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Lisiecka K, Dziki D, Karaś M. Physical and Functional Properties of Powders Obtained during Spray Drying of Cyani flos Extracts. Molecules 2024; 29:3400. [PMID: 39064978 PMCID: PMC11279533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Edible flowers are a potential source of bioactive ingredients and are also an area of scientific research. Particularly noteworthy are Cyani flos, which have a wide range of uses in herbal medicine. The below study aimed to investigate the influence of selected soluble fiber fractions on the selected properties of physical and biochemical powders obtained during spray drying a water extract of Cyani flos. The drying efficiency for the obtained powders was over 60%. The obtained powders were characterized by low moisture content (≤4.99%) and water activity (≤0.22). The increase in the addition of pectin by the amount of 2-8% in the wall material resulted in a decrease in hygroscopicity, water solubility, and protection of flavonoids and anthocyanins both before and after digestion in the tested powders in comparison to the sample with only inulin as a carrier. Additionally, it was noted that all samples were characterized by high bioaccessibility when determining antioxidant properties and xanthine oxidase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lisiecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna St. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Dziki
- Department of Thermal Technology and Food Process Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka St. 31, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Karaś
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna St. 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland;
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Hong Y, Wei R, Li C, Cai H, Chen E, Pan X, Zhang W. Establishment of virus-induced gene-silencing system in Juglans sigillata Dode and functional analysis of JsFLS2 and JsFLS4. Gene 2024; 913:148385. [PMID: 38493973 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Juglans sigillata Dode is one of the important tree species in southwest China, and it has significant economic and ecological value. However, there is still a lack of effective methods to identify the functional genes of J. sigillata. By verifying the model plant tobacco, the pTRV2::JsPDS vector was able to cause photobleaching. This study showed that photobleaching occurred 24 and 30 d after the silencing vector was infected with aseptic seedlings and fruits of J. sigillata, respectively. When the OD600 was 0.6, and the injection dose was 500 μL, the gene silencing efficiency of aseptic seedlings was the highest at 16.7 %, significantly better than other treatments. Moreover, when the OD600 was 0.8, and the injection dose was 500 μL, the gene silencing efficiency in the walnut fruit was the highest (20 %). In addition, the VIGS system was successfully used to silence JsFLS2 and JsFLS4 genes in J. sigillata. This study also showed that the flavonol content and gene expression in the treatment group were decreased compared to the control group. In addition, the proteins transcribed and translated from the JsFLS4 gene may have higher catalytic activity for dihydroquercetin. The above results indicate that the TRV-mediated VIGS system can be an ideal tool for studying J. sigillata gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Hong
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Rong Wei
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Chunxiang Li
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Hu Cai
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Erjuan Chen
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China; Guizhou Engineering Research Center for Fruit Crops, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Wen'e Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Jiaxiu South Road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
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Li J, Hu H, Fu H, Li J, Zeng T, Li J, Wang M, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Exploring the co-operativity of secretory structures for defense and pollination in flowering plants. PLANTA 2024; 259:41. [PMID: 38270671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In flowers multiple secretory systems cooperate to deliver specialized metabolites to support specific roles in defence and pollination. The collective roles of cell types, enzymes, and transporters are discussed. The interplay between reproductive strategies and defense mechanisms in flowering plants has long been recognized, with trade-offs between investment in defense and reproduction predicted. Glandular trichomes and secretory cavities or ducts, which are epidermal and internal structures, play a pivotal role in the secretion, accumulation, and transport of specialized secondary metabolites, and contribute significantly to defense and pollination. Recent investigations have revealed an intricate connection between these two structures, whereby specialized volatile and non-volatile metabolites are exchanged, collectively shaping their respective ecological functions. However, a comprehensive understanding of this profound integration remains largely elusive. In this review, we explore the secretory systems and associated secondary metabolism primarily in Asteraceous species to propose potential shared mechanisms facilitating the directional translocation of these metabolites to diverse destinations. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cooperativity between epidermal and internal secretory structures in the biosynthesis, secretion, accumulation, and emission of terpenes, providing specific well-documented examples from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is renowned for its natural pyrethrin insecticides, which accumulate in the flower head, and more recently, for emitting an aphid alarm pheromone. These examples highlight the diverse specializations of secondary metabolism in pyrethrum and raise intriguing questions regarding the regulation of production and translocation of these compounds within and between its various epidermal and internal secretory systems, spanning multiple tissues, to serve distinct ecological purposes. By discussing the cooperative nature of secretory structures in flowering plants, this review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the ecological roles of terpenes in defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hansen Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Konarska A, Weryszko-Chmielewska E, Sulborska-Różycka A, Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz A, Dmitruk M, Gorzel M. Herb and Flowers of Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium L.: Structure and Histochemistry of Secretory Tissues and Phytochemistry of Essential Oils. Molecules 2023; 28:7791. [PMID: 38067521 PMCID: PMC10708006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Achillea millefolium L. herb and flowers have high biological activity; hence, they are used in medicine and cosmetics. The aim of this study was to perform morpho-anatomical analyses of the raw material, including secretory tissues, histochemical assays of the location of lipophilic compounds, and quantitative and qualitative analysis of essential oil (EO). Light and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to analyse plant structures. The qualitative analyses of EO were carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results of this study showed the presence of exogenous secretory structures in the raw material, i.e., conical cells (papillae) on the adaxial surface of petal teeth and biseriate glandular trichomes on the surface flowers, bracts, stems, and leaves. Canal-shaped endogenous secretory tissue was observed in the stems and leaves. The histochemical assays revealed the presence of total, acidic, and neutral lipids as well as EO in the glandular trichome cells. Additionally, papillae located at the petal teeth contained neutral lipids. Sesquiterpenes were detected in the glandular trichomes and petal epidermis cells. The secretory canals in the stems were found to contain total and neutral lipids. The phytochemical assays demonstrated that the A. millefolium subsp. millefolium flowers contained over 2.5-fold higher amounts of EO (6.1 mL/kg) than the herb (2.4 mL/kg). The EO extracted from the flowers and herb had a similar dominant compounds: β-pinene, bornyl acetate, (E)-nerolidol, 1,8-cineole, borneol, sabinene, camphor, and α-pinene. Both EO samples had greater amounts of monoterpenes than sesquiterpenes. Higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenoids were detected in the EO from the herb than from the flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Konarska
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (E.W.-C.); (M.D.)
| | - Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (E.W.-C.); (M.D.)
| | - Aneta Sulborska-Różycka
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (E.W.-C.); (M.D.)
| | - Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz
- Department of Plant Production Technology and Commodities Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
- Garden of Cosmetic Plants and Raw Materials, Research and Science Innovation Center, 20-819 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marta Dmitruk
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (A.K.); (E.W.-C.); (M.D.)
| | - Małgorzata Gorzel
- Garden of Cosmetic Plants and Raw Materials, Research and Science Innovation Center, 20-819 Lublin, Poland;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Vincent Pol University in Lublin, 20-816 Lublin, Poland
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Zhang N, Xie P, Huang K, Yin H, Mo P, Wang Y. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Centaurea cyanus (Asteraceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:393-397. [PMID: 36926644 PMCID: PMC10013558 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2185470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Centaurea cyanus has been a weed in farmland for a long time. In this study, the chloroplast genome of C. cyanus was sequenced to establish the phylogenetic relationship between its genomic characteristics and other related species. The chloroplast gene structure of C. cyanus is a circular molecule with a length of 152,433 bp, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 83,464 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,545 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats sequences (IRs) region of 25,212 bp. The whole genome contains 130 genes, including 86 protein-coding genes, 36 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C. cyanus is close to Carthamus. tinctorius, C. tinctorius, C. diffusa, and C. maculosa, and all of them were in one clade. This study provides genetic resource information for the further study of Centaurea.
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Affiliation(s)
- NingYun Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of life and environmental sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of life and environmental sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan, China
| | - Kerui Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of life and environmental sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan, China
| | - Hanbin Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of life and environmental sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan, China
| | - Ping Mo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of life and environmental sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of life and environmental sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Hunan, China
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Secretory Products in Petals of Centaurea cyanus L. Flowers: A Histochemistry, Ultrastructure, and Phytochemical Study of Volatile Compounds. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041371. [PMID: 35209163 PMCID: PMC8877098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Centaurea cyanus L. is a medicinal plant whose flowers are widely used in herbal medicine. The aim of the study was to localise flower tissues that are responsible for the production of secretory products in petals and to analyse the volatile compounds. The volatile compounds of the flowers of this species have not been investigated to date. (2) Methods: Light, fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used in the study. Lipophilic compounds were localised in the tissues using histochemical assays. Volatile compounds were determined with the use of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). (3) Results: The study showed production of secretion in the petal parenchyma, whose ultrastructure has features of a secretory tissue. The lipophilic secretion was localised in the cells and intercellular spaces of the parenchyma and in the walls and surface of epidermal cells, where it accumulated after release through cuticle microchannels. Sesquiterpenes were found to constitute the main group of volatile compounds, with the highest content of β-caryophyllene (26.17%) and α-humulene (9.77%). (4) Conclusions: Given the presence of some volatile components that are often found in resins (caryophyllene, delta-cadinene) and the abundant secretion residues on the epidermal surface, we suppose that the C. cyanus secretion released by the flowers is a resinaceous mixture (oleoresin), which is frequently found in plants, as shown by literature data. This secretion may play an important role in the therapeutic effects of C. cyanus flowers.
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Pessoa MJG, Pireda S, Simioni P, Bautz N, Da Cunha M. Structural and histochemical attributes of secretory ducts and cavities in leaves of four species of Calophyllaceae J. Agardh in Amazonian savannas. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:1128-1140. [PMID: 34486807 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study represents an important contribution to the structural, histochemical and biological understanding of ducts and cavities in leaves of four species of Calophyllaceae that occur in Amazonian savannas. Samples of adult leaves were processed using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as per usual methods for plant anatomy. In paradermal sections, the lumina of ducts are elongated while those of cavities are short. Ducts occur exclusively in the central rib and are abundant in Kielmeyera rubriflora Cambess and Kielmeyera coriacea Mart. and Zucc and larger than in Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess and Caraipa densifolia Mart. In mesophyll, the type of secretory structure and distribution pattern of the ducts and cavities are distinct. In most species, the secreted metabolites are similar and consist of phenolic compounds, lipids, essential oils with oleoresins, mucilage, neutral polysaccharides, proteins and alkaloids, except in K. coriacea, which does not contain oleoresin. The secretion is probably synthesized by mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and dictyosomes and is externalized toward the lumen by granulocrine and eccrine processes. In addition to being of diagnostic value for species identification, the attributes of the lumen shape, type of secretory structure, distribution pattern, identified metabolites and secretion mechanism are important for understanding the biological roles of ducts and cavities. The identified metabolites reveal a capacity for adaptation, resistance and protection from the action of herbivores and pathogens, and in water retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J G Pessoa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - S Pireda
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - P Simioni
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - N Bautz
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - M Da Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - UERJ, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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State of knowledge: Histolocalisation in phytochemical study of medicinal plants. Fitoterapia 2021; 150:104862. [PMID: 33582269 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The renewed interest in medicinal plants has led us to examine more closely the usefulness of metabolite histolocalisation in screening work before any in-depth phytochemical studies. Indeed, this method is a histochemical technique allowing characterizing plant tissues constituents; and in particular metabolites of therapeutic interest, without destroying or altering as much as possible the studied plant material. This work aims at allowing us carring out a wide screening to highlight bioactive metabolites in plants studied from our rich university heritage collection. MATERIAL AND METHODS The histochemical characterisation used in our work is a chemical, morphological and topographical (localisation) technique that uses precipitation reactions using dyes, among others. To do this we made thin cross-sections using razor blades on fresh plant material. The sections were then coloured using conventional chemical stains and observations were made using a MOTIC BA210 microscope equipped with a MOTICAM camera. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In view of obtained results, this technique, therefore, proves to be a useful screening and analysis method when applied in phytochemical studies on plants such as Datura stramonium, Peperomia obtusifolia, Cecropia obtusa, Orthosiphon aristatus and Vitex agnus castus. The obtained results confirm presence of sought metabolites, and allow their precise histological localisation. This will make extraction process more profiTable, simpler or even more ecological by avoiding waste.
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