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Yao Z, Fan Y, Lin L, Kellems RE, Xia Y. Tissue transglutaminase: a multifunctional and multisite regulator in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:281-325. [PMID: 37712623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00003.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a widely distributed multifunctional protein involved in a broad range of cellular and metabolic functions carried out in a variety of cellular compartments. In addition to transamidation, TG2 also functions as a Gα signaling protein, a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a protein kinase, and a scaffolding protein. In the nucleus, TG2 modifies histones and transcription factors. The PDI function catalyzes the trimerization and activation of heat shock factor-1 in the nucleus and regulates the oxidation state of several mitochondrial complexes. Cytosolic TG2 modifies proteins by the addition of serotonin or other primary amines and in this way affects cell signaling. Modification of protein-bound glutamines reduces ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. At the cell membrane, TG2 is associated with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), where it functions in transmembrane signaling. TG2 is also found in the extracellular space, where it functions in protein cross-linking and extracellular matrix stabilization. Of particular importance in transglutaminase research are recent findings concerning the role of TG2 in gene expression, protein homeostasis, cell signaling, autoimmunity, inflammation, and hypoxia. Thus, TG2 performs a multitude of functions in multiple cellular compartments, making it one of the most versatile cellular proteins. Additional evidence links TG2 with multiple human diseases including preeclampsia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, organ fibrosis, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and celiac disease. In conclusion, TG2 provides a multifunctional and multisite response to physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Yao
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Fan
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhen Lin
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rodney E Kellems
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Yang Xia
- National Medical Metabolomics International Collaborative Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Goksoy Solak Y, Yegen G, Onder S, Tekin S, Soyluk O, Gul N, Tanakol R, Aral F, Kubat Uzum A. Transglutaminase 2 expression is associated with increased risk of lymph node metastasis and recurrence in papillary thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2023; 82:353-360. [PMID: 37340285 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is associated with mobilization, invasion, and chemoresistance of tumor cells. We aimed to determine whether the immunohistochemical staining with TG2 antibody differs between metastatic and non-metastatic papillary thyroid cancer patients. METHODS We included 76 patients with papillary thyroid cancer (72% female, median age 52 (24-81) years, follow-up time 107 (60-216) months). Thirty of them with no metastasis, 30 of them with only lymph node metastasis and 16 patients with distant ± lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining of TG2 antibody was evaluated in the primary tumor and extra-tumoral tissue. We also divided subjects into two groups according to their primary tumor TG2 staining score (group A, high risk group: ≥3, n = 43; group B, low risk group: <3, n = 33). RESULTS Vascular invasion (p < 0.001), thyroid capsule invasion (p < 0.001), extrathyroidal extension (p < 0.001), intrathyroidal dissemination (p = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001), presence of aggressive histology (p < 0.001) were significantly higher in group A. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of distant metastasis. Based on ATA risk classification 95.5% of patients with low risk were in group B but 86.8% of intermediate risk and 56.3% of high risk were in group A. In regression analysis, lymph node metastasis increased by 1.9 times with each one point increase in TG2 staining score. CONCLUSION TG2 staining score of the primary tumor may be a predictive factor for lymph node metastasis. High or low TG2 scores may effect the frequency of follow-up and decision of treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Goksoy Solak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gulcin Yegen
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semen Onder
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sakin Tekin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Soyluk
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurdan Gul
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refik Tanakol
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferihan Aral
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Kubat Uzum
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Gao J, Wang S, Wan H, Lan J, Yan Y, Yin D, Zhou W, Hun S, He Q. Prognostic Value of Transglutaminase 2 in Patients with Solid Tumors: A Meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:36-43. [PMID: 36809173 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a member of the transglutaminase family, also known as tissue transglutaminase, plays a fundamental role in cancer growth and progression. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively review the evidence of TG2 as a prognostic biomarker in solid tumors. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for human studies with clearly described cancer types if they presented the relationship between TG2 expression and prognostic indicators from inception to February 2022. Two authors independently screened the eligible studies and extracted the relevant data. The association between TG2 and overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) were described as hazard ratios (HR) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane Q-test and Higgins I-squared statistic. A sensitivity analysis was conducted by sequentially omitting the impact of each study. Publication bias was assessed by Egger's funnel plot. Results: A total of 2864 patients with various cancers from 11 individual studies were enrolled. Results showed that elevated TG2 protein expression and mRNA expression predicted a shorter OS, with a combined HR of 1.93 (95% CI: 1.41-2.63) or HR of 1.95 (95% CI: 1.27-2.99), respectively. Moreover, data suggested that elevated TG2 protein expression was correlated with a shorter DFS (HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.36-2.29); whereas elevated TG2 mRNA expression was associated with a shorter DFS (HR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.30-2.24). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis indicated that TG2 might serve as a promising biomarker of cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shengjiang Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Haiyan Wan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinfeng Lan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dongmei Yin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shouyong Hun
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Wisdom KM, Indana D, Chou PE, Desai R, Kim T, Chaudhuri O. Covalent cross-linking of basement membrane-like matrices physically restricts invasive protrusions in breast cancer cells. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:94-111. [PMID: 31163245 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) provides a physical barrier to invasion in epithelial tumors, and alterations in the molecular makeup and structural integrity of the BM have been implicated in cancer progression. Invadopodia are the invasive protrusions that enable cancer cells to breach the nanoporous basement membrane, through matrix degradation and generation of force. However, the impact of covalent cross-linking on invadopodia extension into the BM remains unclear. Here, we examine the impact of covalent cross-linking of extracellular matrix on invasive protrusions using biomaterials that present ligands relevant to the basement membrane and provide a nanoporous, confining microenvironment. We find that increased covalent cross-linking of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) matrix diminishes matrix mechanical plasticity, or the ability of the matrix to permanently retain deformation due to force. Covalently cross-linked rBM matrices, and rBM-alginate interpenetrating networks (IPNs) with covalent cross-links and low plasticity, restrict cell spreading and protrusivity. The reduced spreading and reduced protrusivity in response to low mechanical plasticity occurred independent of proteases. Mechanistically, our computational model reveals that the reduction in mechanical plasticity due to covalent cross-linking is sufficient to mechanically prevent cell protrusions from extending, independent of the impact of covalent cross-linking or matrix mechanical plasticity on cell signaling pathways. These findings highlight the biophysical role of covalent cross-linking in regulating basement membrane plasticity, as well as cancer cell invasion of this confining tissue layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Wisdom
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dhiraj Indana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pei-En Chou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Rajiv Desai
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S. Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Transglutaminase 2: The Maestro of the Oncogenic Mediators in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7020024. [PMID: 30736384 PMCID: PMC6409915 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional crosslinking enzyme that displays transamidation, protein disulfide isomerase, protein kinase, as well as GTPase and ATPase activities. TG2 can also act as an adhesion molecule involved in the syndecan and integrin receptor signaling. In recent years, TG2 was implicated in cancer progression, survival, invasion, migration, and stemness of many cancer types, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Von Hippel-Lindau mutations leading to the subsequent activation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF)-1-mediated signaling pathways, survival signaling via the PI3K/Akt pathway resulting in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) metastasis and angiogenesis are the main factors in RCC progression. A number of studies have shown that TG2 was important in HIF-1- and PI3K-mediated signaling, VHL and p53 stabilization, glycolytic metabolism and migratory phenotype in RCC. This review focuses on the role of TG2 in the regulation of molecular pathways nurturing not only the development and propagation of RCC, but also drug-resistance and metastatic potential.
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The Role of Tissue Transglutaminase in Cancer Cell Initiation, Survival and Progression. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7020019. [PMID: 30691081 PMCID: PMC6409630 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase type 2; TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family (EC 2.3.2.13) that catalyzes specific post-translational modifications of proteins through a calcium-dependent acyl-transfer reaction (transamidation). In addition, this enzyme displays multiple additional enzymatic activities, such as guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, protein kinase, disulfide isomerase activities, and is involved in cell adhesion. Transglutaminase 2 has been reported as one of key enzymes that is involved in all stages of carcinogenesis; the molecular mechanisms of action and physiopathological effects depend on its expression or activities, cellular localization, and specific cancer model. Since it has been reported as both a potential tumor suppressor and a tumor-promoting factor, the role of this enzyme in cancer is still controversial. Indeed, TG2 overexpression has been frequently associated with cancer stem cells’ survival, inflammation, metastatic spread, and drug resistance. On the other hand, the use of inducers of TG2 transamidating activity seems to inhibit tumor cell plasticity and invasion. This review covers the extensive and rapidly growing field of the role of TG2 in cancer stem cells survival and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, apoptosis and differentiation, and formation of aggressive metastatic phenotypes.
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Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Migration of Tumor Cells and How Mouse Models Fit. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030070. [PMID: 30200219 PMCID: PMC6164270 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A search for the "magic bullet", a molecule, the targeting abilities of which could stop the migration of tumor cells, is currently underway, but remains in the early stages. There are still many unknowns regarding the cell migration. The main approach is the employment of mouse models, that are sources of valuable information, but still cannot answer all of the questions. One of the molecules of interest is Transglutaminase 2 (TG2). It is a well-described molecule involved in numerous pathways and elevated in metastatic tumors. The question remains whether mice and humans can give the same answer considering TG2.
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Tissue transglutaminase induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition and the acquisition of stem cell like characteristics in colorectal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20025-20041. [PMID: 28223538 PMCID: PMC5386741 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human colon cancer cell lines (CRCs) RKO, SW480 and SW620 were investigated for TG2 involvement in tumour advancement and aggression. TG2 expression correlated with tumour advancement and expression of markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The metastatic cell line SW620 showed high TG2 expression compared to the primary tumour cell lines SW480 and RKO and could form tumour spheroids under non- adherent conditions. TG2 manipulation in the CRCs by shRNA or TG2 transduction confirmed the relationship between TG2 and EMT. TGFβ1 expression in CRC cells, and its level in the cell medium and extracellular matrix was increased in primary tumour CRCs overexpressing TG2 and could regulate TG2 expression and EMT by both canonical (RKO) and non-canonical (RKO and SW480) signalling. TGFβ1 regulation was not observed in the metastatic SW620 cell line, but TG2 knockdown or inhibition in SW620 reversed EMT. In SW620, TG2 expression and EMT was associated with increased presence of nuclear β-catenin which could be mediated by association of TG2 with the Wnt signalling co-receptor LRP5. TG2 inhibition/knockdown increased interaction between β-catenin and ubiquitin shown by co-immunoprecipitation, suggesting that TG2 could be important in β-catenin regulation. β-Catenin and TG2 was also upregulated in SW620 spheroid cells enriched with cancer stem cell marker CD44 and TG2 inhibition/knockdown reduced the spheroid forming potential of SW620 cells. Our data suggests that TG2 could hold both prognostic and therapeutic significance in colon cancer.
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van der Wildt B, Lammertsma AA, Drukarch B, Windhorst AD. Strategies towards in vivo imaging of active transglutaminase type 2 using positron emission tomography. Amino Acids 2016; 49:585-595. [PMID: 27380031 PMCID: PMC5332496 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as celiac disease, cancer, and fibrotic and neurodegenerative diseases. In parallel with becoming an attractive target for therapy, interest in the development of compounds for in vivo imaging of TG2 is rising. Such imaging biomarkers might assist in clarifying the role of TG2 in pathology and in monitoring TG2 inhibition in vivo and thus assist in drug development. In this review, the latest results together with various strategies in TG2 PET tracer development are discussed, including radiolabelling of irreversible and reversible active-site inhibitors, as well as allosteric inhibitors, acyl-donor and acyl-acceptor substrates, and anti-TG2 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend van der Wildt
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Departments of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wion D, Appaix F, Burruss M, Berger F, van der Sanden B. Cancer research in need of a scientific revolution: Using 'paradigm shift' as a method of investigation. J Biosci 2016; 40:657-66. [PMID: 26333409 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite important human and financial resources and considerable accumulation of scientific publications, patents, and clinical trials, cancer research has been slow in achieving a therapeutic revolution similar to the one that occurred in the last century for infectious diseases. It has been proposed that science proceeds not only by accumulating data but also through paradigm shifts. Here, we propose to use the concept of 'paradigm shift' as a method of investigation when dominant paradigms fail to achieve their promises. The first step in using the 'paradigm shift' method in cancer research requires identifying its founding paradigms. In this review, two of these founding paradigms will be discussed: (i) the reification of cancer as a tumour mass and (ii) the translation of the concepts issued from infectious disease in cancer research. We show how these founding paradigms can generate biases that lead to over-diagnosis and over-treatment and also hamper the development of curative cancer therapies. We apply the 'paradigm shift' method to produce perspective reversals consistent with current experimental evidence. The 'paradigm shift' method enlightens the existence of a tumour physiologic-prophylactic-pathologic continuum. It integrates the target/antitarget concept and that cancer is also an extracellular disease. The 'paradigm shift' method has immediate implications for cancer prevention and therapy. It could be a general method of investigation for other diseases awaiting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Wion
- INSERM UA 01, Clinatec, Centre de Recherche Biomedicale Edmond J. Safra, CHU Michallon, Universite Joseph Fourier, CEA 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex, France,
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Wodtke R, Schramm G, Pietzsch J, Pietsch M, Löser R. Synthesis and Kinetic Characterisation of Water-Soluble Fluorogenic Acyl Donors for Transglutaminase 2. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1263-81. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wodtke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Bautzner Landstrasse 400 01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Georg Schramm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Bautzner Landstrasse 400 01328 Dresden Germany
- Department of Imaging and Pathology; KU Leuven; UZ Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Bautzner Landstrasse 400 01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Markus Pietsch
- Zentrum für Pharmakologie, Medizinische Fakultät; Universität zu Köln; Gleueler Strasse 24 50931 Köln Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; Institut für Radiopharmazeutische Krebsforschung; Bautzner Landstrasse 400 01328 Dresden Germany
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie; Technische Universität Dresden; Mommsenstrasse 4 01062 Dresden Germany
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Yeo SY, Itahana Y, Guo AK, Han R, Iwamoto K, Nguyen HT, Bao Y, Kleiber K, Wu YJ, Bay BH, Voorhoeve M, Itahana K. Transglutaminase 2 contributes to a TP53-induced autophagy program to prevent oncogenic transformation. eLife 2016; 5:e07101. [PMID: 26956429 PMCID: PMC4798945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations which impair the function of the TP53 signaling pathway in TP53 wild-type human tumors remain elusive. To identify new components of this pathway, we performed a screen for genes whose loss-of-function debilitated TP53 signaling and enabled oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. We identified transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) as a putative tumor suppressor in the TP53 pathway. TGM2 suppressed colony formation in soft agar and tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model. The depletion of growth supplements induced both TGM2 expression and autophagy in a TP53-dependent manner, and TGM2 promoted autophagic flux by enhancing autophagic protein degradation and autolysosome clearance. Reduced expression of both CDKN1A, which regulates the cell cycle downstream of TP53, and TGM2 synergized to promote oncogenic transformation. Our findings suggest that TGM2-mediated autophagy and CDKN1A-mediated cell cycle arrest are two important barriers in the TP53 pathway that prevent oncogenic transformation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07101.001 Cancers grow from rogue cells that manage to defy the strict rules that normally stop a cell from dividing when it should not. Each cell contains many proteins that are responsible for implementing these rules, and thus help to prevent tumors from forming. One of these proteins – p53 (which is also called TP53) – plays a central role in this process. Information about many processes within and around a cell filters through the p53 protein, before being passed on to a range of different proteins. The proteins that are alerted by p53 are commonly referred to as its 'downstream effectors', and it is these proteins that stop cells from dividing too much. For example, the protein p21 (also called CDKN1A) – which is the best understood of p53’s downstream effectors – hinders the machinery that causes cells to divide. Other p53 effectors can cause cells to kill themselves to prevent cancer growth. However, recent experiments with mice predicted that there may be other p53’s effectors that are important too. Yeo, Itahana et al. have now depleted the proteins that potentially work in p53’s network, one by one, in human cells called mammary epithelial cells, to test if these cells can become cancerous in the laboratory. The experiments showed that another downstream effector protein of p53 – an enzyme called transglutaminase 2 – contributes to prevent these mammary epithelial cells from becoming cancerous. Transglutaminase 2 promotes a process known as autophagy, which recycles damaged and old components of the cell, and therefore normally helps to keep cells healthy. Yeo, Itahana et al. also demonstrated that the effects of both p21 and transglutaminase 2 are critical to stop human mammary epithelial cells grown in the laboratory from dividing too much and from forming tumors when injected into mice. These experiments provide a deeper understanding of how most cells manage to remain healthy rather than becoming cancerous and reveal a potential new target for the early detection of cancer. Further investigations could now explore whether therapies could re-activate this enzyme to prevent or treat cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07101.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yun Yeo
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Yoko Itahana
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Alvin Kunyao Guo
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Rachel Han
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Kozue Iwamoto
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Hung Thanh Nguyen
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Yi Bao
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Kai Kleiber
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Ya Jun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, , Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, , Singapore
| | - Mathijs Voorhoeve
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Koji Itahana
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
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Carneiro BR, Pernambuco Filho PCA, Mesquita APDS, da Silva DS, Pinhal MAS, Nader HB, Lopes CC. Acquisition of anoikis resistance up-regulates syndecan-4 expression in endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116001. [PMID: 25549223 PMCID: PMC4280138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anoikis is a programmed cell death induced upon cell detachment from extracellular matrix, behaving as a critical mechanism in preventing adherent-independent cell growth and attachment to an inappropriate matrix, thus avoiding colonization of distant organs. Cell adhesion plays an important role in neoplastic transformation. Tumors produce several molecules that facilitate their proliferation, invasion and maintenance, especially proteoglycans. The syndecan-4, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan, can act as a co-receptor of growth factors and proteins of the extracellular matrix by increasing the affinity of adhesion molecules to their specific receptors. It participates together with integrins in cell adhesion at focal contacts connecting the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton. Changes in the expression of syndecan-4 have been observed in tumor cells, indicating its involvement in cancer. This study investigates the role of syndecan-4 in the process of anoikis and cell transformation. Endothelial cells were submitted to sequential cycles of forced anchorage impediment and distinct lineages were obtained. Anoikis-resistant endothelial cells display morphological alterations, high rate of proliferation, poor adhesion to fibronectin, laminin and collagen IV and deregulation of the cell cycle, becoming less serum-dependent. Furthermore, anoikis-resistant cell lines display a high invasive potential and a low rate of apoptosis. This is accompanied by an increase in the levels of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate as well as by changes in the expression of syndecan-4 and heparanase. These results indicate that syndecan-4 plays a important role in acquisition of anoikis resistance and that the conferral of anoikis resistance may suffice to transform endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Ribeiro Carneiro
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Castanho A. Pernambuco Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Sousa Mesquita
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas Santos da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Helena B. Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Cristina Lopes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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15
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The increased transglutaminase 2 expression levels during initial tumorigenesis predict increased risk of metastasis and decreased disease-free and cancer-specific survivals in renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol 2014; 33:1553-60. [PMID: 25515319 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of transglutaminase 2(TG2) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by comparing the immunohistochemistry staining of primary and metastatic tumor tissues. METHODS A total of 33 metastatic RCC(mRCC) and 33 non-metastatic RCC (nmRCC) patients who were matched as closely as possible based on gender, age, nuclear grade and pathologic T stage were retrospectively investigated. TG2 immunohistochemistry staining was performed on paraffin-embedded primary tumor tissues from both patient groups and on metastatic tissues from mRCC patients. The tissues were scored from 0 to 7 according to the TG2 staining. Furthermore, the patients were stratified into two groups using median primary tumor staining score as the cutoff value: Group 1 (high risk, n = 41) and Group 2(low risk, n = 22). The clinical, histopathological and survival outcomes were compared between these risk groups using Chi-square test, t test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. RESULTS The median TG2 score for primary tumor was 5 for the entire study population. The median primary tumor TG2 score of the mRCC patients was significantly higher compared to the nmRCC patients (6 vs. 4, p < 0.001). The TG2 score between the primary and metastatic tissues of mRCC patients was not significantly different (6 vs. 7, p = 0.086). The percentage of metastatic patients was significantly higher in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (68.3 vs. 18.2 %, p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that 5-year disease-free (34.9 vs. 92.9 %, p = 0.001) and cancer-specific (47.4 vs. 86.5 %, p = 0.04) survival rates were significantly lower in high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS The increased expression of TG2 in primary tumor predicts metastasis in RCC patients and is also associated with a decrease in disease-free and cancer-specific survival outcomes.
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Sulic AM, Kurppa K, Rauhavirta T, Kaukinen K, Lindfors K. Transglutaminase as a therapeutic target for celiac disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 19:335-48. [PMID: 25410283 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.985207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The only current treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet. The ubiquitous presence of gluten in groceries, however, makes the diet burdensome and difficult to maintain, and alternative treatment options are thus needed. Here, the important role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in the pathogenesis of celiac disease makes it an attractive target for drug development. AREAS COVERED The present paper gives an overview of TG2 and addresses its significance in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Moreover, the article summarizes preclinical studies performed with TG2 inhibitors and scrutinizes issues related to this therapeutic approach. EXPERT OPINION Activation of TG2 in the intestinal mucosa is central in celiac disease pathogenesis and researchers have therefore suggested TG2 inhibitors as a potential therapeutic approach. However, a prerequisite for such a drug is that it should be specific for TG2 and not affect the activity of other members of the transglutaminase family. Such compounds have already been introduced and tested in vitro, but a major obstacle to further development is the lack of a well-defined animal model for celiac disease. Nonetheless, with encouraging results in preclinical studies clinical trials with TG2 inhibitors are eagerly awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Marija Sulic
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital , Tampere , Finland +358 50 3186306; +358 3 3641369 ;
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Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2) is a multifunctional enzyme with many interesting properties resulting in versatile roles in both physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, the particular involvement of the enzyme in human diseases will be outlined with special emphasis on its role in cancer and in tissue interactions with biomaterials. Despite recent progress in unraveling the different cellular functions of transglutaminase 2, several questions remain. Transglutaminase 2 features in both confirmed and some still ambiguous roles within pathological conditions, raising interest in developing inhibitors and imaging probes which target this enzyme. One important prerequisite for identifying and characterizing such molecular tools are reliable assay methods to measure the enzymatic activity. This digest Letter will provide clarification about the various assay methods described to date, accompanied by a discussion of recent progress in the development of inhibitors and imaging probes targeting transglutaminase 2.
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Nadalutti CA, Korponay-Szabo IR, Kaukinen K, Griffin M, Mäki M, Lindfors K. Celiac disease patient IgA antibodies induce endothelial adhesion and cell polarization defects via extracellular transglutaminase 2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1315-26. [PMID: 23982754 PMCID: PMC11113300 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have recently found that celiac disease patient serum-derived autoantibodies targeted against transglutaminase 2 interfere with several steps of angiogenesis, including endothelial sprouting and migration, though the mechanism involved remained to be fully characterized. This study now investigated the processes underlying the antiangiogenic effects exerted by celiac disease patient antibodies on endothelial cells, with particular regard to the adhesion, migration, and polarization signaling pathway. We observed that celiac IgA reduced endothelial cell numbers by affecting adhesion without increasing apoptosis. Endothelial cells in the presence of celiac IgA showed weak attachment, a high susceptibility to detach from fibronectin, and a disorganized extracellular matrix due to a reduction of protein cross-links. Furthermore, celiac patient IgA led to secretion of active transglutaminase 2 from endothelial cells into the culture supernatants. Additionally, cell surface transglutaminase 2 mediated integrin clustering in the presence of celiac IgA was coupled to augmented expression of β1-integrin. We also observed that celiac patient IgA-treated endothelial cells had migratory defects and a less polarized phenotype when compared to control groups, and this was associated with the RhoA signaling pathway. These biological effects mediated by celiac IgA on endothelial cells were partially influenced but not completely abolished by R281, an irreversible extracellular transglutaminase 2 enzymatic activity inhibitor. Taken together, our results imply that celiac patient IgA antibodies disturb the extracellular protein cross-linking function of transglutaminase 2, thus altering cell-extracellular matrix interactions and thereby affecting endothelial cell adhesion, polarization, and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antonella Nadalutti
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Ilma Rita Korponay-Szabo
- Celiac Disease Center, Heim Pal Children’s Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katri Kaukinen
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Martin Griffin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Markku Mäki
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Katri Lindfors
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33014 Tampere, Finland
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Extracellular tissue transglutaminase activates noncanonical NF-κB signaling and promotes metastasis in ovarian cancer. Neoplasia 2014; 15:609-19. [PMID: 23730209 DOI: 10.1593/neo.121878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that binds to fibronectin and exerts protein transamidating activity in the presence of Ca(2+). We previously reported that TG2 is upregulated in ovarian tumors and enhances intraperitoneal (i.p.) metastasis. TG2 is secreted abundantly in ovarian cancer (OC) ascites as an active enzyme, yet its function in the extracellular compartment remains unknown. To study the distinct functions of secreted TG2, we used recombinant His6-tagged TG2 and catalytically inactive enzyme in vitro and in vivo. By using i.p. and orthotopic ovarian xenografts, we show that extracellular transglutaminase promoted OC peritoneal metastasis. The main pathway activated by extracellular TG2 was noncanonical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, and the enzymatic function of the protein was required to induce phosphorylation of IκB kinase α and processing of the precursor protein p100 into the active p52 subunit. A specific target of TG2-activated p52/RelB complex is the hyaluronan receptor, CD44. Noncanonical NF-κB activation by extracellular TG2 induced CD44 up-regulation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, contributing to increased cancer cell invasiveness and OC peritoneal dissemination. Taken together, our data support that noncanonical NF-κB activation is the pathway through which extracellular TG2 promotes OC metastasis.
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Yang L, Friedland S, Corson N, Xu L. GPR56 inhibits melanoma growth by internalizing and degrading its ligand TG2. Cancer Res 2013; 74:1022-31. [PMID: 24356421 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) is a hallmark of tumor microenvironment and plays active roles during tumor progression. How this process is regulated and whether it is reversible for cancer treatment are outstanding questions. The adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR56 inhibits melanoma growth and binds to tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a major crosslinking enzyme in ECM. To understand the function of TG2 in GPR56-mediated melanoma inhibition, we performed xenograft studies in immunodeficient Tg2(-/-) mice. Our results revealed an antagonistic relationship between GPR56 and TG2 in melanoma, although TG2 and its crosslinking activity promote melanoma growth, GPR56 antagonizes this effect by internalizing and degrading it. The negative regulation of TG2 by GPR56 associates with the decreased deposition of a major ECM protein, fibronectin, and impaired accumulation of focal adhesion kinase, indicating that the GPR56-TG2 interaction regulates ECM deposition and cell-ECM adhesion. Taken together, our findings establish the roles of TG2 in GPR56-mediated melanoma inhibition. The uncovered antagonistic relationship between GPR56 and TG2 proposes a mechanism by which ECM accumulation/crosslinking in tumors may be reversed, and thus could have therapeutic potential for cancer control and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Yang
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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21
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Assi J, Srivastava G, Matta A, Chang MC, Walfish PG, Ralhan R. Transglutaminase 2 overexpression in tumor stroma identifies invasive ductal carcinomas of breast at high risk of recurrence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74437. [PMID: 24058567 PMCID: PMC3772876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Molecular markers for predicting breast cancer patients at high risk of recurrence are urgently needed for more effective disease management. The impact of alterations in extracellular matrix components on tumor aggressiveness is under intense investigation. Overexpression of Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a multifunctional enzyme, in cancer cells impacts epithelial mesenchymal transition, growth, invasion and interactions with tumor microenvironment. The objective of our study is to determine the clinical relevance of stromal TG2 overexpression and explore its potential to identify breast cancers at high risk of recurrence. Methods This retrospective study is based on immunohistochemical analysis of TG2 expression in normal breast tissues (n = 40) and breast cancers (n = 253) with clinical, pathological and follow-up data available for up to 12 years. TG2 expression was correlated with clinical and pathological parameters as well as disease free survival (DFS) of breast cancer patients. Results Stromal TG2 overexpression was observed in 114/253 (45.0%) breast cancer tissues as compared to breast normal tissues. Among invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast, 97/168 (57.7%) showed strong TG2 expression in tumor stroma. Importantly, IDC patients showing stromal TG2 accumulation had significantly reduced DFS (mean DFS = 110 months) in comparison with patients showing low expression (mean DFS = 130 months) in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (p<0.001). In Cox multivariate regression analysis, stromal TG2 accumulation was an independent risk factor for recurrence (p = 0.006, Hazard’s ratio, H.R. = 3.79). Notably, these breast cancer patients also showed immunostaining of N-epsilon gamma-glutamyl lysine amino residues in tumor stroma demonstrating the transamidating activity of TG2. Conclusions Accumulation of TG2 in tumor stroma is an independent risk factor for identifying breast cancer patients at high risk of recurrence. TG2 overexpression in tumor stroma may serve as a predictor of poor prognosis for IDC of the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Assi
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gunjan Srivastava
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ajay Matta
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin C. Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul G. Walfish
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Division, Mount Sinai Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (PGW); (RR)
| | - Ranju Ralhan
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (PGW); (RR)
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Hingorani DV, Randtke EA, Pagel MD. A catalyCEST MRI contrast agent that detects the enzyme-catalyzed creation of a covalent bond. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6396-8. [PMID: 23601132 DOI: 10.1021/ja400254e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CatalyCEST MRI can detect enzyme activity by employing contrast agents that are detected through chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). A CEST agent, Tm-DO3A-cadaverine, has been designed to detect the catalytic activity of transglutaminase (TGase), which creates a covalent bond between the agent and the side chain of a glutamine amino acid residue. CEST appeared at -9.2 ppm after TGase conjugated Tm-DO3A-cadaverine to albumin, which also caused a decrease in CEST from albumin at +4.6 ppm. Studies with model peptides revealed similar appearances and decreases in detectable CEST effects following TGase-catalyzed conjugation of the contrast agent and peptide. The MR frequencies and amplitudes of these CEST effects were dependent on the peptide sequence, which demonstrated the sensitivity of CEST agents to ligand conformations that may be exploited to create more responsive molecular imaging agents. The chemical exchange rates of the substrates and conjugated products were measured by fitting modified Bloch equations to CEST spectra, which demonstrated that changes in exchange rates can also be used to detect the formation of a covalent bond by catalyCEST MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V Hingorani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5024, USA
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Erdem M, Erdem S, Sanli O, Sak H, Kilicaslan I, Sahin F, Telci D. Up-regulation of TGM2 with ITGB1 and SDC4 is important in the development and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2013; 32:25.e13-20. [PMID: 23499501 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue transglutaminase (TGM2) up-regulation is involved in the progression and dissemination of carcinomas through β1 integrin (ITGB1) association. Given that TGM2 interaction with syndecan-4 (SDC4) on the cell surface is important in the activation of ITGB1 and integrin-mediated survival signaling, we investigated the roles of TGM2, ITGB1, and SDC4 in the development and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Expression levels of TGM2, ITGB1, and SDC4 mRNA were analyzed in primary tumor samples (n = 95) and their healthy counterparts in addition to control and RCC epithelial cell lines. TGM2 catalytic activity in 60 randomly selected patient samples was measured by enzyme-linked sorbent plate assay. RESULTS TGM2 expression ratio showed a significant 2.9-fold decrease in 67 (70.5%) of the primary RCC tumors (P <0.0001) independent of clinical covariates, including tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging and histopathologic grading. For the remaining 28 (29.5%) tumors, a 1.95-fold increase was recorded in the TGM2 expression levels, which also showed a significant increase in ITGB1 and SDC4 expression levels in 82.6% of the overexpression cases (P <0.001). Up-regulation of TGM2 along with ITGB1 and SCD4 was associated with metastasis and a marked decrease in tumor necrosis. Consistently, RCC cell lines exhibited higher levels of TGM2 expression compared with the control epithelial cell line with a significant up-regulation of ITGB1 and SCD4 recorded for the metastatic lines. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that TGM2 up-regulation along with ITGB1 and SDC4 plays an important role in the development of RCC tumors and advanced RCC with metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Erdem
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Erdem
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oner Sanli
- Department of Urology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halis Sak
- Department of Systems Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isin Kilicaslan
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fikrettin Sahin
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Telci
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wang Z, Griffin M. The role of TG2 in regulating S100A4-mediated mammary tumour cell migration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57017. [PMID: 23469180 PMCID: PMC3585722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of S100A4, a Ca(2+)-binding protein, in mediating tumour cell migration, both intracellularly and extracellularly, is well documented. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) a Ca(2+)-dependent protein crosslinking enzyme, has also been shown to enhance cell migration. Here by using the well characterised non-metastatic rat mammary R37 cells (transfected with empty vector) and highly metastatic KP1 cells (R37 cells transfected with S100A4), we demonstrate that inhibition of TG2 either by TG2 inhibitors or transfection of cells with TG2 shRNA block S100A4-accelerated cell migration in the KP1cells and in R37 cells treated with exogenous S100A4. Cell migration was also blocked by the treatment with the non-cell permeabilizing TG2 inhibitor R294, in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (Clone 16, which has a high level of TG2 expression). Inhibition was paralleled by a decrease in S100A4 polymer formation. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation and Far Western blotting assays and cross-linking assays showed not only the direct interaction between TG2 and S100A4, but also confirmed S100A4 as a substrate for TG2. Using specific functional blocking antibodies, a targeting peptide and a recombinant protein as a competitive treatment, we revealed the involvement of syndecan-4 and α5β1 integrin co-signalling pathways linked by activation of PKCα in this TG2 and S100A4-mediated cell migration. We propose a mechanism for TG2-regulated S100A4-related mediated cell migration, which is dependent on TG2 crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Griffin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kwon MH, Jung SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. Simultaneous Activity Assay of Two Transglutaminase Isozymes, Blood Coagulation Factor XIII and Transglutaminase 2, by Use of Fibrinogen Arrays. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8718-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202178g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hye Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Institute of Medical Science, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-Do 200-701, South Korea
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Gentile V. Physiopathological roles of human transglutaminase 2. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:47-95. [PMID: 22220472 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Gentile
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Hoffner G, Vanhoutteghem A, André W, Djian P. Transglutaminase in epidermis and neurological disease or what makes a good cross-linking substrate. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:97-160. [PMID: 22220473 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guylaine Hoffner
- Unité Propre de Recherche 2228 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Régulation de la Transcription et Maladies Génétiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Bergamini CM, Collighan RJ, Wang Z, Griffin M. Structure and regulation of type 2 transglutaminase in relation to its physiological functions and pathological roles. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1-46. [PMID: 22220471 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo M Bergamini
- Deparment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Roshan B, Leffler DA, Jamma S, Dennis M, Sheth S, Falchuk K, Najarian R, Goldsmith J, Tariq S, Schuppan D, Kelly CP. The incidence and clinical spectrum of refractory celiac disease in a north american referral center. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:923-8. [PMID: 21468013 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Refractory celiac disease (RCD) is one of the most serious causes of persistent symptoms in patients with celiac disease (CD). Published reports suggest that approximately half of patients in Europe are RCD type II, which carries a poor prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of ~50% compared with ~90% for RCD type I. However, disease patterns may be different in North America. The aim of this study was to explore the clinical spectrum of RCD in a North American population. METHODS Medical records of patients with biopsy-proven CD presenting to our institution were reviewed for a diagnosis of RCD. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and mortality were evaluated and compared with our general CD population. RESULTS In all, 34 out of 844 (4.0%) CD patients had RCD. The cumulative incidence of RCD for patients diagnosed with CD at our center was 1.5%. Unintentional weight loss at diagnosis of RCD was found in 76.5% (n=26) compared with 16.7% (n=141) at diagnosis of CD (P<0.0001) and diarrhea at diagnosis of RCD was found in 79.4% (n=27) compared with 40.5% (342) at diagnosis of CD (P<0.0001). Five patients (14.7%) were diagnosed with RCD type II and of these, two died of enteropathy-associated lymphoma within 24 months of diagnosis of CD (observed mortality rate 5.9%). CONCLUSIONS Although RCD is a serious condition with significant morbidity; the observed mortality rates are low in our population. This study suggests that RCD may be less severe in North American vs. European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bakht Roshan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Caccamo D, Currò M, Ientile R. Potential of transglutaminase 2 as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:989-1003. [PMID: 20670177 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.510134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Increased expression and activity of transglutaminase 2 - a calcium-dependent enzyme which catalyzes protein cross-linking, polyamination or deamidation at selective glutamine residues - are involved in the etiopathogenesis of several pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Inhibition of enzyme activity has potential for therapeutic management of these diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The major results achieved in the last twelve years of research in the field of inhibition of tranglutaminase activity using cell cultures as well as in vivo models of high-social-impact or widespread diseases, such as CNS neurodegenerative disorders, celiac sprue, cancer and fibrotic diseases. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Beneficial effects of enzyme activity inhibition have been observed in neurodegeneration and fibrosis in vivo models by delivery of the competitive inhibitor cystamine and more recently designed inhibitors, such as thiomidaziolium or norleucine derivatives, which irreversibly bind the active site cysteine residue. Transglutaminase 2 targeting with specific antibodies has also been shown to be a promising tool for celiac disease treatment. TAKE HOME MESSAGE New insights from transglutaminase inhibition studies dealing with side effects of in vivo administration of pan-transglutaminase inhibitors will help in design of novel therapeutic approaches to various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Caccamo
- University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, Italy
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31
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Kotsakis P, Wang Z, Collighan RJ, Griffin M. The role of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in regulating the tumour progression of the mouse colon carcinoma CT26. Amino Acids 2010; 41:909-21. [PMID: 21046178 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is reported to both mediate and inhibit tumour progression. To elucidate these different roles of TG2, we established a series of stable-transfected mouse colon carcinoma CT26 cells expressing a catalytically active (wild type) and a transamidating-inactive TG2 (Cys277Ser) mutant. Comparison of the TG2-transfected cells with the empty vector control indicated no differences in cell proliferation, apoptosis and susceptibility to doxorubicin, which correlated with no detectable changes in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. TG2-transfected cells showed increased expression of integrin β3, and were more adherent and less migratory on fibronectin than control cells. Direct interaction of TG2 with β3 integrins was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation, suggesting that TG2 acts as a coreceptor for fibronectin with β3 integrins. All cells expressed the same level of TGFβ receptors I and II, but only cells transfected with active TG2 had increased levels of TGFβ1 and matrix-deposited fibronectin, which could be inhibited by TG2 site-directed inhibitors. Moreover, only cells transfected with active TG2 were capable of inhibiting tumour growth when compared to the empty vector controls. We conclude that in this colon carcinoma model increased levels of active TG2 are unfavourable to tumour growth due to their role in activation of TGFβ1 and increased matrix deposition, which in turn favours increased cell adhesion and a lowered migratory and invasive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis Kotsakis
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B47ET, United Kingdom
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Kumar A, Xu J, Brady S, Gao H, Yu D, Reuben J, Mehta K. Tissue transglutaminase promotes drug resistance and invasion by inducing mesenchymal transition in mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13390. [PMID: 20967228 PMCID: PMC2953521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent observations that aberrant expression of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) promotes growth, survival, and metastasis of multiple tumor types is of great significance and could yield novel therapeutic targets for improved patient outcomes. To accomplish this, a clear understanding of how TG2 contributes to these phenotypes is essential. Using mammary epithelial cell lines (MCF10A, MCF12A, MCF7 and MCF7/RT) as a model system, we determined the impact of TG2 expression on cell growth, cell survival, invasion, and differentiation. Our results show that TG2 expression promotes drug resistance and invasive functions by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Thus, TG2 expression supported anchorage-independent growth of mammary epithelial cells in soft-agar, disrupted the apical-basal polarity, and resulted in disorganized acini structures when grown in 3D-culture. At molecular level, TG2 expression resulted in loss of E-cadherin and increased the expression of various transcriptional repressors (Snail1, Zeb1, Zeb2 and Twist1). Tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β) failed to induce EMT in cells lacking TG2 expression, suggesting that TG2 is a downstream effector of TGF-β-induced EMT. Moreover, TG2 expression induced stem cell-like phenotype in mammary epithelial cells as revealed by enrichment of CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) cell populations. Overall, our studies show that aberrant expression of TG2 is sufficient for inducing EMT in epithelial cells and establish a strong link between TG2 expression and progression of metastatic breast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Kumar
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Samuel Brady
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Reuben
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kapil Mehta
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang Z, Collighan RJ, Gross SR, Danen EHJ, Orend G, Telci D, Griffin M. RGD-independent cell adhesion via a tissue transglutaminase-fibronectin matrix promotes fibronectin fibril deposition and requires syndecan-4/2 α5β1 integrin co-signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:40212-29. [PMID: 20929862 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.123703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) deposition mediated by fibroblasts is an important process in matrix remodeling and wound healing. By monitoring the deposition of soluble biotinylated FN, we show that the stress-induced TG-FN matrix, a matrix complex of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) with its high affinity binding partner FN, can increase both exogenous and cellular FN deposition and also restore it when cell adhesion is interrupted via the presence of RGD-containing peptides. This mechanism does not require the transamidase activity of TG2 but is activated through an RGD-independent adhesion process requiring a heterocomplex of TG2 and FN and is mediated by a syndecan-4 and β1 integrin co-signaling pathway. By using α5 null cells, β1 integrin functional blocking antibody, and a α5β1 integrin targeting peptide A5-1, we demonstrate that the α5 and β1 integrins are essential for TG-FN to compensate RGD-induced loss of cell adhesion and FN deposition. The importance of syndecan-2 in this process was shown using targeting siRNAs, which abolished the compensation effect of TG-FN on the RGD-induced loss of cell adhesion, resulting in disruption of actin skeleton formation and FN deposition. Unlike syndecan-4, syndecan-2 does not interact directly with TG2 but acts as a downstream effector in regulating actin cytoskeleton organization through the ROCK pathway. We demonstrate that PKCα is likely to be the important link between syndecan-4 and syndecan-2 signaling and that TG2 is the functional component of the TG-FN heterocomplex in mediating cell adhesion via its direct interaction with heparan sulfate chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
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The transglutaminase 2 gene is aberrantly hypermethylated in glioma. J Neurooncol 2010; 101:429-40. [PMID: 20596752 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that catalyzes protein/protein crosslinking. Because extracellular TG2 crosslinks components of the extracellular matrix, TG2 is thought to function as a suppressor of cellular invasion. We have recently uncovered that the TG2 gene (TGM2) is a target for epigenetic silencing in breast cancer, highlighting a molecular mechanism that drives reduced TG2 expression, and this aberrant molecular event may contribute to invasiveness in this tumor type. Because tumor invasiveness is a primary determinant of brain tumor aggressiveness, we sought to determine if TGM2 is targeted for epigenetic silencing in glioma. Analysis of TGM2 gene methylation in a panel of cultured human glioma cells indicated that the 5' flanking region of the TGM2 gene is hypermethylated and that this feature is associated with reduced TG2 expression as judged by immunoblotting. Further, culturing glioma cells in the presence of the global DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A resulted in re-expression of TG2 in these lines. In primary brain tumors we observed that the TGM2 promoter is commonly hypermethylated and that this feature is a cancer-associated phenomenon. Using publically available databases, TG2 expression in gliomas was found to vary widely, with many tumors showing overexpression or underexpression of this gene. Since overexpression of TG2 leads to resistance to doxorubicin through the ectopic activation of NFκB, we sought to examine the effects of recombinant TG2 expression in glioma cells treated with commonly used brain tumor therapeutics. We observed that in addition to doxorubicin, TG2 expression drove resistance to CCNU; however, TG2 expression did not alter sensitivity to other drugs tested. Finally, a catalytically null mutant of TG2 was also able to support doxorubicin resistance in glioma cells indicating that transglutaminase activity is not necessary for the resistance phenotype.
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Transglutaminase 2 silencing reduced the beta-amyloid-effects on the activation of human THP-1 cells. Amino Acids 2010; 39:1427-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Park D, Choi SS, Ha KS. Transglutaminase 2: a multi-functional protein in multiple subcellular compartments. Amino Acids 2010; 39:619-31. [PMID: 20148342 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that can function as a transglutaminase, G protein, kinase, protein disulfide isomerase, and as an adaptor protein. These multiple biochemical activities of TG2 account for, at least in part, its involvement in a wide variety of cellular processes encompassing differentiation, cell death, inflammation, cell migration, and wound healing. The individual biochemical activities of TG2 are regulated by several cellular factors, including calcium, nucleotides, and redox potential, which vary depending on its subcellular location. Thus, the microenvironments of the subcellular compartments to which TG2 localizes, such as the cytosol, plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, or extracellular space, are important determinants to switch on or off various TG2 biochemical activities. Furthermore, TG2 interacts with a distinct subset of proteins and/or substrates depending on its subcellular location. In this review, the biological functions and molecular interactions of TG2 will be discussed in the context of the unique environments of the subcellular compartments to which TG2 localizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
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37
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Xu L. GPR56 interacts with extracellular matrix and regulates cancer progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 706:98-108. [PMID: 21618829 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7913-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
GPR56 is a relatively recent addition to the adhesion-GPCR family. Genetic and biochemical studies uncovered its roles in cancer and development and established its function as an adhesion receptor to mediate the interactions between cells and extracellular matrix. Despite of much progress on understanding its biological implications, the mechanism of its function remains elusive. It has not been firmly established whether GPR56 signals directly through G proteins and what its upstream stimuli and downstream effectors are to execute its various biological effects. This chapter will give an overview of the primary structures of the Gpr56 gene and its encoded protein and attempt to point out open questions in this research area, with an emphasis on its roles in cancer and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Ave., University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
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Del Duca S, Cai G, Di Sandro A, Serafini-Fracassini D. Compatible and self-incompatible pollination in Pyrus communis displays different polyamine levels and transglutaminase activity. Amino Acids 2009; 38:659-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Iismaa SE, Mearns BM, Lorand L, Graham RM. Transglutaminases and disease: lessons from genetically engineered mouse models and inherited disorders. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:991-1023. [PMID: 19584319 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human transglutaminase (TG) family consists of a structural protein, protein 4.2, that lacks catalytic activity, and eight zymogens/enzymes, designated factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) and TG1-7, that catalyze three types of posttranslational modification reactions: transamidation, esterification, and hydrolysis. These reactions are essential for biological processes such as blood coagulation, skin barrier formation, and extracellular matrix assembly but can also contribute to the pathophysiology of various inflammatory, autoimmune, and degenerative conditions. Some members of the TG family, for example, TG2, can participate in biological processes through actions unrelated to transamidase catalytic activity. We present here a comprehensive review of recent insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of TG family members that have come from studies of genetically engineered mouse models and/or inherited disorders. The review focuses on FXIII-A, TG1, TG2, TG5, and protein 4.2, as mice deficient in TG3, TG4, TG6, or TG7 have not yet been reported, nor have mutations in these proteins been linked to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siiri E Iismaa
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and Universityof New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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Kwon MH, Jung JW, Jung SH, Park JY, Kim YM, Ha KS. Quantitative and rapid analysis of transglutaminase activity using protein arrays in mammalian cells. Mol Cells 2009; 27:337-43. [PMID: 19326081 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0043-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel on-chip activity assay using protein arrays for quantitative and rapid analysis of transglutami-nase activity in mammalian cells. Transglutaminases are a family of Ca2+-dependent enzymes involved in cell regulation as well as human diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory diseases and tumor progression. We fabricated the protein arrays by immobilizing N,N'-dimethylcasein (a substrate) on the amine surface of the arrays. We initiated transamidating reaction on the protein arrays and determined the transglutaminase activity by analyzing the fluorescence intensity of biotinylated casein. The on-chip transglutaminase activity assay was proved to be much more sensitive than the [3H]putrescine-incorporation assay. We successfully applied the on-chip assay to a rapid and quantitative analysis of the transgluta-minase activity in all-trans retinoic acid-treated NIH 3T3 and SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, the on-chip transglutaminase activity assay was sufficiently sensitive to determine the transglutaminase activity in eleven mammalian cell lines. Thus, this novel on-chip transglutaminase activity assay was confirmed to be a sensitive and high-throughput approach to investigating the roles of transglutaminase in cellular signaling, and, moreover, it is likely to have a strong potential for monitoring human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hye Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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Transglutaminase 2 cross-linking of matrix proteins: biological significance and medical applications. Amino Acids 2008; 36:659-70. [PMID: 18982407 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the functions of the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) both as a matrix stabiliser through its protein cross-linking activity and as an important cell adhesion protein involved in cell survival. The contribution of extracellular TG2 to the pathology of important diseases such as cancer and fibrosis are discussed with a view to the potential importance of TG2 as a therapeutic target. The medical applications of TG2 are further expanded by detailing the use of transglutaminase cross-linking in the development of novel biocompatible biomaterials for use in soft and hard tissue repair.
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The end product of transglutaminase crosslinking: simultaneous quantitation of [Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine] and lysine by HPLC-MS3. Anal Biochem 2008; 384:296-304. [PMID: 18938126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases catalyze the formation of Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) isodipeptide crosslinks between proteins. These enzymes are thought to participate in a number of diseases, including neurological disease and cancer. A method associating liquid chromatography and multiple stage mass spectrometry has been developed for the simultaneous quantitation of [Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine] isodipeptide and lysine on an ion trap mass spectrometer. Highly specific detection has been achieved in MS3 mode. The method includes a derivatization step consisting of butylation of carboxylic groups and acetylation of amide groups, a liquid-liquid extraction, and a 19-min separation on a 100x2.1-mm Beta-basic C18 column with an acetonitrile gradient elution. 13C6-(15)N2 isotopes of the isodipeptide and the lysine serve as internal standards. The assay was linear in the range of 50 pmol/ml to 75 nmol/ml for the isodipeptide and the range of 10 nmol/ml to 3.5 micromol/ml for the lysine, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99 for both ions. Intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation ranged from 3.5 to 15.9%. The method was successfully applied to human biological samples known to be crosslinked by transglutaminase such as cornified envelopes of epidermis, fibrin, and normal and Huntington disease brain.
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Molecular Modeling and Biochemical Studies of Transglutaminase 2 Mutation Found in Patients with Early-onset Type 2 Diabetes. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2008. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2008.29.9.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dependence of invadopodia function on collagen fiber spacing and cross-linking: computational modeling and experimental evidence. Biophys J 2008; 95:2203-18. [PMID: 18515372 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.108.133199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invadopodia are subcellular organelles thought to be critical for extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and the movement of cells through tissues. Here we examine invadopodia generation, turnover, and function in relation to two structural aspects of the ECM substrates they degrade: cross-linking and fiber density. We set up a cellular automaton computational model that simulates ECM penetration and degradation by invadopodia. Experiments with denatured collagen (gelatin) were used to calibrate the model and demonstrate the inhibitory effect of ECM cross-linking on invadopodia degradation and penetration. Incorporation of dynamic invadopodia behavior into the model amplified the effect of cross-linking on ECM degradation, and was used to model feedback from the ECM. When the model was parameterized with spatial fibrillar dimensions that closely matched the organization, in real life, of native ECM collagen into triple-helical monomers, microfibrils, and macrofibrils, little or no inhibition of invadopodia penetration was observed in simulations of sparse collagen gels, no matter how high the degree of cross-linking. Experimental validation, using live-cell imaging of invadopodia in cells plated on cross-linked gelatin, was consistent with simulations in which ECM cross-linking led to higher rates of both invadopodia retraction and formation. Analyses of invadopodia function from cells plated on cross-linked gelatin and collagen gels under standard concentrations were consistent with simulation results in which sparse collagen gels provided a weak barrier to invadopodia. These results suggest that the organization of collagen, as it may occur in stroma or in vitro collagen gels, forms gaps large enough so as to have little impact on invadopodia penetration/degradation. By contrast, dense ECM, such as gelatin or possibly basement membranes, is an effective obstacle to invadopodia penetration and degradation, particularly when cross-linked. These results provide a novel framework for further studies on ECM structure and modifications that affect invadopodia and tissue invasion by cells.
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