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Rys M, Saja-Garbarz D, Fodor J, Oliwa J, Gullner G, Juhász C, Kornaś A, Skoczowski A, Gruszka D, Janeczko A, Barna B. Heat Pre-Treatment Modified Host and Non-Host Interactions of Powdery Mildew with Barley Brassinosteroid Mutants and Wild Types. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:160. [PMID: 38276289 PMCID: PMC10817351 DOI: 10.3390/life14010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
High temperatures associated with climate change may increase the severity of plant diseases. This study investigated the effect of heat shock treatment on host and non-host barley powdery mildew interactions using brassinosteroid (BR) mutants of barley. Brassinosteroids are plant steroid hormones, but so far little is known about their role in plant-fungal interactions. Wild type barley cultivar Bowman and its near-isogenic lines with disturbances in BR biosynthesis or signalling showed high compatibility to barley powdery mildew race A6, while cultivar Delisa and its BR-deficient mutants 522DK and 527DK were fully incompatible with this pathogen (host plant-pathogen interactions). On the other hand, Bowman and its mutants were highly resistant to wheat powdery mildew, representing non-host plant-pathogen interactions. Heat pre-treatment induced shifts in these plant-pathogen interactions towards higher susceptibility. In agreement with the more severe disease symptoms, light microscopy showed a decrease in papillae formation and hypersensitive response, characteristic of incompatible interactions, when heat pre-treatment was applied. Mutant 527DK, but not 522DK, maintained high resistance to barley powdery mildew race A6 despite heat pre-treatment. By 10 days after heat treatment and infection, a noticeable shift became apparent in the chlorophyll a fluorescence and in various leaf reflectance parameters at all genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rys
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Diana Saja-Garbarz
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - József Fodor
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, HUN-REN, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jakub Oliwa
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
| | - Gábor Gullner
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, HUN-REN, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Juhász
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, HUN-REN, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrzej Kornaś
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Skoczowski
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, University of the National Education Commission, Krakow, Podchorążych 2, 31-054 Krakow, Poland
| | - Damian Gruszka
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Anna Janeczko
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Balázs Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, HUN-REN, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
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Prasad P, Savadi S, Bhardwaj SC, Gangwar OP, Kumar S. Rust pathogen effectors: perspectives in resistance breeding. PLANTA 2019; 250:1-22. [PMID: 30980247 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Identification and functional characterization of plant pathogen effectors promise to ameliorate future research and develop effective and sustainable strategies for controlling or containing crop diseases. Wheat is the second most important food crop of the world after rice. Rust pathogens, one of the major biotic stresses in wheat production, are capable of threatening the world food security. Understanding the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions is essential for devising novel strategies for resistance breeding and disease management. Now, it has been established that effectors, the proteins secreted by pathogens, play a key role in plant-pathogen interactions. Therefore, effector biology has emerged as one of the most important research fields in plant biology. Recent advances in genomics and bioinformatics have allowed identification of a large repertoire of candidate effectors, while the evolving high-throughput tools have continued to assist in their functional characterization. The repertoires of effectors have become an important resource for better understanding of effector biology of pathosystems and resistance breeding of crop plants. In recent years, a significant progress has been made in the field of rust effector biology. This review describes the recent advances in effector biology of obligate fungal pathogens, identification and functional analysis of wheat rust pathogens effectors and the potential applications of effectors in molecular plant biology and rust resistance breeding in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Prasad
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171002, India
| | - Siddanna Savadi
- ICAR-Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, Karnataka, 574202, India
| | - S C Bhardwaj
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171002, India.
| | - O P Gangwar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171002, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Regional Station, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171002, India
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Yao J, Yu D, Cheng Y, Kang Z. Histological and cytological studies of plant infection by Erysiphe euonymi-japonici. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1613-1620. [PMID: 29696381 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe euonymi-japonici (Eej) is an increasingly serious fungal disease on Euonymus japonicus that is an important ornamental plant. However, little is currently known about infection and pathogenesis of Eej on E. japonicus. Here, we report plant infection by Eej at the histological and cytological levels. Eej caused severe disease symptoms with white and snow-like colonies on leaf surfaces of E. japonicus. Microscopic observations were conducted continuously to define infection process of Eej on E. japonicus. Eej conidia germinated to produce appressorial germ tubes on leaf surfaces and formed irregular haustoria in plant epidermal cells at 6 h post-inoculation (hpi) and 12 hpi, respectively. After uptaking nutrients from host cells by haustoria, Eej formed numerous hyphae and extensive colonization on leaf surfaces at 96 hpi and finally produced abundant conidiophores and new conidia on leaf surfaces at 168 hpi. In addition, there was consistently a single nucleus in different Eej infection structures and haustorial development could be divided into three major stages, including formation of penetration peg, formation of haustorial neck and initial haustorium, and maturation of haustorium. These results provide useful information for further determination of Eej pathogenesis and finally controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Gene coexpression network analysis combined with metabonomics reveals the resistance responses to powdery mildew in Tibetan hulless barley. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14928. [PMID: 30297768 PMCID: PMC6175840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that represents a ubiquitous threat to crop plants. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were used to identify molecular and physiological changes in Tibetan hulless barley in response to powdery mildew. There were 3418 genes and 405 metabolites differentially expressed between the complete resistance cultivar G7 and the sensitive cultivar Z13. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis was carried out, and the differentially expressed genes were enriched in five and four major network modules in G7 and Z13, respectively. Further analyses showed that phytohormones, photosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were altered during Qingke-Blumeria graminis (DC.) f.sp. hordei (Bgh) interaction. Comparative analyses showed a correspondence between gene expression and metabolite profiles, and the activated defenses resulted in changes of metabolites involved in plant defense response, such as phytohormones, lipids, flavone and flavonoids, phenolamides, and phenylpropanoids. This study enabled the identification of Bgh responsive genes and provided new insights into the dynamic physiological changes that occur in Qingke during response to powdery mildew. These findings greatly improve our understanding of the mechanisms of induced defense response in Qingke and will provide new clues for the development of resistant Tibetan hulless barley varieties.
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Komáromi J, Jankovics T, Fábián A, Puskás K, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Li H, Jäger K, Láng L, Vida G. Powdery Mildew Resistance in Wheat Cultivar Mv Hombár is Conferred by a New Gene, PmHo. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1326-1334. [PMID: 27327577 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-16-0152-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new powdery mildew resistance gene designated as PmHo was identified in 'Mv Hombár' winter wheat, bred in Martonvásár, Hungary. It has exhibited a high level of resistance over the last two decades. Genetic mapping of recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross 'Ukrainka'/Mv Hombár located this gene on chromosome 2AL. The segregation ratio and consistent effect in all environments indicated that PmHo is a major dominant powdery mildew resistance gene. The race-specific nature of resistance in Mv Hombár was shown by the emergence of a single virulent pathotype designated as 51-Ho. This pathotype was, to some extent, able to infect Mv Hombár, developing visible symptoms with sporulating colonies. Microscopic studies revealed that, in incompatible interactions, posthaustorial hypersensitivity reaction was the most prevalent but not exclusive plant defense response in Mv Hombár, and fungal growth was mostly arrested during haustorium formation or in the early stages of colony development. The delayed fungal development of the virulent pathotype 51-Ho may be explained by additional effects of other loci that were also involved in the powdery mildew resistance of Mv Hombár.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Komáromi
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
| | - Tünde Jankovics
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
| | - Attila Fábián
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
| | - Katalin Puskás
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
| | - Zengyan Zhang
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
| | - Miao Zhang
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
| | - Hongjie Li
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
| | - Katalin Jäger
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
| | - László Láng
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
| | - Gyula Vida
- First, third, fourth, eighth, ninth, and tenth authors: Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Brunszvik 2, H-2462 Martonvásár Hungary; second author: Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, MTA, P.O. Box 102, H-1525 Budapest; fifth, sixth, and seventh authors: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguancun South Street 12, Beijing 100081
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Krattinger SG, Sucher J, Selter LL, Chauhan H, Zhou B, Tang M, Upadhyaya NM, Mieulet D, Guiderdoni E, Weidenbach D, Schaffrath U, Lagudah ES, Keller B. The wheat durable, multipathogen resistance gene Lr34 confers partial blast resistance in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1261-8. [PMID: 26471973 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The wheat gene Lr34 confers durable and partial field resistance against the obligate biotrophic, pathogenic rust fungi and powdery mildew in adult wheat plants. The resistant Lr34 allele evolved after wheat domestication through two gain-of-function mutations in an ATP-binding cassette transporter gene. An Lr34-like fungal disease resistance with a similar broad-spectrum specificity and durability has not been described in other cereals. Here, we transformed the resistant Lr34 allele into the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare. Transgenic rice plants expressing Lr34 showed increased resistance against multiple isolates of the hemibiotrophic pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease. Host cell invasion during the biotrophic growth phase of rice blast was delayed in Lr34-expressing rice plants, resulting in smaller necrotic lesions on leaves. Lines with Lr34 also developed a typical, senescence-based leaf tip necrosis (LTN) phenotype. Development of LTN during early seedling growth had a negative impact on formation of axillary shoots and spikelets in some transgenic lines. One transgenic line developed LTN only at adult plant stage which was correlated with lower Lr34 expression levels at seedling stage. This line showed normal tiller formation and more importantly, disease resistance in this particular line was not compromised. Interestingly, Lr34 in rice is effective against a hemibiotrophic pathogen with a lifestyle and infection strategy that is different from obligate biotrophic rusts and mildew fungi. Lr34 might therefore be used as a source in rice breeding to improve broad-spectrum disease resistance against the most devastating fungal disease of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justine Sucher
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Harsh Chauhan
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bo Zhou
- Division of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Mingzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beat Keller
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Alkooranee JT, Yin Y, Aledan TR, Jiang Y, Lu G, Wu J, Li M. Systemic Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Brassica napus (AACC) and Raphanus alboglabra (RRCC) by Trichoderma harzianum TH12. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142177. [PMID: 26540161 PMCID: PMC4634854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum TH12 is a microbial pesticide for certain rapeseed diseases. The mechanism of systemic resistance induced by TH12 or its cell-free culture filtrate (CF) in Brassica napus (AACC) and Raphanus alboglabra (RRCC) to powdery mildew disease caused by ascomycete Erysiphe cruciferarum was investigated. In this study, we conducted the first large-scale global study on the cellular and molecular aspects of B. napus and R. alboglabra infected with E. cruciferarum. The histological study showed the resistance of R. alboglabra to powdery mildew disease. The growth of fungal colonies was not observed on R. alboglabra leaves at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days post-inoculation (dpi), whereas this was clearly observed on B. napus leaves after 6 dpi. In addition, the gene expression of six plant defense-related genes, namely, PR-1, PR-2 (a marker for SA signaling), PR-3, PDF 1.2 (a marker for JA/ET signaling), CHI620, and CHI570, for both genotypes were analyzed in the leaves of B. napus and R. alboglabra after treatment with TH12 or CF and compared with the non-treated ones. The qRT-PCR results showed that the PR-1 and PR-2 expression levels increased in E. cruciferarum-infected leaves, but decreased in the TH12-treated leaves compared with leaves treated with CF. The expression levels of PR-3 and PDF1.2 decreased in plants infected by E. cruciferarum. However, expression levels increased when the leaves were treated with TH12. For the first time, we disclosed the nature of gene expression in B. napus and R. alboglabra to explore the resistance pathways in the leaves of both genotypes infected and non-infected by powdery mildew and inoculated or non-inoculated with elicitor factors. Results suggested that R. alboglabra exhibited resistance to powdery mildew disease, and the application of T. harzianum and its CF are a useful tool to facilitate new protection methods for resist or susceptible plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawadayn Talib Alkooranee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
| | - Yongtai Yin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tamarah Raad Aledan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingfen Jiang
- Crops Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guangyuan Lu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (ML)
| | - Jiangsheng Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Maoteng Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for the Characteristic Resources Exploitation of Dabie Mountains, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, China
- * E-mail: (GL); (ML)
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