were selected to carry out GO analysis. Subsequently, quantitative PCRs were performed to verify the differential expression of Tmprss6, Prkag3, Nptx2, Antxr11, Klk11, Rag2, Olr77, Cd7, Il20, LOC69, C6, Ccl20, LOC68, and Cd163 in lung. Changes of Ampk, Bcl2, Caspase 3, Il1, Il20, Matriptase2, Nfκb, Nptx2, and Rag2 in the lung on protein level were verified by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results. Compared with control group, the estimated organ coefficients were relatively increased in Asarum group. Results of GO analysis showed that a group of immune related genes in lung were expressed abnormally. The result of PCRs showed that Ccl20 was downregulated rather than other upregulated genes in the Asarum group. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry images showed that Asarum can upregulate the expression of Ampk, Caspase 3, Il1, Il20, Matriptase2, Nfκb, and Rag2 and downregulate the expression of Bcl2 in lung. Conclusion. Our data suggest that expressions of immune related genes in lung were selectively altered by Asarum. Therefore, inflammatory response was active, by regulating Caspase 3, Il1, Il20, Matriptase2, Nfκb, Rag2, Tmprss6, Prkag3, Nptx2, Antxr1, Klk11, Olr77, Cd7, LOC69, C6, LOC68, Cd163, Ampk, Bcl2, and Ccl20. Our study indicated that inflammatory factors take effect in lung toxicity caused by Asarum, which provides a new insight into molecular mechanism of Asarum toxicities in lung.
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14
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Verma RS, Joshi N, Padalia RC, Singh VR, Goswami P, Kumar A, Iqbal H, Verma RK, Chanda D, Chauhan A, Saikia D. Chemical Composition and Allelopathic, Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiacetylcholinesterase Activity of Fish-mint (Houttuynia cordataThunb.) from India. Chem Biodivers 2017. [PMID: 28636756 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fish-mint (Houttuynia cordataThunb.), belonging to family Saururaceae, has long been used as food and traditional herbal medicine. The present study was framed to assess the changes occurring in the essential-oil composition of H. cordata during annual growth and to evaluate allelopathic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiacetylcholinesterase activities. The essential-oil content ranged from 0.06 - 0.14% and 0.08 - 0.16% in aerial parts and underground stem, respectively. The essential oils were analysed by GC-FID, GC/MS, and NMR (1 H and 13 C). Major constituents of aerial-parts oil was 2-undecanone (19.4 - 56.3%), myrcene (2.6 - 44.3%), ethyl decanoate (0.0 - 10.6%), ethyl dodecanoate (1.1 - 8.6%), 2-tridecanone (0.5 - 8.3%), and decanal (1.1 - 6.9%). However, major constituents of underground-stem oil were 2-undecanone (29.5 - 42.3%), myrcene (14.4 - 20.8%), sabinene (6.0 - 11.1%), 2-tridecanone (1.8 - 10.5%), β-pinene (5.3 - 10.0%), and ethyl dodecanoate (0.8 - 7.3%). Cluster analysis revealed that essential-oil composition varied substantially due to the plant parts and season of collection. The oils exhibited significant allelopathic (inhibition: 77.8 - 88.8%; LD50 : 2.45 - 3.05 μl/plate), antibacterial (MIC: 0.52 - 2.08 μl/ml; MBC: bacteriostatic) and antifungal (MIC: 2.08 - 33.33 μl/ml; MFC: 4.16 - 33.33 μl/ml) activities. The results indicate that the essential oil from H. cordata has a significant potential to allow future exploration and exploitation as a natural antimicrobial and allelopathic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram S Verma
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Neeta Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, M.B. Govt. P.G. College, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajendra C Padalia
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ved R Singh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prakash Goswami
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hina Iqbal
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh K Verma
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debabrata Chanda
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Chauhan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dharmendra Saikia
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow-226015, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Kimbaris AC, González-Coloma A, Andrés MF, Vidali VP, Polissiou MG, Santana-Méridas O. Biocidal Compounds from Mentha sp. Essential Oils and Their Structure-Activity Relationships. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 27770481 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils from Greek Mentha species showed different chemical compositions for two populations of M. pulegium, characterized by piperitone and pulegone. Mentha spicata essential oil was characterized by endocyclic piperitenone epoxide, piperitone epoxide, and carvone. The bioactivities of these essential oils and their components have been tested against insect pests (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Spodoptera littoralis and Myzus persicae), root-knot nematodes (Meloydogine javanica) and plants (Lactuca sativa, Lolium perenne, Solanum lycopersicum). The structure-activity relationships of these compounds have been studied including semi-synthetic endocyclic trans-carvone epoxide, exocyclic carvone epoxide, a new exocyclic piperitenone epoxide and trans-pulegone epoxide. Leptinotarsa decemlineata feeding was affected by piperitenone and piperitone epoxide. Spodoptera littoralis was affected by piperitone epoxide and pulegone. The strongest nematicidal agent was piperitenone epoxide, followed by piperitone epoxide, piperitenone and carvone. Germination of S. lycopersicum and L. perenne was significantly affected by piperitenone epoxide. This compound and carvone epoxide inhibited L. perenne root and leaf growth. Piperitenone epoxide also inhibited the root growth of S. lycopersicum. The presence of a C(1) epoxide resulted in strong antifeedant, nematicidal and phytotoxic compounds regardless of the C(4) substituent. New natural crop protectants could be developed through appropriate structural modifications in the p-menthane skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios C Kimbaris
- Laboratory of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Department of Agricultural Development Democritus, University of Thrace, 193, Pantazidou str, 68200, N. Orestiada, Greece
| | | | - Maria Fe Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, CSIC, Serrano 115, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Veroniki P Vidali
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Natural Products and Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", P.O. Box 60228, GR-153 10 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Moschos G Polissiou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Athens, Greece
| | - Omar Santana-Méridas
- R&D Dpt. Botanical Extracts, Kimitec, Santa Marta 13, Roquetas de Mar, Almeria, Spain
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16
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Antinociceptive Activity of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC. Essential Oil. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:3840398. [PMID: 27547225 PMCID: PMC4983354 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3840398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zanthoxylum piperitum DC. (ZP) is a traditional medicinal plant used mainly in countries from Asia such as Japan. This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive effect of ZP essential oil (ZPEO). The major component present in the essential oil was beta-phellandrene (29.39%). Its antinociceptive activity was tested through animal models (formalin-, capsaicin-, and glutamate-induced paw licking and hot plate). The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated through the carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration into the subcutaneous air pouch (SAP), with measurement of cytokines. The results showed antinociceptive effect for ZPEO for the first phase of the formalin-induced licking, glutamate, and hot plate tests. However, ZPEO had no effect on reducing paw licking induced by capsaicin. Finally, ZPEO had no effect against inflammation induced by carrageenan.
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17
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Nick P. Perfumes of survival. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:933-934. [PMID: 26143578 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany,
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