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Lv X, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Zhang X. Development and anatomy of petals with specialized nectar holder and pollen container in Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae). PLANTA 2024; 260:21. [PMID: 38847829 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Petal developmental characteristics in Fumarioideae were similar at early stages, and the specialized nectar holder/pollen container formed by the outer/inner petals. The micro-morphology of these two structures, however, shows diversity in seven species. Elaborate petals have been modified to form different types, including petal lobes, ridges, protuberances, and spurs, each with specialized functions. Nectar holder and pollen container presumably have a function in plant-pollinator interactions. In Fumarioideae, four elaborate petals of the disymmetric/zygomorphic flower present architecture forming the "nectar holder" and "pollen container" structure at the bottom and top separately. In the present study, the petals of seven species in Fumarioideae were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, light microscope, and transmission electron microscopes. The results show that petal development could divided into six stages: initiation, enlargement, adaxial/abaxial differentiation, elaborate specializations (sacs, spurs, and lobes formed), extension, and maturation, while the specialized "nectar holder" and "pollen container" structures mainly formed in stage 4. "Nectar holder" is developed from the shallow sac/spur differentiated at the base of the outer petal, eventually forming a multi-organized complex structure, together with staminal nectaries (1-2) with individual sizes. A semi-closed ellipsoidal "pollen container" is developed from the apical part of the 3-lobed inner petals fused by middle lobes and attain different sizes. The adaxial epidermis cells are specialized, with more distinct punctate/dense columnar protrusions or wavy cuticles presented on obviously thickening cell walls. In addition, a large and well-developed cavity appears between the inner and outer epidermis of the petals. As an exception, Hypecoum erectum middle lobes present stamen mimicry. Elaborate petal structure is crucial for comprehending the petal diversity in Fumarioideae and provides more evidence for further exploration of the reproductive study in Papaveraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqian Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuqu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, Xianyang, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
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Li R, Wu X, Jiao X, Zhang X, Wang C, Han L, Song M, Zhang Y, Pan G, Zhang Z. Chemical profiles, differentiation, and quality evaluation of Radix et Rhizoma Thalictri Foliolosi based on LC-MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 237:115747. [PMID: 37806142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Radix et Rhizoma Thalictri Foliolosi (RRTF) belongs to one of the alkaloid-rich traditional Chinese medicines in Ranunculaceae, which possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and several other pharmacological activities. However, due to lack of research on chemical composition, serious confusion in the origin, and ambiguity in pharmacological mechanisms, it is quite urgent to establish quality control standards based on modern research and to increase the widespread usage. Aiming to clarify the differential compounds among three species of RRTF (TFD, TFB, and TCW), targeted and untargeted acquisition strategies based on high resolution mass spectrometry were established. Plant metabolomics analysis and multivariate statistical analysis were accomplished to screen out differential markers which were answerable for categorizing different species of RRTF. A network pharmacology analysis was further performed to predict the bioactive constituents and pharmacological mechanisms. Moreover, multi-components quantitative analysis under multiple reaction monitoring mode and multiple logistic regression analysis were conducted to estimate the rationality of the quality markers (Q-markers). Ultimately, the targeted alkaloid detection list was built as premise relying on alkaloid cleavage pathway, and a total 87 compounds were identified. The 25 representative differential metabolites were screened out successfully and divided into three categories to differentiate TFD, TFB, and TCW. 14 active components and 25 presumptive targets of RRTF were found to play a central role according to network pharmacology analysis. The abundance of screened 12 Q-marker showed significant differences in the three varieties. In conclusion, the study systematically investigated the material basis of RRTF, distinguished and evaluated the quality of RRTF effectively, and predicted its pharmacodynamic material basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xinyi Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Lifeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Meifang Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch of Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch of Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, PR China
| | - Guixiang Pan
- Second Affiliated hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 69 Zengchan Road, Hebei District, Tianjin 300250, PR China.
| | - Zhonglian Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicine Utilization, Yunnan Branch of Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Jinghong 666100, PR China.
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Wang XJ, Lv XQ, Zhu QQ, Zhang XH. Diversity of staminal nectariferous appendages in disymmetric and zygomorphic flowers of Fumarioideae (Papaveraceae). PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1453-1467. [PMID: 37156937 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Staminal nectaries show diversity in their position, size, shape, color, and number in Ranunculales. In Papaveraceae, nectaries only appear at the base of stamen in these lineages with disymmetric and zygomorphic flowers. However, the diversity of the staminal nectaries' developmental characteristics and structure is unknown. The diversity of staminal nectaries of Hypecoum erectum, Ichtyoselmis macrantha, Adlumia asiatica, Dactylicapnos torulosa, Corydalis edulis, and Fumaria officinalis (six species belonging to six genera, respectively) in the Fumarioideae was investigated under scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In all species studied, according to the developmental characteristics of the nectaries, four developmental stages can be divided into initiation, enlargement, differentiation, and maturation, and the number of nectaries can be determined at the stage of initiation (stage 1), and morphological differentiation occurs at the developmental stage 3. The staminal nectaries consist of secretory epidermis, parenchyma tissue, and phloem with some sieve tube elements reaching the secretory parenchyma cells; however, the number of cell layers of parenchyma can vary from 30 to 40 in I. macrantha and D. torulosa, to only 5 to 10 like in F. officinalis. Secretory epidermis cells are larger than secretory parenchyma cells with abundant microchannels on the outer cell wall. There were abundant mitochondria, Golgi bodies, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and plastids in secretory parenchyma cells. Nectar is stored in the intercellular space and exuded to the exterior via microchannels. In A. asiatica, according to the evidence of small secretory cell characteristics such as dense cytoplasm, and numerous mitochondria, together with the filamentous secretions present on the surface of epidermal cells on groove, it can be inferred that the U-shaped sulcate which is located in the white projection formed at the filament of triplets in A. asiatica is nectariferous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jia Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xu-Qian Lv
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Qing-Qing Zhu
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.
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