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Candow DG, Forbes SC, Ostojic SM, Prokopidis K, Stock MS, Harmon KK, Faulkner P. "Heads Up" for Creatine Supplementation and its Potential Applications for Brain Health and Function. Sports Med 2023; 53:49-65. [PMID: 37368234 PMCID: PMC10721691 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
There is emerging interest regarding the potential beneficial effects of creatine supplementation on indices of brain health and function. Creatine supplementation can increase brain creatine stores, which may help explain some of the positive effects on measures of cognition and memory, especially in aging adults or during times of metabolic stress (i.e., sleep deprivation). Furthermore, creatine has shown promise for improving health outcome measures associated with muscular dystrophy, traumatic brain injury (including concussions in children), depression, and anxiety. However, whether any sex- or age-related differences exist in regard to creatine and indices of brain health and function is relatively unknown. The purpose of this narrative review is to: (1) provide an up-to-date summary and discussion of the current body of research focusing on creatine and indices of brain health and function and (2) discuss possible sex- and age-related differences in response to creatine supplementation on brain bioenergetics, measures of brain health and function, and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Aging Muscle & Bone Health Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kylie K Harmon
- Department of Exercise Science, Syracuse University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Faulkner
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
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Henrich MT, Oertel WH, Surmeier DJ, Geibl FF. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease - a key disease hallmark with therapeutic potential. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:83. [PMID: 37951933 PMCID: PMC10640762 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly implicated in the etiology of idiopathic and genetic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, strategies aimed at ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction, including antioxidants, antidiabetic drugs, and iron chelators, have failed in disease-modification clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the cellular determinants of mitochondrial dysfunction, including impairment of electron transport chain complex 1, increased oxidative stress, disturbed mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, and cellular bioenergetic deficiency. In addition, we outline mitochondrial pathways to neurodegeneration in the current context of PD pathogenesis, and review past and current treatment strategies in an attempt to better understand why translational efforts thus far have been unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Henrich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, 35039, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Fanni F Geibl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, 35039, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Antioxidant Therapeutic Strategies in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169328. [PMID: 36012599 PMCID: PMC9409201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinguishing pathogenic features of neurodegenerative diseases include mitochondrial dysfunction and derived reactive oxygen species generation. The neural tissue is highly sensitive to oxidative stress and this is a prominent factor in both chronic and acute neurodegeneration. Based on this, therapeutic strategies using antioxidant molecules towards redox equilibrium have been widely used for the treatment of several brain pathologies. Globally, polyphenols, carotenes and vitamins are among the most typical exogenous antioxidant agents that have been tested in neurodegeneration as adjunctive therapies. However, other types of antioxidants, including hormones, such as the widely used melatonin, are also considered neuroprotective agents and have been used in different neurodegenerative contexts. This review highlights the most relevant mitochondrial antioxidant targets in the main neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease and also in the less represented amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as traumatic brain injury, while summarizing the latest randomized placebo-controlled trials.
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Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Brain Function and Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050921. [PMID: 35267907 PMCID: PMC8912287 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the vast majority of research involving creatine supplementation has focused on skeletal muscle, there is a small body of accumulating research that has focused on creatine and the brain. Preliminary studies indicate that creatine supplementation (and guanidinoacetic acid; GAA) has the ability to increase brain creatine content in humans. Furthermore, creatine has shown some promise for attenuating symptoms of concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and depression but its effect on neurodegenerative diseases appears to be lacking. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current body of research pertaining to creatine supplementation on total creatine and phophorylcreatine (PCr) content, explore GAA as an alternative or adjunct to creatine supplementation on brain creatine uptake, assess the impact of creatine on cognition with a focus on sleep deprivation, discuss the effects of creatine supplementation on a variety of neurological and mental health conditions, and outline recent advances on creatine supplementation as a neuroprotective supplement following traumatic brain injury or concussion.
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Wang YY, Zhou N, Si YP, Bai ZY, Li M, Feng WS, Zheng XK. A UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-Based Metabolomics Study on the Effect of Corallodiscus flabellatus (Craib) B. L. Burtt Extract on Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:8868690. [PMID: 34135987 PMCID: PMC8177975 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8868690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A UPLC-Q-TOF/MS-based metabolomics study was carried out to explore the intervening mechanism of Corallodiscus flabellatus (Craib) B. L. Burtt (CF) extract on Alzheimer's disease (AD). The AD model group consisted of senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, and the control group consisted of senescence-accelerated mouse resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice. UPLC-Q-TOF/MS detection, multivariate statistical analysis, and pathway enrichment were jointly performed to research the change in metabolite profiling in the urine of AD mice. The result suggested that the metabolite profiling of SAMP8 mice significantly changed at the sixth month compared with SAMR1 mice of the same age, and the principal component analysis (PCA) score scatter plots of the CF group closely resembled those of the control and positive drug (huperzine A, HA) group. A total of 28 metabolites were considered potential biomarkers associated with the metabolism of beta-alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, methionine, arginine, proline, and purines in AD mice. Furthermore, the CF group was clustered with the control and positive group and was clearly separated from the model group in the heat map. In conclusion, significant anti-AD effects were firstly observed in mice after treatment with the CF extract, and the urinary metabolomics approach assisted with dissecting the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan-Po Si
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhi-Yao Bai
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Meng Li
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wei-Sheng Feng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiao-Ke Zheng
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui East Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Harmon KK, Stout JR, Fukuda DH, Pabian PS, Rawson ES, Stock MS. The Application of Creatine Supplementation in Medical Rehabilitation. Nutrients 2021; 13:1825. [PMID: 34071875 PMCID: PMC8230227 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous health conditions affecting the musculoskeletal, cardiopulmonary, and nervous systems can result in physical dysfunction, impaired performance, muscle weakness, and disuse-induced atrophy. Due to its well-documented anabolic potential, creatine monohydrate has been investigated as a supplemental agent to mitigate the loss of muscle mass and function in a variety of acute and chronic conditions. A review of the literature was conducted to assess the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of creatine supplementation on rehabilitation from immobilization and injury, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiopulmonary disease, and other muscular disorders. Several of the findings are encouraging, showcasing creatine's potential efficacy as a supplemental agent via preservation of muscle mass, strength, and physical function; however, the results are not consistent. For multiple diseases, only a few creatine studies with small sample sizes have been published, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Rationale for discordant findings is further complicated by differences in disease pathologies, intervention protocols, creatine dosing and duration, and patient population. While creatine supplementation demonstrates promise as a therapeutic aid, more research is needed to fill gaps in knowledge within medical rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie K. Harmon
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.R.S.); (D.H.F.)
| | - David H. Fukuda
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (J.R.S.); (D.H.F.)
| | - Patrick S. Pabian
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
| | - Eric S. Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA;
| | - Matt S. Stock
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA;
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Wang N, Zeng Z, Wang B, Qin D, Wang T, Wang C, Guo S. High serum creatinine is associated with reduction of psychiatric symptoms in female patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Neurosci Lett 2021; 746:135650. [PMID: 33485991 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serum creatinine (SCR) has been shown to be associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the relationship between SCR levels and the incidence of psychiatric symptoms in patients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. METHODS The SCR levels were tested in 69 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis at admission. Clinical characteristics and blood and CSF parameters were compared between the group of patients with psychiatric symptoms (P + group) and the group of those without psychiatric symptoms (P- group). The association between SCR and the incidence of psychiatric symptoms was determined by multivariate-adjusted linear regression analyses. RESULTS The SCR levels in the P + group were significantly lower than those in the P- group (P < 0.001). In the female subgroup, the SCR levels in the P + group were significantly lower compared to the P- group (P < 0.001), whereas in the male subgroup, the SCR levels did not differ between the two groups (P = 0.084). Furthermore, the highest SCR tercile overall had a significantly lower incidence of psychiatric symptoms than the lowest tercile (P < 0.001), and a significant negative correlation between the SCR levels and the occurrence of psychiatric symptoms was observed (r = -0.392, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the association was independent after adjusting for age, cystatin C and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score (P = 0.001). A similar result was found in the female subgroup (P = 0.010), but not in the male subgroup (P = 0.225). CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the SCR level was negatively correlated with incidence of psychiatric symptoms in female patients, and higher SCR level could be a protective factor for psychiatric symptoms in female patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Ziling Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Baojie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Danqing Qin
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Chunjuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shougang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jing Wu Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Ostojic SM. Guanidinoacetic acid loading for improved location-specific brain creatine. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:324-326. [PMID: 32439266 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We conducted here a secondary analysis of previously completed guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) loading trials categorizing participants into responders and non-responders using cut-off points for an increase in the location-specific levels of brain creatine (e.g. thalamus, cerebellum, white and grey matter). METHODS A total of 19 healthy men (mean age = 24.8 years) who were supplemented with 3 g/d of GAA for 4 weeks, with total brain creatine evaluated using 1.5 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were included in this report. RESULTS An average elevation in total creatine content after 28-day GAA loading was 17.3% in the cerebellum (95% confidence interval [CI] from 9.7 to 24.9), 12.1% in the white matter (95% CI from 5.1 to 19.1), and 8.9% in the grey matter (95% CI from 5.2 to 12.6), while total creatine actually dropped in the thalamus at a follow-up for 9.1% (95% CI from 6.8 to 11.4). The prevalence of responders was the highest for the cerebellum (73.6%), followed by the white matter (47.3%) and the grey matter (42.1%), while only two individuals (10.5%) experienced a relevant rise in the thalamus creatine content at 28-day follow-up (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION This aftermath evaluation of previously published data suggests a relatively favorable (and location-specific) response rate to short-term GAA loading in healthy young men. A somewhat contrasting location-dependent pattern for GAA and creatine to positively affect brain creatine may be of great interest to the scientific community by dispensing different interventions to tackle poor bioenergetics in distinct brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
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Gao L, Zhou F, Wang KX, Zhou YZ, Du GH, Qin XM. Baicalein protects PC12 cells from Aβ 25-35-induced cytotoxicity via inhibition of apoptosis and metabolic disorders. Life Sci 2020; 248:117471. [PMID: 32112868 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to explore the protective effects and possible mechanisms of baicalein on Aβ25-35-induced toxicity. MAIN METHODS Thioflavin-T (Th-T) dye was used to determine the effects of baicalein on Aβ25-35 aggregation in vitro. PC12 cells were stimulated with Aβ25-35, then the effects of baicalein on apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondrial respiratory complex I, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were determined. Moreover, LC-MS metabolomics approach was used to detect metabolic changes induced by baicalein in Aβ25-35-injured PC12 cells. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that baicalein could inhibit the aggregation of Aβ25-35 in vitro. Furthermore, pretreatment with baicalein significantly prevented Aβ25-35-induced cell apoptosis, as manifested by increasing the levels of MMP, ATP and mitochondrial respiratory complex I, decreasing the contents of ROS and NO. LC-MS metabolomics revealed that baicalein can regulate 5 metabolites, mainly involving two metabolic pathways, arginine and proline metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism. SIGNIFICANCE Our study revealed that baicalein has a protective effect on Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, which may be related to inhibition of apoptosis and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| | - Feng Zhou
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Ke-Xin Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhi Zhou
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
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Sia PI, Wood JPM, Chidlow G, Casson R. Creatine is Neuroprotective to Retinal Neurons In Vitro But Not In Vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4360-4377. [PMID: 31634394 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the neuroprotective properties of creatine in the retina using in vitro and in vivo models of injury. Methods Two different rat retinal culture systems (one containing retinal ganglion cells [RGC] and one not) were subjected to either metabolic stress, via treatments with the mitochondrial complex IV inhibitor sodium azide, or excitotoxic stress, via treatment with N-methyl-D-aspartate for 24 hours, in the presence or absence of creatine (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mM). Neuronal survival was assessed by immunolabeling for cell-specific antigens. Putative mechanisms of creatine action were investigated in vitro. Expression of creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes in the rat retina was examined using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The effect of oral creatine supplementation (2%, wt/wt) on retinal and blood creatine levels was determined as well as RGC survival in rats treated with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA; 10 nmol) or high IOP-induced ischemia reperfusion. Results Creatine significantly prevented neuronal death induced by sodium azide and NMDA in both culture systems. Creatine administration did not alter cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Inhibition of CK blocked the protective effect of creatine. Retinal neurons, including RGCs, expressed predominantly mitochondrial CK isoforms, while glial cells expressed exclusively cytoplasmic CKs. In vivo, NMDA and ischemia reperfusion caused substantial loss of RGCs. Creatine supplementation led to elevated blood and retinal levels of this compound but did not significantly augment RGC survival in either model. Conclusions Creatine increased neuronal survival in retinal cultures; however, no significant protection of RGCs was evident in vivo, despite elevated levels of this compound being present in the retina after oral supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ikgan Sia
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John P M Wood
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Glyn Chidlow
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert Casson
- South Australian Institute of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
With an ever aging population, identifying interventions that can alleviate age-related functional declines has become increasingly important. Dietary supplements have taken center stage based on various health claims and have become a multi-million dollar business. One such supplement is creatine, a major contributor to normal cellular physiology. Creatine, an energy source that can be endogenously synthesized or obtained through diet and supplement, is involved primarily in cellular metabolism via ATP replenishment. The goal of this chapter is to summarize how creatine and its associated enzyme, creatine kinase, act under normal physiological conditions, and how altered levels of either may lead to detrimental functional outcomes. Furthermore, we will focus on the effect of aging on the creatine system and how supplementation may affect the aging process and perhaps reverse it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Ritu A Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Eric B Gonzales
- Department of Medical Education, TCU and UNTHSC School of Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Mukherjee S, Klaus C, Pricop-Jeckstadt M, Miller JA, Struebing FL. A Microglial Signature Directing Human Aging and Neurodegeneration-Related Gene Networks. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:2. [PMID: 30733664 PMCID: PMC6353788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is regarded as a major risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, a better understanding of the similarities between the aging process and neurodegenerative diseases at the cellular and molecular level may reveal better understanding of this detrimental relationship. In the present study, we mined publicly available gene expression datasets from healthy individuals and patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease) across a broad age spectrum and compared those with mouse aging and mouse cell-type specific gene expression profiles. We performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and found a gene network strongly related with both aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This network was significantly enriched with a microglial signature as imputed from cell type-specific sequencing data. Since mouse models are extensively used for the study of human diseases, we further compared these human gene regulatory networks with age-specific mouse brain transcriptomes. We discovered significantly preserved networks with both human aging and human disease and identified 17 shared genes in the top-ranked immune/microglia module, among which we found five human hub genes TYROBP, FCER1G, ITGB2, MYO1F, PTPRC, and two mouse hub genes Trem2 and C1qa. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that microglia are key players involved in human aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and suggest that mouse models should be appropriate for studying these microglial changes in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Mukherjee
- Health Informatics Advanced Science Masters Program, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine Klaus
- Neural Regeneration Group, Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mihaela Pricop-Jeckstadt
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Faculty of Medicine “Carl Gustav Carus”, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Felix L. Struebing
- Department of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Machek SB, Bagley JR. Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation: Considerations for Cognitive Performance in Athletes. Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhu DS, Yu L, Li M, Han L, Huang XX, Wang XQ, Yang XL, Zhu Y, Zhou XJ, Guan YT. High serum creatinine is associated with reduction of vision impaired in patients with NMOSD. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 310:32-37. [PMID: 28778442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Serum creatinine (SCR) has been found to be neuroprotective in neurodegenerative disease. However, whether SCR is a protective factor for vision impaired in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is unclear. This study to determine the relationship between SCR level and vision impaired in NMOSD patients through multivariate-adjusted linear regression analyses. Our result showed that high level of SCR was associated with a low occurrence of vision impaired, and the association was independent after adjustment for confounding risk factors and hierarchical analysis. Therefore, these results demonstrated that higher SCR level is a protective factor of vision impaired in male NMOSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200366, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200366, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200366, China
| | - Xin-Xin Huang
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200366, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200366, China
| | - Xiao-Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xia-Jun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yang-Tai Guan
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Glucose transportation in the brain and its impairment in Huntington disease: one more shade of the energetic metabolism failure? Amino Acids 2017; 49:1147-1157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Phelan MM, Caamaño-Gutiérrez E, Gant MS, Grosman RX, Madine J. Using an NMR metabolomics approach to investigate the pathogenicity of amyloid-beta and alpha-synuclein. Metabolomics 2017; 13:151. [PMID: 29142509 PMCID: PMC5661010 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenicity at differing points along the aggregation pathway of many fibril-forming proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases is unclear. Understanding the effect of different aggregation states of these proteins on cellular processes is essential to enhance understanding of diseases and provide future options for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVES To establish a robust method to probe the metabolic changes of neuronal cells and use it to monitor cellular response to challenge with three amyloidogenic proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases in different aggregation states. METHOD Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were employed to design a robust routine system to perform a statistically rigorous NMR metabolomics study into cellular effects of sub-toxic levels of alpha-synuclein, amyloid-beta 40 and amyloid-beta 42 in monomeric, oligomeric and fibrillar conformations. RESULTS This investigation developed a rigorous model to monitor intracellular metabolic profiles of neuronal cells through combination of existing methods. This model revealed eight key metabolites that are altered when neuroblastoma cells are challenged with proteins in different aggregation states. Metabolic pathways associated with lipid metabolism, neurotransmission and adaptation to oxidative stress and inflammation are the predominant contributors to the cellular variance and intracellular metabolite levels. The observed metabolite changes for monomer and oligomer challenge may represent cellular effort to counteract the pathogenicity of the challenge, whereas fibrillar challenge is indicative of system shutdown. This implies that although markers of stress are more prevalent under oligomeric challenge the fibrillar response suggests a more toxic environment. CONCLUSION This approach is applicable to any cell type that can be cultured in a laboratory (primary or cell line) as a method of investigating how protein challenge affects signalling pathways, providing additional understanding as to the role of protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Phelan
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E. Caamaño-Gutiérrez
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M. S. Gant
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R. X. Grosman
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J. Madine
- 0000 0004 1936 8470grid.10025.36Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Creatine for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disease: end of story? Amino Acids 2016; 48:1929-40. [PMID: 26748651 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (Cr) is a natural compound that plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis. In addition, it ameliorates oxidative stress, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and apoptosis in vitro as well as in vivo. Since these pathomechanisms are implicated to play a role in several neurodegenerative diseases, Cr supplementation as a neuroprotective strategy has received a lot of attention with several positive animal studies in models of Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This has led to a number of randomized clinical trials (RCT) with oral Cr supplementation, with durations up to 5 years. In this paper, we review the evidence and consequences stemming from these trials. In the case of PD, the initial phase II RCT was promising and led to a large and well-designed phase III trial, which, however, turned out to be negative for all outcome measures. None of the RCTs that have examined effects of Cr in ALS patients showed any clinical benefit. In HD, Cr in high doses (up to 30 g/day) was shown to slow down brain atrophy in premanifest Huntingtin mutation carriers. In spite of this, proof is still lacking that Cr can also have beneficial clinical effects in this group of patients, who will go on to develop HD symptoms. Taken together, the use of Cr supplementation has so far proved disappointing in clinical studies with a number of symptomatic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Severe Hyperhomocysteinemia Decreases Respiratory Enzyme and Na(+)-K(+) ATPase Activities, and Leads to Mitochondrial Alterations in Rat Amygdala. Neurotox Res 2015; 29:408-18. [PMID: 26694914 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe hyperhomocysteinemia is caused by increased plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy), a methionine derivative, and is associated with cerebral disorders. Creatine supplementation has emerged as an adjuvant to protect against neurodegenerative diseases, due to its potential antioxidant role. Here, we examined the effects of severe hyperhomocysteinemia on brain metabolism, and evaluated a possible neuroprotective role of creatine in hyperhomocysteinemia, by concomitant treatment with Hcy and creatine (50 mg/Kg body weight). Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in young rats (6-day-old) by treatment with homocysteine (0.3-0.6 µmol/g body weight) for 23 days, and then the following parameters of rat amygdala were evaluated: (1) the activity of the respiratory chain complexes succinate dehydrogenase, complex II and cytochrome c oxidase; (2) mitochondrial mass and membrane potential; (3) the levels of necrosis and apoptosis; and (4) the activity and immunocontent of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase. Hcy treatment decreased the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase, but did not alter complex II activity. Hcy treatment also increased the number of cells with high mitochondrial mass, high mitochondrial membrane potential, and in late apoptosis. Importantly, creatine administration prevented some of the key effects of Hcy administration on the amygdala. We also observed a decrease in the activity and immunocontent of the α1 subunit of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase in amygdala after Hcy- treatment. Our findings support the notion that Hcy modulates mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in the brain, as well as Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity, and suggest that creatine might represent an effective adjuvant to protect against the effects of high Hcy plasma levels.
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Additive Neuroprotective Effects of the Multifunctional Iron Chelator M30 with Enriched Diet in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurotox Res 2015; 29:208-17. [PMID: 26581376 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9574-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common degenerative disease of the motoneuron system, involving various abnormalities, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, transitional metal accumulation, neuroinflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity, apoptosis, decreased supply of trophic factors, cytoskeletal abnormalities, and extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 toxicity. These multiple disease etiologies implicated in ALS gave rise to the perception that future therapeutic approaches for the disease should be aimed at targeting multiple pathological pathways. In line with this view, we have evaluated in the current study the therapeutic effects of low doses of the novel multifunctional monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor/iron-chelating compound, M30 in combination with high Calorie Energy supplemented Diet (CED) in the SOD1-G93A transgenic mouse model of ALS. Our results demonstrated that the combined administration of M30 with CED produced additive neuroprotective effects on motor performance and increased survival of SOD1-G93A mice. We also found that both M30 and M30/CED regimens caused a significant inhibition of MAO-A and -B activities and decreased the turnover of dopamine in the brain of SOD1-G93A mice. In addition, M30/CED combined treatment resulted in a significant increase in mRNA expression levels of various mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism regulators, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)-co activator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), PPARγ, uncoupling protein 1, and insulin receptor in the gastrocnemius muscle of SOD1-G93A mice. These results suggest that a combination of drug/agents with different, but complementary mechanisms may be beneficial in the treatment of ALS.
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Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Forbes SC. Creatine supplementation and aging musculoskeletal health. Endocrine 2014; 45:354-61. [PMID: 24190049 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia refers to the progressive loss of muscle mass and muscle function and is a contributing factor for cachexia, bone loss, and frailty. Resistance training produces several physiological adaptations which improve aging musculoskeletal health, such as increased muscle and bone mass and strength. The combination of creatine supplementation and resistance training may further lead to greater physiological benefits. We performed meta-analyses which indicate creatine supplementation combined with resistance training has a positive effect on aging muscle mass and upper body strength compared to resistance training alone. Creatine also shows promise for improving bone mineral density and indices of bone biology. The combination of creatine supplementation and resistance training could be an effective intervention to improve aging musculoskeletal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada,
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Hageböck M, Stahl U, Bader J. Stability of creatine derivatives during simulated digestion in an in vitro model. Food Funct 2013; 5:359-63. [PMID: 24366174 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60453e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Newly developed forms of creatine are often claimed to exhibit improved bioavailability and efficacy. They are of great interest for sports nutrition and therapeutic uses. However, for most newer creatine forms stability after ingestion under physiological conditions is insufficiently documented, relevant data are inconsistent or even missing. Therefore, we developed a controlled simulated digestion system for testing different creatine derivatives in specific simulated parts of the human digestive system. All derivatives showed high stability with negligible formation of creatinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hageböck
- Research and Teaching Institute for Brewing in Berlin, Seestraße 13, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Ju TC, Lin YS, Chern Y. Energy dysfunction in Huntington's disease: insights from PGC-1α, AMPK, and CKB. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:4107-20. [PMID: 22627493 PMCID: PMC11115139 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. When the number of CAG repeats exceeds 36, the translated polyglutamine-expanded Htt protein interferes with the normal functions of many types of cellular machinery and causes cytotoxicity. Clinical symptoms include progressive involuntary movement disorders, psychiatric signs, cognitive decline, dementia, and a shortened lifespan. The most severe brain atrophy is observed in the striatum and cortex. Besides the well-characterized neuronal defects, recent studies showed that the functions of mitochondria and several key players in energy homeostasis are abnormally regulated during HD progression. Energy dysregulation thus is now recognized as an important pathogenic pathway of HD. This review focuses on the importance of three key molecular determinants (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, AMP-activated protein kinase, and creatine kinase B) of cellular energy homeostasis and their possible involvement in HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz-Chuen Ju
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yow-Sien Lin
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 11529 Taiwan
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Acute creatine administration improves mitochondrial membrane potential and protects against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Amino Acids 2012; 44:857-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Ibáñez C, Simó C, Martín-Álvarez PJ, Kivipelto M, Winblad B, Cedazo-Mínguez A, Cifuentes A. Toward a predictive model of Alzheimer's disease progression using capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry metabolomics. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8532-40. [PMID: 22967182 DOI: 10.1021/ac301243k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia with an estimated worldwide prevalence of over 30 million people, and its incidence is expected to increase dramatically with an increasing elderly population. Up until now, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been the preferred sample to investigate central nervous system (CNS) disorders since its composition is directly related to metabolite production in the brain. In this work, a nontargeted metabolomic approach based on capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is developed to examine metabolic differences in CSF samples from subjects with different cognitive status related to AD progression. To do this, CSF samples from 85 subjects were obtained from patients with (i) subjective cognitive impairment (SCI, i.e. control group), (ii) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) which remained stable after a follow-up period of 2 years, (iii) MCI which progressed to AD within a 2-year time after the initial MCI diagnostic and, (iv) diagnosed AD. A prediction model for AD progression using multivariate statistical analysis based on CE-MS metabolomics of CSF samples was obtained using 73 CSF samples. Using our model, we were able to correctly classify 97-100% of the samples in the diagnostic groups. The prediction power was confirmed in a blind small test set of 12 CSF samples, reaching a 83% of diagnostic accuracy. The obtained predictive values were higher than those reported with classical CSF AD biomarkers (Aβ42 and tau) but need to be confirmed in larger samples cohorts. Choline, dimethylarginine, arginine, valine, proline, serine, histidine, creatine, carnitine, and suberylglycine were identified as possible disease progression biomarkers. Our results suggest that CE-MS metabolomics of CSF samples can be a useful tool to predict AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Foodomics, CIAL (CSIC), Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Jagim AR, Oliver JM, Sanchez A, Galvan E, Fluckey J, Riechman S, Greenwood M, Kelly K, Meininger C, Rasmussen C, Kreider RB. A buffered form of creatine does not promote greater changes in muscle creatine content, body composition, or training adaptations than creatine monohydrate. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2012; 9:43. [PMID: 22971354 PMCID: PMC3479057 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-9-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Creatine monohydrate (CrM) has been consistently reported to increase muscle creatine content and improve high-intensity exercise capacity. However, a number of different forms of creatine have been purported to be more efficacious than CrM. The purpose of this study was to determine if a buffered creatine monohydrate (KA) that has been purported to promote greater creatine retention and training adaptations with fewer side effects at lower doses is more efficacious than CrM supplementation in resistance-trained individuals. Methods In a double-blind manner, 36 resistance-trained participants (20.2 ± 2 years, 181 ± 7 cm, 82.1 ± 12 kg, and 14.7 ± 5% body fat) were randomly assigned to supplement their diet with CrM (Creapure® AlzChem AG, Trostberg, Germany) at normal loading (4 x 5 g/d for 7-days) and maintenance (5 g/d for 21-days) doses; KA (Kre-Alkalyn®, All American Pharmaceutical, Billings, MT, USA) at manufacturer’s recommended doses (KA-L, 1.5 g/d for 28-days); or, KA with equivalent loading (4 x 5 g/d for 7-days) and maintenance (5 g/d) doses of CrM (KA-H). Participants were asked to maintain their current training programs and record all workouts. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis, fasting blood samples, body weight, DEXA determined body composition, and Wingate Anaerobic Capacity (WAC) tests were performed at 0, 7, and 28-days while 1RM strength tests were performed at 0 and 28-days. Data were analyzed by a repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and are presented as mean ± SD changes from baseline after 7 and 28-days, respectively. Results Muscle free creatine content obtained in a subgroup of 25 participants increased in all groups over time (1.4 ± 20.7 and 11.9 ± 24.0 mmol/kg DW, p = 0.03) after 7 and 28-days, respectively, with no significant differences among groups (KA-L −7.9 ± 22.3, 4.7 ± 27.0; KA-H 1.0 ± 12.8, 9.1 ± 23.2; CrM 11.3 ± 23.9, 22.3 ± 21.0 mmol/kg DW, p = 0.46). However, while no overall group differences were observed (p = 0.14), pairwise comparison between the KA-L and CrM groups revealed that changes in muscle creatine content tended to be greater in the CrM group (KA-L −1.1 ± 4.3, CrM 11.2 ± 4.3 mmol/kg DW, p = 0.053 [mean ± SEM]). Although some significant time effects were observed, no significant group x time interactions (p > 0.05) were observed in changes in body mass, fat free mass, fat mass, percent body fat, or total body water; bench press and leg press 1RM strength; WAC mean power, peak power, or total work; serum blood lipids, markers of catabolism and bone status, and serum electrolyte status; or, whole blood makers of lymphocytes and red cells. Serum creatinine levels increased in all groups (p < 0.001) with higher doses of creatine promoting greater increases in serum creatinine (p = 0.03) but the increases observed (0.1 – 0.2 mg/dl) were well within normal values for active individuals (i.e., <1.28 ± 0.2 mg/dl). Serum LDL was decreased to a greater degree following ingesting loading doses in the CrM group but returned to baseline during the maintenance phase. No side effects were reported. Conclusions Neither manufacturers recommended doses of KA (1.5 g/d) or KA with equivalent loading (20 g/d for 7-days) and maintenance doses (5 g/d for 21-days) of CrM promoted greater changes in muscle creatine content, body composition, strength, or anaerobic capacity than CrM (20 g/d for 7-days, 5 g/d for 21-days). There was no evidence that supplementing the diet with a buffered form of creatine resulted in fewer side effects than CrM. These findings do not support claims that consuming a buffered form of creatine is a more efficacious and/or safer form of creatine to consume than creatine monohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Jagim
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA.,Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, Oakland
| | - Adam Sanchez
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
| | - James Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Muscle Biology Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
| | - Steven Riechman
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Human Countermeasures Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
| | - Michael Greenwood
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
| | - Katherine Kelly
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
| | - Cynthia Meininger
- Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
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Gualano B, Roschel H, Lancha AH, Brightbill CE, Rawson ES. In sickness and in health: the widespread application of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids 2011; 43:519-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Creatine in health, medicine and sport: an introduction to a meeting held at Downing College, University of Cambridge, July 2010. Amino Acids 2011; 40:1267-70. [PMID: 21509489 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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