1
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Pawlas J, André C, Rasmussen JH, Ludemann-Hombourger O. Brønsted Acid-Lewis Acid (BA-LA) Induced Final Deprotection/Peptide Resin Cleavage in Fmoc/ t-Bu Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis: HCl/FeCl 3 and AcOH/FeCl 3 as Viable PFAS-Free Alternatives for TFA. Org Lett 2024; 26:6787-6791. [PMID: 39073347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The widely used Fmoc/t-Bu solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is hampered by relying on corrosive, per/polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) classified trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as a universal protecting group (PG) removal/resin cleavage reagent. We report that suitable combinations of Brønsted acids (BAs) and Lewis acids (LAs) such as HCl/FeCl3 and AcOH/FeCl3 constitute viable alternatives for TFA as PFAS-free cleavage agents. Using water miscible dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and acetonitrile (MeCN) as solvents enabled diluting cleavage mixtures with suitable aqueous solutions, allowing for direct use in purification in which removal of >99.99% iron from an HCl/FeCl3 induced cleavage was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pawlas
- PolyPeptide, Limhamnsvägen 108, PO Box 30089, 20061 Limhamn, Sweden
| | - Christophe André
- PolyPeptide, Bioparc 3, 850 Bd Sebastien Brant, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Jon H Rasmussen
- PolyPeptide, Limhamnsvägen 108, PO Box 30089, 20061 Limhamn, Sweden
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2
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Haji Abbasi Somehsaraie M, Fathi Vavsari V, Kamangar M, Balalaie S. Chemical Wastes in the Peptide Synthesis Process and Ways to Reduce Them. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e123879. [PMID: 36942077 PMCID: PMC10024322 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-123879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, a growing interest has been observed among pharmaceutical companies in producing and selling 80 FDA-approved therapeutic peptides. However, there are many drawbacks to peptide synthesis at the academic and industrial scales, involving the use of large amounts of highly hazardous coupling reagents and solvents. This review focuses on hideous and observant wastes produced before, during, and after peptide synthesis and proposes some solutions to reduce them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaezeh Fathi Vavsari
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamangar
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Spears RJ, McMahon C, Chudasama V. Cysteine protecting groups: applications in peptide and protein science. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11098-11155. [PMID: 34605832 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00271f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protecting group chemistry for the cysteine thiol group has enabled a vast array of peptide and protein chemistry over the last several decades. Increasingly sophisticated strategies for the protection, and subsequent deprotection, of cysteine have been developed, facilitating synthesis of complex disulfide-rich peptides, semisynthesis of proteins, and peptide/protein labelling in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we analyse and discuss the 60+ individual protecting groups reported for cysteine, highlighting their applications in peptide synthesis and protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clíona McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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4
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Abstract
A growing theme in chemistry is the joining of multiple organic molecular building blocks to create functional molecules. Diverse derivatizable structures—here termed “scaffolds” comprised of “hubs”—provide the foundation for systematic covalent organization of a rich variety of building blocks. This review encompasses 30 tri- or tetra-armed molecular hubs (e.g., triazine, lysine, arenes, dyes) that are used directly or in combination to give linear, cyclic, or branched scaffolds. Each scaffold is categorized by graph theory into one of 31 trees to express the molecular connectivity and overall architecture. Rational chemistry with exacting numbers of derivatizable sites is emphasized. The incorporation of water-solubilization motifs, robust or self-immolative linkers, enzymatically cleavable groups and functional appendages affords immense (and often late-stage) diversification of the scaffolds. Altogether, 107 target molecules are reviewed along with 19 syntheses to illustrate the distinctive chemistries for creating and derivatizing scaffolds. The review covers the history of the field up through 2020, briefly touching on statistically derivatized carriers employed in immunology as counterpoints to the rationally assembled and derivatized scaffolds here, although most citations are from the past two decades. The scaffolds are used widely in fields ranging from pure chemistry to artificial photosynthesis and biomedical sciences.
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5
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Jaradat DMM. Thirteen decades of peptide synthesis: key developments in solid phase peptide synthesis and amide bond formation utilized in peptide ligation. Amino Acids 2017; 50:39-68. [PMID: 29185032 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A historical overview of peptide chemistry from T. Curtius to E. Fischer to M. Bergmann and L. Zervas is first presented. Next, the fundamentals of peptide synthesis with a focus on solid phase peptide synthesis by R. B. Merrifield are described. Immobilization strategies to attach the first amino acid to the resin, coupling strategies in stepwise peptide chain elongation, and approaches to synthesize difficult peptide sequences are also shown. A brief comparison between tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)/benzyl (Bzl) strategy and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)/tert-butyl (t -Bu) strategy utilized in solid phase peptide synthesis is given with an emphasis on the latter. Finally, the review focuses on the discovery and development of peptide ligation and the latest advances in this field including native amide bond formation strategies, these include the native chemical ligation, α-ketoacid-hydroxylamine ligation, and serine/threonine ligation which are the most commonly used chemoselective ligation methods that provide amide bond at the ligation site. This review provides an overview of the literature concerning the most important advances in the chemical synthesis of proteins and peptides covering the period from 1882 to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da'san M M Jaradat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, P.O. Box 19117, Al-Salt, Jordan.
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6
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Vrettos EI, Sayyad N, Mavrogiannaki EM, Stylos E, Kostagianni AD, Papas S, Mavromoustakos T, Theodorou V, Tzakos AG. Unveiling and tackling guanidinium peptide coupling reagent side reactions towards the development of peptide-drug conjugates. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of uncharted guanidinium peptide coupling reagent side reactions during peptide-drug conjugates synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirinaios I. Vrettos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Eftychia M. Mavrogiannaki
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Evgenios Stylos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Androniki D. Kostagianni
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Serafim Papas
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Vassiliki Theodorou
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
| | - Andreas G. Tzakos
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Ioannina
- Ioannina GR-45110
- Greece
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7
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Calce E, Leone M, Mercurio FA, Monfregola L, De Luca S. Solid-Phase S-Alkylation Promoted by Molecular Sieves. Org Lett 2015; 17:5646-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Calce
- Institute of Biostructures
and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Marilisa Leone
- Institute of Biostructures
and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Flavia Anna Mercurio
- Institute of Biostructures
and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Monfregola
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Stefania De Luca
- Institute of Biostructures
and Bioimaging, National Research Council, 80134 Naples, Italy
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8
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Ramos-Tomillero I, Rodríguez H, Albericio F. Tetrahydropyranyl, a nonaromatic acid-labile Cys protecting group for Fmoc peptide chemistry. Org Lett 2015; 17:1680-3. [PMID: 25764355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydropyranyl (Thp), which exploits the concept of being an S,O-acetal nonaromatic protecting group for cysteine, has been shown to be superior to Trt, Dpm, Acm, and StBu in solid-phase peptide synthesis using the Fmoc/tBu strategy. Thus, Cys racemization and C-terminal 3-(1-piperidinyl)alanine formation were minimized when the Cys was protected with Thp. This nonaromatic protecting group also improved the solubility of Cys-containing protected peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Ramos-Tomillero
- †Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,‡Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hortensia Rodríguez
- †Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,§School of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, 100199 Urcuqui, Ecuador
| | - Fernando Albericio
- †Institute for Research in Biomedicine, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,‡Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,§School of Chemistry, Yachay Tech, Yachay City of Knowledge, 100199 Urcuqui, Ecuador.,∥CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,⊥School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu Natal, 4000 Durban, South Africa
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10
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Karampelas T, Argyros O, Sayyad N, Spyridaki K, Pappas C, Morgan K, Kolios G, Millar RP, Liapakis G, Tzakos AG, Fokas D, Tamvakopoulos C. GnRH-Gemcitabine Conjugates for the Treatment of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer: Pharmacokinetic Enhancements Combined with Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:813-23. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karampelas
- Division
of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation
of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Orestis Argyros
- Division
of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation
of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | | | - Katerina Spyridaki
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, GR-71003, Greece
| | | | - Kevin Morgan
- Respiratory
Medicine, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, GR-68100, Greece
| | - Robert P Millar
- Mammal
Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- UCT/MRC
Receptor Biology Group, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular
Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Centre
for Integrative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland
| | - George Liapakis
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, GR-71003, Greece
| | | | | | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Division
of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation
of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
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11
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Stathopoulos P, Papas S, Sakka M, Tzakos AG, Tsikaris V. A rapid and efficient method for the synthesis of selectively S-Trt or S-Mmt protected Cys-containing peptides. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1367-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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