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Terentyev VV, Shukshina AK. CAH3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Unique Carbonic Anhydrase of the Thylakoid Lumen. Cells 2024; 13:109. [PMID: 38247801 PMCID: PMC10814762 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
CAH3 is the only carbonic anhydrase (CA) present in the thylakoid lumen of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The monomer of the enzyme has a molecular weight of ~29.5 kDa with high CA activity. Through its dehydration activity, CAH3 can be involved either in the carbon-concentrating mechanism supplying CO2 for RuBisCO in the pyrenoid or in supporting the maximal photosynthetic activity of photosystem II (PSII) by accelerating the removal of protons from the active center of the water-oxidizing complex. Both proposed roles are considered in this review, together with a description of the enzymatic parameters of native and recombinant CAH3, the crystal structure of the protein, and the possible use of lumenal CA as a tool for increasing biomass production in higher plants. The identified involvement of lumenal CAH3 in the function of PSII is still unique among green algae and higher plants and can be used to understand the mechanism(s) of the functional interconnection between PSII and the proposed CA(s) of the thylakoid lumen in other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily V. Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, FRC PSCBR RAS, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
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Feng L, Guo W, Guo J, Zhang X, Zou X, Rao M, Ye J, Kuang C, Chen G, Chen C, Qin S, Yang W, Cheng J. FIB-SEM analysis on three-dimensional structures of growing organelles in wild Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:885-897. [PMID: 36416933 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01821-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To clarify dynamic changes of organelle microstructures in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells during photosynthetic growth with CO2 fixation, three-dimensional (3D) organelle microstructures in three growth periods of meristem, elongation, and maturity were quantitatively determined and comprehensively reconstructed with focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The single round-pancake mitochondria in each cell split into a dumbbell and then into a circular ring, while the barycenter distance of mitochondria to chloroplast and nucleus was reduced to 45.5% and 88.3% to strengthen energy transfer, respectively. The single pyrenoid consisting of a large part and another small part in each chloroplast gradually developed to a mature state in which the two parts were nearly equal in size. The nucleolus progressively became larger with euchromatin replication. The number of starch grains gradually increased, but the mean grain volume remained nearly unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingchong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiansheng Guo
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangbo Zou
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Mumin Rao
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ji Ye
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Cao Kuang
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Gongda Chen
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chuangting Chen
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shiwei Qin
- Guangdong Energy Group Science and Technology Research Institute Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Weijuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China.
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Small Structural Differences Govern the Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibition Activity of Cytotoxic Triterpene Acetazolamide Conjugates. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031009. [PMID: 36770674 PMCID: PMC9919727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylated triterpenoids betulin, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid were converted into their succinyl-spacered acetazolamide conjugates. These conjugates were screened for their inhibitory activity onto carbonic anhydrase II and their cytotoxicity employing several human tumor cell lines and non-malignant fibroblasts. As a result, the best inhibitors were derived from betulin and glycyrrhetinic acid while those derived from ursolic or oleanolic acid were significantly weaker inhibitors but also of diminished cytotoxicity. A betulin-derived conjugate held a Ki = 0.129 μM and an EC50 = 8.5 μM for human A375 melanoma cells.
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Chen ZF, Wang TH, Feng CY, Guo HF, Guan XX, Zhang TL, Li WZ, Xing GM, Sun S, Tan GF. Multigene manipulation of photosynthetic carbon metabolism enhances the photosynthetic capacity and biomass yield of cucumber under low-CO 2 environment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1005261. [PMID: 36330244 PMCID: PMC9623318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1005261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Solar greenhouses are important in the vegetable production and widely used for the counter-season production in the world. However, the CO2 consumed by crops for photosynthesis after sunrise is not supplemented and becomes chronically deficient due to the airtight structure of solar greenhouses. Vegetable crops cannot effectively utilize light resources under low-CO2 environment, and this incapability results in reduced photosynthetic efficiency and crop yield. We used cucumber as a model plant and generated several sets of transgenic cucumber plants overexpressing individual genes, including β-carbonic anhydrase 1 (CsβCA1), β-carbonic anhydrase 4 (CsβCA4), and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (CsSBP); fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (CsFBA), and CsβCA1 co-expressing plants; CsβCA4, CsSBP, and CsFBA co-expressing plants (14SF). The results showed that the overexpression of CsβCA1, CsβCA4, and 14SF exhibited higher photosynthetic and biomass yield in transgenic cucumber plants under low-CO2 environment. Further enhancements in photosynthesis and biomass yield were observed in 14SF transgenic plants under low-CO2 environment. The net photosynthesis biomass yield and photosynthetic rate increased by 49% and 79% compared with those of the WT. However, the transgenic cucumbers of overexpressing CsFBA and CsSBP showed insignificant differences in photosynthesis and biomass yield compared with the WT under low-CO2.environment. Photosynthesis, fluorescence parameters, and enzymatic measurements indicated that CsβCA1, CsβCA4, CsSBP, and CsFBA had cumulative effects in photosynthetic carbon assimilation under low-CO2 environment. Co-expression of this four genes (CsβCA1, CsβCA4, CsSBP, and CsFBA) can increase the carboxylation activity of RuBisCO and promote the regeneration of RuBP. As a result, the 14SF transgenic plants showed a higher net photosynthetic rate and biomass yield even under low-CO2environment.These findings demonstrate the possibility of cultivating crops with high photosynthetic efficiency by manipulating genes involved in the photosynthetic carbon assimilation metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- College of Biology and Agricultural Technology, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi, China
| | - Tian-Hong Wang
- Fruit and Vegetable Research Institute, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zunyi, China
| | - Chao-Yang Feng
- College of Biology and Agricultural Technology, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi, China
| | - Hai-Feng Guo
- College of Biology and Agricultural Technology, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Guan
- College of Biology and Agricultural Technology, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi, China
| | - Tian-Li Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wen-Zhao Li
- College of Biology and Agricultural Technology, Zunyi Normal College, Zunyi, China
| | - Guo-Ming Xing
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Guo-Fei Tan
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
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Langella E, Di Fiore A, Alterio V, Monti SM, De Simone G, D’Ambrosio K. α-CAs from Photosynthetic Organisms. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912045. [PMID: 36233343 PMCID: PMC9570166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the reversible carbon dioxide hydration reaction. Among the eight different CA classes existing in nature, the α-class is the largest one being present in animals, bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and photosynthetic organisms. Although many studies have been reported on these enzymes, few functional, biochemical, and structural data are currently available on α-CAs isolated from photosynthetic organisms. Here, we give an overview of the most recent literature on the topic. In higher plants, these enzymes are engaged in both supplying CO2 at the Rubisco and determining proton concentration in PSII membranes, while in algae and cyanobacteria they are involved in carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM), photosynthetic reactions and in detecting or signaling changes in the CO2 level in the environment. Crystal structures are only available for three algal α-CAs, thus not allowing to associate specific structural features to cellular localizations or physiological roles. Therefore, further studies on α-CAs from photosynthetic organisms are strongly needed to provide insights into their structure–function relationship.
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Rudenko NN, Ignatova LK, Naydov IA, Novichkova NS, Ivanov BN. Effect of CO2 Content in Air on the Activity of Carbonic Anhydrases in Cytoplasm, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria and the Expression Level of Carbonic Anhydrase Genes of the α- and β-Families in Arabidopsis thaliana Leaves. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162113. [PMID: 36015416 PMCID: PMC9414674 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities of the preparations of cytoplasm, mitochondria, chloroplast stroma, and chloroplast thylakoids, as well as the expression levels of genes encoding αCA1, αCA2, αCA4, βCA1, βCA2, βCA3, βCA4, βCA5, and βCA6, were measured in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants, acclimated to different CO2 content in the air: low (150 ppm, lCO2), normal (450 ppm, nCO2), and high (1200 ppm, hCO2). To evaluate the photosynthetic apparatus operation, the carbon assimilation and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured under the same conditions. It was found that the CA activities of the preparations of cytoplasm, chloroplast stroma, and chloroplast thylakoids measured after two weeks of acclimation were higher, the lower CO2 concentration in the air. That was preceded by an increase in the expression levels of genes encoding the cytoplasmic form of βCA1, and other cytoplasmic CAs, βCA2, βCA3, and βCA4, as well as of the chloroplast CAs, βCA5, and the stromal forms of βCA1 in a short-term range 1–2 days after the beginning of the acclimation. The dependence on the CO2 content in the air was most noticeable for the CA activity of the preparations of the stroma; it was two orders higher in lCO2 plants than in hCO2 plants. The CA activity of thylakoid membranes from lCO2 plants was higher than that in nCO2 and hCO2 plants; however, in these plants, a significant increase in the expression levels of the genes encoding αCA2 and αCA4 located in thylakoid membranes was not observed. The CA activity of mitochondria and the expression level of the mitochondrial βCA6 gene did not depend on the content of carbon dioxide. Taken together, the data implied that in the higher plants, the supply of inorganic carbon to carboxylation sites is carried out with the cooperative functioning of CAs located in the cytoplasm and CAs located in the chloroplasts.
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Shukshina AK, Terentyev VV. Involvement of Carbonic Anhydrase CAH3 in the Structural and Functional Stabilization of the Water-Oxidizing Complex of Photosystem II from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:867-877. [PMID: 34284710 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921070075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of carbonic anhydrases (CA) and CA activity in the functioning of photosystem II (PSII) has been studied for a long time and has been shown in many works. However, so far only for CAH3 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii there is evidence for its association with the donor side of PSII, where the CA activity of CAH3 can influence the functioning of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). Our results suggest that CAH3 is also involved in the organization of the native structure of WOC independently of its CA activity. It was shown that in PSII preparations from wild type (WT) the high O2-evolving activity of WOC was observed up to 100 mM NaCl in the medium and practically did not decrease with increasing incubation time with NaCl. At the same time, the WOC function in PSII preparations from CAH3-deficient mutant cia3 is significantly inhibited already at NaCl concentrations above 35 mM, reaching 50% at 100 mM NaCl and increased incubation time. It is suggested that the absence of CAH3 in PSII from cia3 causes disruption of the native structure of WOC, allowing more pronounced conformational changes of its proteins and, consequently, suppression of the WOC active center function, when the ionic strength of the medium is increased. The results of Western blot analysis indicate a more difficult removal of PsbP protein from PSII of cia3 at higher NaCl concentrations, apparently due to the changes in the intermolecular interactions between proteins of WOC in the absence of CAH3. At the same time, the values of the maximum quantum yield of PSII did not practically differ between preparations from WT and cia3, indicating no effect of CAH3 on the photoinduced electron transfer in the reaction center of PSII. The obtained results indicate the involvement of the CAH3 protein in the native organization of the WOC and, as a consequence, in the stabilization of its functional state in PSII from C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Shukshina
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Vasily V Terentyev
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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