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Wiśniewska N, Gołębiowski M, Kowalkowska AK. Labellum Features and Chemical Composition of Floral Scent in Bulbophyllum carunculatum Garay, Hamer & Siegrist (Section Lepidorhiza Schltr., Bulbophyllinae Schltr., Orchidaceae Juss.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1568. [PMID: 37050195 PMCID: PMC10097095 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of fly-pollinated Bulbophyllum species use a combination of visual and olfactory clues to mimic food sources and brood/oviposition sites of pollinators. The aims of the present work were to characterize the floral secretory tissue and the floral scent and compare them with those previously described in B. echinolabium. Based on the histochemical results, the labellar secretion in B. carunculatum is the protein-rich mucilage. The adaxial epidermal cells of the labellum showed typical features of secretory activity. Plastids contained plastoglobuli, which are thought to be the places for scent production in osmophores. Juxtaposed with FeCl3 staining, the presence of dihydroxyphenolic globules in the cytoplasm of the epidermis and sub-epidermis was confirmed. Phenolic derivatives were also described with GC/MS analysis of the floral scent. The number of aromatic compounds and hydrocarbons was indicated in the floral scent of B. carunculatum. Moreover, pregnane-3,20-dione, occurring in the highest percentage in the floral fragrance of B. carunculatum, is a biologically active, 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma progesterone. Progesterone is a mammalian gonadal hormone, but, like other steroid hormones, has been found in plants as intermediates in different biosynthetic pathways. The research on biosynthesis and functions of progesterone and its derivatives in flowers is still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka K. Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Lipińska MM, Gołębiowski M, Szlachetko DL, Kowalkowska AK. Floral attractants in the black orchid Brasiliorchis schunkeana (Orchidaceae, Maxillariinae): clues for presumed sapromyophily and potential antimicrobial activity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:575. [PMID: 36496375 PMCID: PMC9737770 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orchids have evolved various strategies that aim to ensure their reproduction success. These may include the production of rewards for pollinators, or on the contrary, deception. Specific sets of features such as flower morphology, color, nectar, and odor presence (or lack thereof) are considered to determine suitability for pollination by different groups of animals. Stingless bees are thought to be the primary pollinators of the orchids of the Neotropical subtribe Maxillariinae. However, almost black flowered Brasiliorchis schunkeana at first glance presents floral adaptations that may suggest another pollination syndrome-sapromyophily. RESULTS A few traces of secretion were noticed on the glabrous lip callus and lip apex built by conical to villiform papillae (SEM analysis). Histochemical studies revealed huge amounts of lipids in the epidermis, subepidermis, and some parenchyma cells (SBB test) with various stages of lipids accumulation between cells. Further TEM analysis showed a heterogeneous (lipoid and phenolic) nature of secretion. The dense osmiophilic cytoplasm contained organelles (RER, free ribosomes, dictyosomes, plastids with plastoglobuli, nucleus) and vesicles migrating to plasmalemma. The vesicles, osmiophilic globules, and flocculent material were visible in periplasmic space. The central vacuole possessed osmiophilic phenolic content and flocculent material. GC-MS analysis revealed in floral extract the presence of 7,9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (77.06%) and 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (16.65%). Both compounds are known for their biological activity. CONCLUSIONS The juxtaposition of results led us to the conclusion that the labellar tissue produces lipoid and phenolic material, which is responsible for the glossiness and rotten herring scent. This type of secretion could be classified as a phenolic resin. The chemical analysis revealed the presence of five semiochemicals that are known to be attractants for some Diptera, which together with the rest of the results constitutes a strong premise that representatives of this order could be potential pollinators of B. schunkeana. Field observations however are still needed to confirm this pollination syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Lipińska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
- Foundation Polish Orchid Association, 81-825, Sopot, Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dariusz L Szlachetko
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Artuso S, Gamisch A, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Comes HP. Evidence for an evo-devo-derived hypothesis on three-dimensional flower shape modularity in a tropical orchid clade. Evolution 2022; 76:2587-2604. [PMID: 36128635 PMCID: PMC9828045 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Covarying suites of phenotypic traits, or modules, are increasingly recognized to promote morphological evolution. However, information on how modularity influences flower diversity is rare and lacking for Orchidaceae. Here, we combine high-resolution X-ray computed tomography scanning with three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to test various hypotheses about three-dimensional patterns of flower evolutionary modularity in Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids and examine rates and modes of module evolution. Based on the four evolutionary modules identified (i.e., sepals, lateral petals, labellum + column-foot, and column-part), our data support the hypothesis that both genetic-developmental and functional adaptive factors shaped evolutionary flower trait covariation in these tropical orchids. In line with "evo-devo" studies, we also find that the labellum evolved independently from the rest of the petal whorl. Finally, we show that modules evolved with different rates, and either in a neutral fashion (only column-part) or under selective constraints, as likely imposed by pollinators. Overall, this study supports current views that modular units can enhance the range and rate of morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Artuso
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg5020Austria
| | - Alexander Gamisch
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg5020Austria
| | - Yannick M. Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaVienna1030Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaVienna1030Austria
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Environment and BiodiversityUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg5020Austria
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Ornithophily in the subtribe Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae) proven with a case study of Ornithidium fulgens in Guatemala. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5273. [PMID: 35379839 PMCID: PMC8980101 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ornithophily has been long speculated to occur in the subtribe Maxillariinae (Orchidaceae), relying either solely on micromorphological analyses or scarce field observations of undefined species. In Guatemala we were able to observe regular visits of the azure-crowned hummingbirds feeding on flowers of Ornithidium fulgens. These observations have led us to investigation of floral attractants by means of scanning and transmission microscopy, histochemical and chemical analyses (GC–MS). Conducted investigation revealed that the epidermis of basal protuberance of column-foot has features proving the secretory activity and that secreted nectar is sucrose-dominant. Slight secretion on the middle part of the lip is puzzling. The presence of other potential pollinators has not been reported. Based on the results of this study, we confirmed that the flowers of O. fulgens meet all criteria of ornithophily and thus that the hypothesis about bird pollination in the subtribe Maxillariinae is proven. The presented results confirm that the previously described floral features predicting the bird pollination in this group are justified. This strengthens the theory about floral adaptations to different pollinators and gives valid reasons to consider species with flowers with a certain set of traits as ornithophilous, even in the absence of the pollination observation.
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Margońska HB, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Brzezicka E, Haliński ŁP, Davies KL, Lipińska MM. Crepidium sect. Crepidium (Orchidaceae, Malaxidinae)-Chemical and Morphological Study of Flower Structures in the Context of Pollination Processes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112373. [PMID: 34834736 PMCID: PMC8621117 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crepidium is a large genus of mainly pantropical orchids. The lips of its flowers are upwardly directed and do not serve as landing platforms for pollinators. This role is assumed by the dorsal sepal and/or gynostemium. Information about the pollination and floral morphology of this genus is scarce. To date, no papers have been published on these topics. Field observations have revealed that the flowers are visited by small flies, midges, fruit flies, other small dipterans, ants, spiders, and mites. Preliminary observations revealed at least two forms of small liquid droplets secreted on the lip surface of Crepidium species: simple secretions from epidermal cells, and cell sap released upon the rupturing of raphide-producing cells. Further research revealed that this was the first time liquid secretion was recorded in this genus. Floral secretions were subjected to sequential organic solvent extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Floral parts were investigated by means of scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and histochemical tests. The presence of liquid droplets on the lip of Crepidium, the presence of a food reward, and the sequence of raphide development are reported here for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna B. Margońska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.K.-K.); (E.B.)
| | - Emilia Brzezicka
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.K.-K.); (E.B.)
| | - Łukasz P. Haliński
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Kevin L. Davies
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardif CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Monika M. Lipińska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Artuso S, Gamisch A, Staedler YM, Schönenberger J, Comes HP. Evidence for selectively constrained 3D flower shape evolution in a Late Miocene clade of Malagasy Bulbophyllum orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:853-867. [PMID: 34309843 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Questions concerning the evolution of complex biological structures are central to the field of evolutionary biology. Yet, still little information is known about the modes and temporal dynamics of three-dimensional (3D) flower shape evolution across the history of clades. Here, we combined high-resolution X-ray computed tomography with 3D geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to test models of whole-flower shape evolution in the orchid family, using an early Late Miocene clade (c. 50 spp.) of Malagasy Bulbophyllum as model system. Based on landmark data of 38 species, our high-dimensional model fitting decisively rejects a purely neutral mode of evolution, suggesting instead that flower shapes evolved towards a primary adaptive optimum. Only a small number of recently evolved species/lineages attained alternative shape optima, resulting in an increased rate of phenotypic evolution. Our findings provide evidence of constrained 3D flower shape evolution in a small-sized clade of tropical orchids, resulting in low rates of phenotypic evolution and uncoupled trait-diversification rates. We hypothesise that this deep imprint of evolutionary constraint on highly complex floral structures might reflect long-term (directional and/or stabilizing) selection exerted by the group's main pollinators (flies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Artuso
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Alexander Gamisch
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
| | - Yannick M Staedler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, A-5020, Austria
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Reposi SD, Gotelli MM, Torretta JP. Anatomy and ultrastructure floral osmophores of Catasetum fimbriatum (Orchidaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1091-1102. [PMID: 33619655 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Catasetum fimbriatum is a dioecious species whose flowers fully adapted to an euglossinophilic mode of pollination. Euglossini male bees collect the volatile fragrances which are produced in osmophores on the flowers. In order to understand the mechanism of scent secretion and floral interaction with the pollinator, we describe the location, histochemistry, anatomy, and ultrastructure of osmophores in pistillate and staminate flowers of this species. Fresh flowers were submerged in neutral red solution to locate the position of the osmophores. Other histochemical test performed includes the NADI reaction to detect terpenoids, Sudan IV for lipids, and Lugol's iodine solution to detect starch. Anatomical and ultrastructural traits were studied with bright field and transmission electron microscopes, respectively. The location of osmophores differs between pistillate and staminate flowers. In pistillate flowers, secretory tissues were observed on the ribbed adaxial surface of the labellum, but not on its margins, whereas in staminate flowers, they were found throughout the adaxial surface of the labellum and especially in the fimbriae. Anatomy and ultrastructure of the osmophores in the labellum of both types of flowers were similar. They present characteristics of metabolically active cells, such as abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, plastids with starch grains, and lipid globules. Granulocrine secretion and cycles of cytoplasmic contraction and expansion appear to allow the release of products without involving the rupture of the cuticle. Individuals of Eufriesea auriceps and Euglossa sp. were captured in staminate and pistillate flowers but, it seems likely, that only the former pollinates this orchid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Daniela Reposi
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Marina María Gotelli
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Torretta
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fungal Endophytes from Orchidaceae: Diversity and Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68260-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gotelli MM, Galati BG, Zarlavsky G, Nicolau M, Reposi S. Localization, morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of osmophores in species of Rhamnaceae. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1109-1121. [PMID: 32152721 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the presence of scent was described for several species of Rhamnaceae, localization, morphology and structure of osmophores were unknown. We studied different species of the tribes Rhamneae (Rhamnoids clade), Pomaderreae, Colletieae, Paliureae (Ziziphoids clade) and the species Alphitonia excelsa (unknown tribe, Ziziphoids clade). We expect to have a better comprehension of these structures and provide information on which morphological and anatomical characters may support the phylogeny of the family. We localized the osmophores in the margins and top of the sepals using neutral red. Histochemical tests were made on transverse hand-cut sections of fresh sepals. Observations were made with stereoscopic and bright field microscopes, scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Papillae were observed in the zones with positive reaction to reagents. Different kinds of hairs are present in the sepal epidermis besides papillae. Epidermal cells present a striate cuticle with canals and cavities. Druses are abundant in most species. The ultrastructure of epidermal and subepidermal cells shows high metabolic activity: there are vesicles, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, plastids with lipids and starch. The vascularization is well developed and reaches the top of the sepal where the principal area of volatile components production is localized. The location and abundance of papillae are the most important traits that allow us recognize and characterize the osmophores in Rhamnaceae. There are no clear anatomical and morphological features exclusive of one clade or tribe. Therefore, in contrast to other sporophytic structures of this family, osmophores do not seem to have any systematic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina María Gotelli
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Beatriz Gloria Galati
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Zarlavsky
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Magalí Nicolau
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofía Reposi
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Cátedra de Botánica General, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lustofin K, Świątek P, Miranda VFO, Płachno BJ. Flower nectar trichome structure of carnivorous plants from the genus butterworts Pinguicula L. (Lentibulariaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:245-259. [PMID: 31428856 PMCID: PMC6982637 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pinguicula (Lentibulariaceae) is a genus comprising around 96 species of herbaceous, carnivorous plants, which are extremely diverse in flower size, colour and spur length and structure as well as pollination strategy. In Pinguicula, nectar is formed in the flower spur; however, there is a gap in the knowledge about the nectary trichome structure in this genus. Our aim was to compare the nectary trichome structure of various Pinguicula species in order to determine whether there are any differences among the species in this genus. The taxa that were sampled were Pinguicula moctezumae, P. moranensis, P. rectifolia, P. emarginata and P. esseriana. We used light microscopy, histochemistry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to address those aims. We show a conservative nectary trichome structure and spur anatomy in various Mexican Pinguicula species. The gross structural similarities between the examined species were the spur anatomy, the occurrence of papillae, the architecture of the nectary trichomes and the ultrastructure characters of the trichome cells. However, there were some differences in the spur length, the size of spur trichomes, the occurrence of starch grains in the spur parenchyma and the occurrence of cell wall ingrowths in the terminal cells of the nectary trichomes. Similar nectary capitate trichomes, as are described here, were recorded in the spurs of species from other Lentibulariaceae genera. There are many ultrastructural similarities between the cells of nectary trichomes in Pinguicula and Utricularia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Lustofin
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Vitor F O Miranda
- Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Wiśniewska N, Lipińska MM, Gołębiowski M, Kowalkowska AK. Labellum structure of Bulbophyllum echinolabium J.J. Sm. (section Lepidorhiza Schltr., Bulbophyllinae Schltr., Orchidaceae Juss.). PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1185-1203. [PMID: 30993470 PMCID: PMC6713679 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This micromorphological, chemical and ultrastructural study is a continuation of research conducted on the section Lepidorhiza. The Bulbophyllum echinolabium flowers comprised features that characterize a sapromyophilous syndrome, having large, glistening parts that emit an intense scent of rotten meat. The secretory activity was described in the hypochile (nectary in longitudinal groove and in the prickles) and the epichile (putative osmophore). The ultrastructural studies revealed a dense cytoplasm in the epidermis and subepidermal tissue with large nuclei and numerous mitochondria, the profiles of SER and RER, and dictyosomes. Large amounts of heterogeneous residues of secreted material (possibly phenolic) were present on the cuticle surface, similar to the unusual prominent periplasmic space with flocculent secretory material. The chemical analysis (GC/MS) of the scent profile of lips comprised carbohydrates and their derivatives (29.55% of all compounds), amino acids (1.66%), lipids (8.04%) and other organic compounds (60.73%). A great number of identified compounds are Diptera attractants (mainly Milichiidae, Tephritidae, Drosophilidae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae). The examination of visual and olfactory features indicates correlation between colour of flowers and the type of olfactory mimicry, where a dark colour labellum emits strong smell of rotten waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika M Lipińska
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analytics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-952, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Paiva EAS, Dötterl S, De-Paula OC, Schlindwein C, Souto LS, Vitarelli NC, da Silva CI, Mateus S, Alves-Dos-Santos I, Oliveira DMT. Osmophores of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae): a particular structure of the androecium that releases an unusual scent. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:971-981. [PMID: 30796515 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Caryocar brasiliense is a flagship species of the Brazilian Cerrado. It produces flowers with a strong peculiar scent, which are pollinated by bats and occasionally moths with short mouthparts. However, the cues responsible for attracting these nocturnal pollinators remain unknown. We aimed to identify osmophores of C. brasiliense, describe the ultrastructure of the cells involved in the synthesis and release of floral odour, and identify the constituents of the floral bouquet. We performed field observations and histochemical and ultrastructural analyses of flowers focusing on the androecium. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse the scents emitted. Filament epidermal cells were found to possess an unusual shape and be responsible for the main production and release of odour. These cells, called foraminous cells, are elongate and possess pores where their cell walls are abruptly thin. The cuticle is practically absent over the pores, which facilitates odour emission. The foraminous cells have conspicuous nuclei and organelle-rich cytoplasm where oil droplets can be seen prior to anthesis. The features of these cells remain similar during anthesis, but many vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and the number of oil droplets in the cytosol decreases. Twenty-nine components were found in the scent, especially fatty acid derivatives and N- and S-bearing compounds. Our analyses revealed that the androecium of C. brasiliense has a particular structure that acts as an osmophore. The scent from the androecium resembles that of the entire flower, which is an unprecedented finding for a plant with single flowers as the pollination unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Departamento de Botânica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Biosciences, Plant Ecology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Clemens Schlindwein
- Departamento de Botânica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Letícia Silva Souto
- Departamento de Biologia, CCHB, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Sorocaba, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Narah Costa Vitarelli
- Departamento de Educação e Ciências, Núcleo de Biologia, Instituto Federal de Ciências e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais (IFSUDESTEMG, Campus Juiz de Fora), Rua Bernardo Mascarenhas, 1283 - Bairro Fábrica, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudia Inês da Silva
- Departamento de Ecologia, IBUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Mateus
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Isabel Alves-Dos-Santos
- Departamento de Ecologia, IBUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Denise Maria Trombert Oliveira
- Departamento de Botânica, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Caixa Postal 486, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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13
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Muravnik LE, Kostina OV, Mosina AA. Glandular trichomes of the leaves in three Doronicum species (Senecioneae, Asteraceae): morphology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:789-803. [PMID: 30604244 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-01342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two types of glandular tichomes (GTs) develop on the leaves in three Doronicum species. The purpose of the work was to establish common and distinctive morphological, anatomical, histochemical, and ultrustructural features of the trichomes. It turned out that differences between types of trichomes are more significant than interspecific ones. For each Doronicum species, differences between GTs of two types include the dimensions, intensity of coloration by histochemical dyes, as well as ultrastructural features of the cells. The GTs of the first type are higher than GTs of the second type. Two to three upper cell layers of the first trichomes develop histochemical staining, whereas in the second ones, only apical cells give a positive histochemical reaction. In all trichomes, polysaccharides, polyphenols, and terpenoids are detected. In the GTs of the first type, polysaccharides are synthesized in larger quantity; in the GTs of the second type, synthesis of the secondary metabolites predominates. Main ultrastructural features of the GTs of the first type include proliferation of RER and an activity of Golgi apparatus denoting the synthesis of enzymes and pectin; however, development of SER, diversiform leucoplasts with reticular sheaths, and chloroplasts with peripheral plastid reticulum also demonstrate the synthesis of lipid substances. The ultrastructural characteristics of the second type GTs indicate the primary synthesis of lipid components. Secretion is localized in a periplasmic space of the upper cell layers. The secretory products pass through the cell wall, accumulate in the subcuticular cavity, and rupture it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyudmila E Muravnik
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov Street, 2, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376.
| | - Olga V Kostina
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov Street, 2, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376
| | - Anna A Mosina
- Laboratory of Plant Anatomy and Morphology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov Street, 2, St. Petersburg, Russia, 197376
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14
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Kettler BA, Solís SM, Ferrucci MS. Comparative survey of secretory structures and floral anatomy of Cohniella cepula and Cohniella jonesiana (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae). New evidences of nectaries and osmophores in the genus. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:703-720. [PMID: 30470901 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The morpho-anatomical structure of nectaries, osmophores, and elaiophores, and the anatomical and micromorphological features of floral pieces of Cohniella cepula Hoffmans. and Cohniella jonesiana Rchb.f. were comparatively analyzed. In both species, bracteal and sepal nectaries are structured, i.e., they present a secretory epidermis, secretory parenchyma, and vascular bundles. Nectar secretion is released through stomata. The anatomical and micromorphological traits are similar in both nectaries, which can be detected only if the nectar drops are secreted. Considering the location of these nectaries, the secreted nectar would not be a reward to pollinators. Osmophores are located at the base of both callus and laterals lobes, and consist of a layer of secretory epidermis composed of quadrangular cells and papillae. Elaiophores are found on the callus of the labellum and are of the epithelial type. The anatomical features of floral pieces are similar in both species. The anatomical analysis of sepals and petals showed a few differences, which could be of potential taxonomic value. Our results contribute valuable and novel information for the knowledge of these species and the genus, which will be useful in future taxonomic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Araceli Kettler
- Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (UNNE-CONICET), Ruta 5 km 2.5, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Sargento Cabral 2131, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Stella Maris Solís
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Sargento Cabral 2131, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - María Silvia Ferrucci
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Sargento Cabral 2131, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
- Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, 3400, Corrientes, Argentina.
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15
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Kowalkowska AK, Pawłowicz M, Guzanek P, Krawczyńska AT. Floral nectary and osmophore of Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz (Orchidaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1811-1825. [PMID: 29948365 PMCID: PMC6208831 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of flowers collected at different stages of anthesis provides strong evidence to conclude that the shell-shaped hypochile and the knobs of epichile form a nectary. The scent comes from the aromatic constituents of nectar and the epichile tissue and the apices of all tepals (osmophores). The comparison between pollinated and unpollinated flowers revealed that the anthesis of unpollinated flowers lasted up to the 16th day. The nectariferous secretory cells formed single-layered epidermis and several layers of underlying parenchyma built by small, isodiametric cells with thin walls and dense cytoplasm, relatively large nuclei, supplied by collateral vascular bundles. During the floral lifespan, the residues of secreted material were higher on the hypochile cells. The lipoid-carbohydrate material and lipid globules in the cell walls and in the cytoplasm were localised. The abundance of starch grains was observed at the beginning of anthesis and their gradual reduction during the flower lifespan. At the end of anthesis in unpollinated flowers, the lipoid-carbohydrate-phenolic materials have been demonstrated. The phenolic material was the same as in plastoglobuli. The features such as irregular plasmalemma, the secretory vesicles that fuse with it, fully developed dictyosomes, numerous profiles of ER indicate vesicle-mediated process of secretion. The substances could be transported by vesicles to the periplasmic space via granulocrine secretion and then to the external surface. Both micro-channels and slightly developed periplasmic space were visible in the hypochile epidermis. This is the first time for anatomical survey of secretory tissue in pollinated and unpollinated flowers of E. helleborine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michalina Pawłowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Guzanek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka T Krawczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
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16
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Wiśniewska N, Kowalkowska AK, Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M, Krawczyńska AT, Bohdanowicz J. Floral features of two species of Bulbophyllum section Lepidorhiza Schltr.: B. levanae Ames and B. nymphopolitanum Kraenzl. (Bulbophyllinae Schltr., Orchidaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:485-499. [PMID: 28913668 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Two representatives of section Lepidorhiza, previously sometimes considered conspecific, Bulbophyllum levanae and Bulbophyllum nymphopolitanum, demonstrated both similarities and differences in floral features. There were significant differences in the length of sepals and micromorphological features of the labellum. In both species, osmophores are located on the extended apices of sepals and possibly on petals. An abundance of proteins in tepals is probably associated with the unpleasant scent of the flowers, whereas the thin wax layers on the epidermis are probably involved in the maintenance of the brilliance of floral tepals, which strongly attracts flies. In all tepals of both species, we noted the presence of dihydroxyphenolic globules in the cytoplasm after staining with FeCl3. Comparison with ultrastructure results revealed that they were associated with plastids containing plastoglobuli. The most remarkable feature was the presence of a prominent periplasmic space in the epidermal cells of both investigated species. Furthermore, in the labellum of B. levanae, the cuticle contained microchannels. The combination of periplasmic space and microchannels has not previously been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiśniewska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K Kowalkowska
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | - Agnieszka T Krawczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Bohdanowicz
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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17
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Stpiczyńska M, Płachno BJ, Davies KL. Nectar and oleiferous trichomes as floral attractants in Bulbophyllum saltatorium Lindl. (Orchidaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:565-574. [PMID: 28944415 PMCID: PMC5830483 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1170-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although many Orchidaceae have deceit flowers that produce no reward, the most common reward, when present, is nectar. Bulbophyllum, however, is unusual in that the labellar secretions of most species investigated to date lack sugars, and, therefore, cannot be considered true nectar. The African species Bulbophyllum saltatorium is an exception in that it produces not only nectar but also possesses specialized, capitate oleiferous trichomes. The nectary of B. saltatorium is borne on the labellum and is represented by a deep, narrow, median longitudinal groove, having a small aperture, and flanked by trichomes. Isodiametric epidermal cells lining this groove secrete nectar which collects both in the groove and on the surface of the labellum. As well as a nectary, the labellum of B. saltatorium also bears three types of unicellular trichomes: the longest trichomes are borne distally and abaxially; the marginal ones form a rim around the entire labellum, and finally, massive, capitate trichomes occur proximally and adaxially. These are oleiferous, containing large quantities of oil which might function as precursors of volatile components of fragrance or provide a food-reward. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time for such oleiferous trichomes to be described for Bulbophyllum. Therefore, apart from their color and markings, flowers of this species are able to attract pollinators in at least two, possibly three ways: food-reward in the form of nectar; fragrance; and possibly food-rewards in the form of food-hairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Botanic Garden Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kevin L Davies
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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18
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Płachno BJ, Stpiczyńska M, Krajewski Ł, Świątek P, Adamec L, Miranda VFO. Flower palate structure of the aquatic bladderworts Utricularia bremii Heer and U. minor L. from section Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae). PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:2007-2015. [PMID: 28290058 PMCID: PMC5610218 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an enormous diversity in the structure of the flower palate of the carnivorous rootless genus Utricularia. This study aims to examine the structure of the palates in Utricularia bremii Heer and U. minor L of the Utricularia sect. Utricularia, which have a glandular palate type. In both species, the palate has only one type of glandular trichomes. Because of the occurrence of cell wall ingrowths in its glandular cells, any exudation may be transported via eccrinous secretion. It was proposed that the palate trichomes of the examined species act as scent glands and that the palate may play a role as an unguentarium. Both U. bremii and U. minor are of an open flower type. Thus, U. bremii and U. minor flowers can be penetrated by small, weak insects, which then easily have access to their generative structure. Small Hymenoptera (member of families Mymaridae and Braconidae) were observed as flower visitors of the male-sterile species Utricularia bremii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 9 Gronostajowa St., 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Stpiczyńska
- Faculty of Biology, Botanic Garden, University of Warsaw, Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Krajewski
- Wetland Conservation Center, ul. Cieszkowskiego 1-3/31, 01-636, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Piotr Świątek
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Bankowa St., 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - Lubomír Adamec
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Section of Plant Ecology, Dukelská 135, CZ-37982, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Vitor Fernandes Oliveira Miranda
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Jaboticabal, Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), São Paulo, Brazil
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