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Monteiro CEDS, de Cerqueira Fiorio B, Silva FGO, de Fathima Felipe de Souza M, Franco ÁX, Lima MADS, Sales TMAL, Mendes TS, Havt A, Barbosa ALR, Resende ÂC, de Moura RS, de Souza MHLP, Soares PMG. A polyphenol-rich açaí seed extract protects against 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis in mice through the TLR-4/MyD88/PI3K/mTOR/NF-κBp65 signaling pathway. Nutr Res 2024; 125:1-15. [PMID: 38428258 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2024.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Açaí seed extract (ASE) is obtained from Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) plant (Amazon region) has high nutritional and functional value. ASE is rich in polyphenolic compounds, mainly proanthocyanidins. Proanthocyanidins can modulate the immune system and oxidative stress by inhibiting the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. A great deal of evidence suggests that inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress contribute to the pathogenesis of intestinal mucositis, and these events can lead to intestinal dysmotility. We hypothesized that ASE acts as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound in intestinal mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) through modulation of the TLR-4/MyD88/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase α/mechanistic target of rapamycin/NF-κBp65 pathway. The animals were divided into linear 5-FU (450 mg/kg) and 5-FU + ASE (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) groups. The weight loss of the animals was evaluated daily. Samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were obtained for histopathological, biochemical, and functional analyses. ASE reduced weight loss, inflammatory parameters (interleukin-1β; tumor necrosis factor-α; myeloperoxidase activity) and the gene expression of mediators involved in the TLR-2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway. ASE prevented histopathological changes with beneficial effects on gastrointestinal transit delay, gastric emptying, and intestinal absorption/permeability. In conclusion, ASE protects the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier by inhibiting the TLR/MyD88/PI3K/mechanistic target of rapamycin/NF-κBp65 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo da Silva Monteiro
- LEFFAG- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bárbara de Cerqueira Fiorio
- LEFFAG- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Géssica Oliveira Silva
- LEFFAG- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fathima Felipe de Souza
- LEFFAG- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Álvaro Xavier Franco
- LEFFAG- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos Aurélio de Sousa Lima
- LEFFAG- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Thiago Meneses Araujo Leite Sales
- LEFFAG- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tiago Santos Mendes
- LEFFAG- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Havt
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxinology, LTM, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Reis Barbosa
- LAFFEX- Laboratory of Experimental Physiopharmacology, Parnaiba Delta Federal University (UFDPAR), Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Ângela Castro Resende
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Soares de Moura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Marcos Gomes Soares
- LEFFAG- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology Study of Gastrointestinal Tract, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Li B, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Zheng T, Li Q, Yang S, Shao J, Guan W, Zhang S. Nutritional strategies to reduce intestinal cell apoptosis by alleviating oxidative stress. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae023. [PMID: 38626282 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier is the first line of defense against harmful substances and pathogens in the intestinal tract. The balance of proliferation and apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and its function. However, oxidative stress and inflammation can cause DNA damage and abnormal apoptosis of the IECs, leading to the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier. This, in turn, can directly or indirectly cause various acute and chronic intestinal diseases. In recent years, there has been a growing understanding of the vital role of dietary ingredients in gut health. Studies have shown that certain amino acids, fibers, vitamins, and polyphenols in the diet can protect IECs from excessive apoptosis caused by oxidative stress, and limit intestinal inflammation. This review aims to describe the molecular mechanism of apoptosis and its relationship with intestinal function, and to discuss the modulation of IECs' physiological function, the intestinal epithelial barrier, and gut health by various nutrients. The findings of this review may provide a theoretical basis for the use of nutritional interventions in clinical intestinal disease research and animal production, ultimately leading to improved human and animal intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianzi Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tenghui Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qihui Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwang Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Shao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhu R, Shang GJ, Zhang BY, Wang HT, Li L, Wei XF, Li DL, Yang ZY, Qu ZH, Quan YN, Liu SY, Wang YT, Meng ST, Wu LF, Qin GX. Unlocking the potential of N-acetylcysteine: Improving hepatopancreas inflammation, antioxidant capacity and health in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) via the MAPK/NF-κB/Nrf2 signalling pathway. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109294. [PMID: 38092096 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) positively contributes to enhancing animal health, regulating inflammation and reducing stress by participating in the synthesis of cysteine, glutathione, and taurine in the body. The present study aims to investigate the effects of dietary different levels of NAC on the morphology, function and physiological state of hepatopancreas in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). 450 common carps were randomly divided into 5 groups: N1 (basal diet), N2 (1.5 g/kg NAC diet), N3 (3.0 g/kg NAC diet), N4 (4.5 g/kg NAC diet) and N5 (6.0 g/kg NAC diet), and fed for 8 weeks. The results indicated that dietary 3.0-6.0 g/kg NAC reduced hepatopancreas lipid vacuoles and nuclear translocation, and inhibited apoptosis in common carp. Simultaneously, the activities of hepatopancreas alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase progressively increased with rising dietary NAC levels. Dietary NAC enhanced the non-specific immune function of common carp, and exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, dietary 3.0-6.0 g/kg NAC significantly improved the antioxidant capacity of common carp, which was associated with enhanced glutathione metabolism, clearance of ROS and the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway. In summary, NAC has the potential to alleviate inflammation, mitigate oxidative stress and inhibit apoptosis via the MAPK/NF-κB/Nrf2 signaling pathway, thereby improving hepatopancreas function and health of common carp. The current findings provide a theoretical basis for promoting the application of NAC in aquaculture and ecological cultivation of aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Guo-Jun Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Bao-Yuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hao-Tong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Liang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Deng-Lai Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zi-Hui Qu
- Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 132011, China
| | - Ya-Nan Quan
- Jingyuetan Reservoir Management Office, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Si-Ying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yin-Tao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Si-Tong Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Li-Fang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Gui-Xin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Tieu S, Charchoglyan A, Paulsen L, Wagter-Lesperance LC, Shandilya UK, Bridle BW, Mallard BA, Karrow NA. N-Acetylcysteine and Its Immunomodulatory Properties in Humans and Domesticated Animals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1867. [PMID: 37891946 PMCID: PMC10604897 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an acetylated derivative of the amino acid L-cysteine, has been widely used as a mucolytic agent and antidote for acetaminophen overdose since the 1960s and the 1980s, respectively. NAC possesses antioxidant, cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and mucolytic properties, making it a promising therapeutic agent for a wide range of diseases in both humans and domesticated animals. Oxidative stress and inflammation play a major role in the onset and progression of all these diseases. NAC's primary role is to replenish glutathione (GSH) stores, the master antioxidant in all tissues; however, it can also reduce levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-∝) and interleukins (IL-6 and IL-1β), inhibit the formation of microbial biofilms and destroy biofilms, and break down disulfide bonds between mucin molecules. Many experimental studies have been conducted on the use of NAC to address a wide range of pathological conditions; however, its effectiveness in clinical trials remains limited and studies often have conflicting results. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise overview of promising NAC usages for the treatment of different human and domestic animal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tieu
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.T.); (U.K.S.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Armen Charchoglyan
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
- Advanced Analysis Centre, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lauryn Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
| | - Lauri C. Wagter-Lesperance
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
| | - Umesh K. Shandilya
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.T.); (U.K.S.)
| | - Byram W. Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
| | - Bonnie A. Mallard
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (L.P.); (L.C.W.-L.); (B.W.B.); (B.A.M.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.T.); (U.K.S.)
- ImmunoCeutica Inc., Cambridge, ON N1T 1N6, Canada
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Zhang Q, Liu W, Li Q, Zeng Y, Wu M, Wu T, Guo S, Wang L, Zhao D, Yi D, Hou Y. Protective effects and mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine on indomethacin-induced intestinal injury in a porcine model. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115173. [PMID: 37356397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on indomethacin (IDMT)-induced intestinal injury in a piglet model and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Piglets were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups: (1) control group; (2) IDMT group; (3) NAC+IDMT group. The results showed that NAC administration significantly increased the average daily gain of piglets, attenuated the intestine hyperemia, and restored normal jejunal morphology. Further studies indicated that NAC administration significantly increased plasma citrulline concentration and jejunal villin expression, but decreased the content of proinflammatory cytokines in plasma and jejunum of IDMT-stimulated piglets. NAC administration selectively decreased the proportion of eosinophils but not neutrophils in plasma. Furthermore, NAC administration significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in plasma but decreased the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (plasma) and malondialdehyde (plasma and jejunum), as well as the activity of myeloperoxidase (jejunum) when comparing NAC+IDMT group with IDMT group. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the significantly enriched molecular function term was "ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding" for NAC+IDMT versus IDMT differentially regulated genes. In the biological process category, differentially regulated genes of NAC+IDMT versus IDMT were mainly enriched in immune-related terms. The major enrichments for differentially regulated proteins (DRPs) of NAC+IDMT versus IDMT were terms involved in lipid metabolism and immune response. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that "arginine biosynthesis" was a significant enrichment term for the DRPs of NAC+IDMT versus IDMT. Further studies demonstrated that NAC administration up-regulated argininosuccinate synthase 1 mRNA expression and down-regulated arginase mRNA expression in the jejunum of IDMT-stimulated piglets. Moreover, the content of nitric oxide was restored to a normal level with the reduction of nitric oxide synthase activity. NAC administration ameliorated intestinal injury in IDMT-challenged piglets by enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions and modulating arginine metabolism in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Wenkai Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Huanggang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanggang 438000, China
| | - Qian Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yitong Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Mengjun Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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Zhang Q, Deng C, Peng M, Li C, Teng Y, Guo S, Wu T, Yi D, Hou Y. Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveals protective mechanisms of N-acetylcysteine in indomethacin-stimulated enterocytes. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 112:109231. [PMID: 36435287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal health is critical for the growth and development of humans and animals. Our previous study has demonstrated that indomethacin (IDMT) could induce intestinal injury in piglets, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation contributed to alleviating intestinal injury induced by various stimuli. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of IDMT-induced cell death in IPEC-1 cell lines and explored the role of NAC by using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Results showed that cell viability was substantially reduced with the increasing concentrations of IDMT, whereas NAC significantly increased the survival rate of IPEC-1 cells regardless of its addition method. Transcriptomics and proteomics data indicated that terms, such as cell cycle, energy metabolism, and cell proliferation, were significantly enriched by Gene ontology and pathway analyses. Flow cytometer analysis showed that IDMT induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. The expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins (CDK1, CCNA2, and CDC45) was decreased by IDMT stimulation. Importantly, NAC treatment repaired IDMT-induced mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing ATP production, decreasing oxygen consumption rate in non-mitochondrial O2 consumption, and increasing the red/green fluorescence ratio. IDMT stimulation significantly increased caspase-3 expression, which was partially reversed by NAC treatment. These results suggest that IDMT-induced cell death may be attributable to disturbance of the cell cycle processes, mitochondria dysfunction and apoptosis, and NAC could confer a protective effect by restoring the mitochondrial function and inhibiting the apoptosis pathway. This study provides a theoretical basis for the pathogenesis of IDMT-induced intestinal injury and guides the clinic application of NAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuifang Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Teng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Wang Z, Dong Y, Yi D, Wu T, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y. Dietary supplementation with a complex of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and thymol negatively affects the intestinal function in LPS-challenged piglets. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1098579. [PMID: 37065240 PMCID: PMC10097997 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1098579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol complex (CCT) on the growth performance and intestinal function of piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were determined. Colistin sulphate (CS) was as a positive control. Method Piglets (n = 24, 32 days of age) were allocated to four treatments: Control group (fed basal diet), LPS group (fed basal diet), CS+LPS group (fed basal diet + 50 mg/kg CS), and CCT+LPS group (fed basal diet + 50 mg/kg CCT). Results Results showed that diarrhea rates of piglets were significantly reduced by CCT and CS supplementation respectively. Further research showed that CS supplementation tended to improve the intestinal absorption function in LPS-challenged piglets. Moreover, CS supplementation significantly reduced the contents of cortisol in blood and malondialdehyde in the duodenum and the activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the duodenum and ileum and total nitric oxide synthase in the ileum in LPS-challenged piglets. CS supplementation significantly increased the activities of sucrase in the ileum and myeloperoxidase in the jejunum in LPS-challenged piglets. CS supplementation significantly alleviated the reduced mRNA levels of immune-related genes (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10) in mesenteric lymph nodes and jejunum and mucosal growth-related genes (IGF-1, mTOR, ALP) in LPS-challenged piglets. These results suggested that CS supplementation improved the intestinal function in LPS-challenged piglets by improving intestinal oxidative stress, immune stress, and absorption and repair function. However, although CCT supplementation improved oxidative stress by reducing (p < 0.05) the content of malondialdehyde and the activity of nitric oxide synthase in the duodenum, CCT supplementation tended to aggravate the intestinal absorption dysfunction in LPS-challenged piglets. Furthermore, compared with the control and LPS groups, CCT supplementation remarkably elevated the content of prostaglandin in plasma and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factor IL-6 in mesenteric lymph nodes and jejunum, and reduced the activity of maltase in the ileum in LPS-challenged piglets. These results suggested that CCT supplementation had a negative effect on intestinal function by altering intestinal immune stress response and reducing disaccharidase activity in LPS-challenged piglets. Conclusions Compared to CS, CCT supplementation exhibited a negative effect on intestinal function, suggesting whether CCT can be as an effective feed additive still needs further study.
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Zhang Q, Li P, Li H, Yi D, Guo S, Wang L, Zhao D, Wang C, Wu T, Hou Y. Multifaceted Effects and Mechanisms of N-Acetylcysteine on Intestinal Injury in a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Infected Porcine Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200369. [PMID: 36321532 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study investigates the potential effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on intestinal injury in a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-infected porcine model. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-two piglets are randomly assigned to one of four groups: the control, PEDV, NAC, and NAC+PEDV. Piglets in the NAC+PEDV group are orally administrated with NAC (100 mg (kg·BW)-1 day-1 ) for 4 consecutive days after 2 days of PEDV infection. The results show that NAC administration decreases the diarrhea rate and improves intestinal morphology. The concentration of diamine oxidase and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein, as well as IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α in the plasma, is decreased by NAC. Intriguingly, NAC administration significantly increases the viral load in the jejunum and ileum and down-regulates the expression of interferon-related genes. Microarray and proteomic analyses show that the differentially expressed genes/proteins between NAC+PEDV and PEDV groups are highly enriched in substance transport. Furthermore, aquaporin 8/10 expression is significantly increased by NAC upon PEDV infection. CONCLUSION NAC administration alleviates PEDV-induced intestinal injury by inhibiting inflammatory responses and improving substance transport, but promotes viral replication by inhibiting interferon signaling. These results suggest NAC exhibits multifaceted effects upon PEDV infection, and thus caution is required when using NAC as a dietary supplement to prevent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Hanbo Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Shuangshuang Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
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Wang Z, Wu Q, Liao G, Fan L. New insights into the regulation mechanism of Litopenaeus vannamei hepatopancreas after lipopolysaccharide challenge using transcriptome analyses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:466-473. [PMID: 35987503 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) is the most economically valuable cultured shrimp in the world, while Gram-negative bacteria infection causes huge economic losses to shrimp culture. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the hepatopancreas in L. vannamei after lipopolysaccharide (LPS, the cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria) injection to investigate the response of shrimp under Gram-negative bacteria invasion. A total of 306 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (70 up- and 236 down-regulated) were identified in the LPS treatment group (L group) when compared to their expression levels in the control group (C group). The oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491) in the molecular function category was enriched in the LPS-responsive DEGs in GO annotation, and the metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 (ko00980) was the most enriched pathway in KEGG annotation. The transcriptome profiling revealed that the toll like receptor, C-type lectin receptor, and β-1,3-glucan binding protein were involved in the recognition of LPS during its early invasion stage. Although LPS could reduce the metabolic ability of exogenous substances, induce inflammation and reduce antioxidant capacity, L. vannamei could maintain its homeostasis by improving immunity, enhancing anti-stress ability and reducing apoptosis. Our research provides the first transcriptome profiling for the L. vannamei hepatopancreas after LPS injection. These results could offer a valuable reference on the mechanism of shrimp against Gram-negative bacteria and could provide guidance for shrimp farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Wang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qiuping Wu
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guowei Liao
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lanfen Fan
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Research Center for Green Development of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Niu X, Ding Y, Chen S, Gooneratne R, Ju X. Effect of Immune Stress on Growth Performance and Immune Functions of Livestock: Mechanisms and Prevention. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070909. [PMID: 35405897 PMCID: PMC8996973 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Immune stress is an important stressor in domestic animals that leads to decreased feed intake, slow growth, and reduced disease resistance of pigs and poultry. Especially in high-density animal feeding conditions, the risk factor of immune stress is extremely high, as they are easily harmed by pathogens, and frequent vaccinations are required to enhance the immunity function of the animals. This review mainly describes the causes, mechanisms of immune stress and its prevention and treatment measures. This provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of safe and efficient prevention and control measures for immune stress in animals. Abstract Immune stress markedly affects the immune function and growth performance of livestock, including poultry, resulting in financial loss to farmers. It can lead to decreased feed intake, reduced growth, and intestinal disorders. Studies have shown that pathogen-induced immune stress is mostly related to TLR4-related inflammatory signal pathway activation, excessive inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, hormonal disorders, cell apoptosis, and intestinal microbial disorders. This paper reviews the occurrence of immune stress in livestock, its impact on immune function and growth performance, and strategies for immune stress prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Niu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
| | - Yuexia Ding
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
| | - Shengwei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand;
| | - Xianghong Ju
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; (X.N.); (Y.D.); (S.C.)
- Marine Medical Research and Development Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen 518018, China
- Correspondence:
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Acanthopanax senticosus total flavonoids alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal inflammation and modulate the gut microbiota in mice. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230709. [PMID: 35088071 PMCID: PMC8821950 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we study the therapeutic effect of Acanthopanax senticosus total flavonoids (ASTFs) using a mouse intestinal inflammation model. The inflammation model used in the present study was developed through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of mice. The experimental mice were divided into a control group, model group (10 mg/kg LPS), dexamethasone group (1 mg/kg DEX) and ASTF low-, medium- and high-dosage groups (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg, respectively). The morphological and structural changes in the ileum, jejunum and duodenum were observed using HE staining. The number of intestinal goblet cells (GCs) was calculated based on PAS staining. The contents of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the related mRNA expression level were measured by RT-PCR. The protein expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MyD88, p65 and p-p65 were measured using Western blotting. In addition, the 16S rRNA sequences of bacterial taxa were amplified and analyzed to assess changes in the intestinal microbes of LPS-induced mice and also in response to regulation by ASTF. Following intervention with ASTF, different therapeutic effects were shown according to the various dosages tested, all of which resulted in improved intestinal morphology and an increased number of intestinal GCs, while the contents of IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and TNF-α and the related mRNA expression level were significantly reduced. The TLR4, MyD88 and p-p65/p-65 protein expression levels were also significantly reduced. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing results show that LPS disrupts the structure of mouse gut microbes, though we observed that normal microbial status can be restored through ASTF intervention.
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Zhang Y, Wu T, Chen Z, Meng Y, Zhu Z, Wang Q, Tian J, Yi D, Wang L, Zhao D, Hou Y. Dietary Supplementation with Enterococcus faecium R1 Attenuates Intestinal and Liver Injury in Piglets Challenged by Lipopolysaccharide. ANIMALS : AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL FROM MDPI 2021; 11:ani11051424. [PMID: 34065711 PMCID: PMC8156331 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The biological characteristics of E. faecium R1 and the effect of dietary supplementation with E. faecium R1 on the growth performance of weaned piglets were studied. The results showed that E. faecium R1 had the characteristics of effective bacteriostatic activity, acid resistance, bile salt resistance, and high-temperature resistance. Dietary supplementation with E. faecium R1 (6.5 × 106 CFU/g) improved intestinal function of weaning piglets by decreasing diarrhea incidence. Further research found that dietary supplementation with E. faecium R1 (6.5 × 106 CFU/g) attenuated intestinal and liver injury in piglets challenged by lipopolysaccharide. Abstract In this study, a strain of E. faecium R1 with effective bacteriostatic activity, acid resistance, bile salt resistance, high-temperature resistance was screened. To study the effect of E. faecium R1 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal and liver injury in piglets, twenty-four weaned female piglets were randomly assigned into one of three groups (8 piglets per group). Piglets in the control group and LPS group were fed a basal diet, piglets in the E. faecium group were fed the basal diet supplemented with E. faecium R1 (6.5 × 106 CFU/g). On day 21 of the trial, piglets in the LPS group and E. faecium group were intraperitoneally administered LPS (100 μg/kg), piglets in the control group were administered the same volume of saline. Subsequently, blood samples were collected at 3 h, and intestinal, liver, and pancreas samples were collected at 6 h. Results showed that E. faecium R1 supplementation significantly decreased the diarrhea rate and feed to gain ratio, and dramatically reduced LPS-induced intestinal and liver injury in piglets. Compared with the LPS group, E. faecium R1 supplementation significantly increased the content of glucagon in plasma and IL-1β in the liver, and the mRNA levels of villin in jejunum and ileum and Bcl-xL and pBD-L in the ileum, and significantly decreased the contents of prostaglandin 2 and malondialdehyde in the liver and the activities of myeloperoxidase and aspartate aminotransferase in plasma in piglets. Moreover, E. faecium R1 improved the pancreatic antioxidant capacity in piglets, which was indicated by a significant increase in catalase activity and a decrease in total nitric oxide synthase activity. In summary, dietary supplementation with E. faecium R1 alleviates intestinal and liver injury in LPS-challenged piglets.
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Integration of Metabolomics and Transcriptomicsto Comprehensively Evaluate the Metabolic Effects of Gelsemium elegans on Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051192. [PMID: 33919302 PMCID: PMC8143298 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Some naturalphytogenic feed additives, which contain several active compounds, have been shown to be effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Gelsemium elegans (G. elegans) is a whole grass in the family Loganiaceae. It is a known toxic plant widely distributed in China and has been used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine for many years to treat neuropathic pain, rheumatoid pain, inflammation, skin ulcers, and cancer. However, G. elegans not only is nontoxic to animals such as pigs and sheep but also has an obvious growth-promoting effect. To our knowledge, the internal mechanism of the influence of G. elegans on the animal body is still unclear. The goal of this work is to evaluate the metabolic consequences of feeding piglets G. elegans for 45 days based on the combination of transcriptomics and metabolomics. According to growth measurement and evaluation, compared with piglets fed a complete diet, adding 20 g/kg G. elegans powder to the basal diet of piglets significantly reduced the feed conversion ratio. Results of the liver transcriptome suggest that glycine and cysteine-related regulatory pathways, including the MAPK signaling pathway and the mTOR signaling pathway, were extensively altered in G. elegans-induced piglets. Plasma metabolomics identified 21 and 18 differential metabolites (p < 0.05) in the plasma of piglets in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively, between G. elegans exposure and complete diet groups. The concentrations of glycine and its derivatives and N-acetylcysteine were higher in the G. elegans exposure group than in the complete diet group.This study demonstrated that G. elegans could be an alternative to antibiotics that improves the immune function of piglets, and the latent mechanism of G. elegans may be related to various signaling pathways, including the MAPK signaling pathway and the PPAR signaling pathway.
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Dietary alternatives to in-feed antibiotics, gut barrier function and inflammation in piglets post-weaning: Where are we now? Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Puerarin enhances intestinal function in piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6552. [PMID: 33753826 PMCID: PMC7985190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin has been reported to be an excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent, but the potential effect of puerarin on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is unclear. This study aimed to determine whether puerarin could alleviate intestinal injury in piglets infected with PEDV. A PEDV (Yunnan province strain) infection model was applied to 7-day-old piglets at 104.5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose). Piglets were orally administered with puerarin at the dosage of 0.5 mg/kg body weight from day 5 to day 9. On day 9 of the trial, piglets were inoculated orally with PEDV. Three days later, jugular vein blood and intestinal samples were collected. Results showed puerarin reduced morbidity of piglets infected with PEDV. In addition, puerarin reduced the activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, the ratio of serum aspartate aminotransferase to serum alanine aminotransferase, the number of white blood cells and neutrophils, and the plasma concentrations of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α, as well as protein abundances of heat shock protein-70 in PEDV-infected piglets. Moreover, puerarin increased D-xylose concentration but decreased intestinal fatty acid-binding protein concentration and diamine oxidase activity in the plasma of piglets infected with PEDV. Puerarin increased the activities of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, while decreasing the activities of myeloperoxidase and concentration of hydrogen peroxide in both the intestine and plasma of PEDV-infected piglets. Puerarin decreased mRNA levels of glutathione S-transferase omega 2 but increased the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Furthermore, puerarin increased the abundance of total eubacteria (16S rRNA), Enterococcus genus, Lactobacillus genus and Enterobacteriaceae family in the intestine, but reduced the abundance of Clostridium coccoides in the caecum. These data indicate puerarin improved intestinal function in piglets infected by PEDV and may be a promising supplement for the prevention of PEDV infection.
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Wang H, Li C, Peng M, Wang L, Zhao D, Wu T, Yi D, Hou Y, Wu G. N-Acetylcysteine improves intestinal function and attenuates intestinal autophagy in piglets challenged with β-conglycinin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1261. [PMID: 33441976 PMCID: PMC7807065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80994-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Conglycinin (β-CG), an anti-nutritional factor, is a major allergen in soybeans to induce intestinal dysfunction and diarrhea in neonatal animals, including piglets and human infants. This study with a piglet model determined the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on intestinal function and autophagy in response to β-CG challenge. Twenty-four 12-day-old piglets (3.44 ± 0.28 kg), which had been weaned at 7 days of age and adapted for 5 days after weaning, were randomly allocated to the control, β-CG, and β-CG + NAC groups. Piglets in the control group were fed a liquid diet containing 10% casein, whereas those in the β-CG and β-CG + NAC groups were fed the basal liquid diets containing 9.5% casein and 0.5% β-CG for 2 days. Thereafter, pigs in the β-CG + NAC group were orally administrated with 50 mg (kg BW)-1 NAC for 3 days, while pigs in the other two groups were orally administrated with the same volume of sterile saline. NAC numerically reduced diarrhea incidence (- 46.2%) and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, but increased claudin-1 and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (iFABP) protein abundances and activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the jejunum of β-CG-challenged piglets. Although β-CG challenge decreased the villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mRNA levels of claudin-1 and occludin, no significant differences were observed in these indices between the control and β-CG + NAC groups, suggesting the positive effects of NAC supplementation on intestinal mucosal barrier function. Moreover, NAC increased the concentrations of citrulline and D-xylose in the plasma, as well as the expression of genes for aquaporin (AQP) 3, AQP4, peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), sodium/glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT-1), potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 13 (KCNJ13), and solute carrier family 1 member 1 (SLC1A1) in the jejunum, demonstrating that NAC augmented intestinal metabolic activity and absorptive function. Remarkably, NAC decreased Atg5 protein abundance and the LC3II/LC3I ratio (an indicator of autophagy) in the jejunum of β-CG-challenged piglets. Taken together, NAC supplementation improved intestinal function and attenuated intestinal autophagy in β-CG-challenged piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyun Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Meng Peng
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Zheng C, Song B, Duan Y, Zhong Y, Yan Z, Zhang S, Li F. Dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate improves intestinal function in weaned piglets after lipopolysaccharide challenge. Nutrition 2020; 78:110839. [PMID: 32540677 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on intestinal function of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged piglets. METHODS Forty weaned piglets were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The major factors were challenge (saline or LPS) and diet (basal diet or 0.6% HMB-Ca diet). After 15 d of treatment with LPS or HMB, blood and intestine samples were obtained. RESULTS The results showed that in LPS-injected pigs, HMB supplementation significantly increased jejunal villus height and ileal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio and decreased ileal crypt depth (P < 0.05). HMB also improved intestinal function indicated by elevated activities of intestinal mucosal disaccharidase and tricarboxylic acid cycle key enzymes. Furthermore, HMB significantly downregulated mRNA expression of Sirt1 in jejunum and mRNA expression of AMPKα1 and Sirt1 in ileum (P < 0.05), with a concurrent decrease of AMPKα phosphorylation in jejunum and ileum. Microbiota analysis indicated that HMB supplementation significantly increased α-diversity and affected relative abundances of Romboutsia and Sarcina at the genus level, accompanied by increased concentrations of all short-chain fatty acids except propionate in the terminate ileum of LPS-injected piglets. CONCLUSION Dietary HMB supplementation could improve intestinal integrity, function, microbiota communities, and short-chain fatty acid concentrations in LPS-challenged piglets, suggesting its potential usage as a feed additive in weaned piglets to alleviate intestinal dysfunction triggered by immune stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Song
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China.
| | - Yinzhao Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Regulation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaoming Yan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS; Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, Hunan, China
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He Y, Fan X, Liu N, Song Q, Kou J, Shi Y, Luo X, Dai Z, Yang Y, Wu Z, Wu G. l-Glutamine Represses the Unfolded Protein Response in the Small Intestine of Weanling Piglets. J Nutr 2019; 149:1904-1910. [PMID: 31334766 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in apoptosis, inflammation, and enhanced proteolysis in the small intestine of humans and animals. l-Glutamine (Gln) is required for intestinal mucosal homeostasis in piglets. However, a functional role of the ER in the enterocytes of weanling piglets and its contribution to intestinal mucosal integrity remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that preweaning administration of Gln alleviates the activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) in the small intestine of weanling piglets. METHODS Eighteen sow-reared piglets aged 7 d from 3 litters (6 piglets/litter) were assigned randomly into 1 of 3 treatment groups. Piglets were reared by sows until age 24 d, or were reared by sows and orally administered either l-alanine [1.84 g · kg body weight (BW)-1 · d-1] or Gln (1.52 g · kg BW-1 · d-1) twice daily between 7 and 21 d of age, and then weaned to a corn- and soybean meal-based diet. The small-intestinal samples were collected at 24 d of age for analyses of abundance of proteins related to ER stress and apoptosis, concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, and mRNA abundance for genes implicated in protein degradation. RESULTS Compared with age-matched suckling piglets, weaning stress increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation in the jejunum. The abundance of proteins related to ER stress [binding immunoglobulin protein, activating transcription factor 6α, phosphorylated (p)-inositol-requiring kinase 1α, and p-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α] was elevated by 200% to 320%, and that of apoptotic proteins (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein, p-Jun-N-terminal kinase, caspase-12, cleaved caspase-3, and Bcl-2-associated X) was augmented by 100% to 350% in the jejunum of weanling piglets. The protein abundance for IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8 was increased by 100% to 230% in the jejunum of weanling piglets. These alterations in gene and protein expression were markedly abrogated by Gln supplementation. The mRNA concentration of F-Box protein 32 in the jejunum of weanling piglets was increased by 70%, compared with the control group, and was not affected by Gln supplementation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that preweaning administration of Gln to nursing piglets alleviates the weaning-activated UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yahui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Xie MY, Hou LJ, Sun JJ, Zeng B, Xi QY, Luo JY, Chen T, Zhang YL. Porcine Milk Exosome MiRNAs Attenuate LPS-Induced Apoptosis through Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB and p53 Pathways in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9477-9491. [PMID: 31429552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial endotoxin that induces intestine inflammation. Milk exosomes improve the intestine and immune system development of newborns. This study aims to establish the protective mechanisms of porcine milk exosomes on the attenuation of LPS-induced intestinal inflammation and apoptosis. In vivo, exosomes prevented LPS-induced intestine damage and inhibited (p < 0.05) LPS-induced inflammation. In vitro, exosomes inhibited (p < 0.05) LPS-induced intestinal epithelial cells apoptosis (23% ± 0.4% to 12% ± 0.2%). Porcine milk exosomes also decreased (p < 0.05) the LPS-induced TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Furthermore, exosome miR-4334 and miR-219 reduced (p < 0.05) LPS-induced inflammation through the NF-κB pathway and miR-338 inhibited (p < 0.05) the LPS-induced apoptosis via the p53 pathway. Cotransfection with these three miRNAs more effectively prevented (p < 0.05) LPS-induced cell apoptosis than these miRNAs individual transfection. The apoptosis percentage in the group cotransfected with the three miRNAs (14% ± 0.4%) was lower (p < 0.05) than that in the NC miRNA group (28% ± 0.5%), and also lower than that in each individual miRNA group. In conclusion, porcine milk exosomes protect the intestine epithelial cells against LPS-induced injury by inhibiting cell inflammation and protecting against apoptosis through the action of exosome miRNAs. The presented results suggest that the physiological amounts of miRNAs-enriched exosomes addition to infant formula could be used as a novel preventative measure for necrotizing enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ying Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
| | - Lian-Jie Hou
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
| | - Jia-Jie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
| | - Qian-Yun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
| | - Jun-Yi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
| | - Yong-Liang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Control , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- College of Animal Science , South China Agricultural University , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
- Guangdong Engineering & Research Center for Woody Fodder Plants , 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510642 , China
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Zhang J, He W, Yi D, Zhao D, Song Z, Hou Y, Wu G. Regulation of protein synthesis in porcine mammary epithelial cells by L-valine. Amino Acids 2019; 51:717-726. [PMID: 30798466 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02709-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the catabolism of L-valine in porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) and its role in stimulating protein synthesis in these cells. PMECs were incubated with 0.05-, 0.10-, 0.25-, 0.5-, and 1.0-mM L-valine at 37 oC for 2 h. Cell viability and expressions of α-lactalbumin and β-casein were measured after culture with L-valine for 3 days. L-[1-14C]valine was used to study valine catabolism, whereas [3H]phenylalanine was employed as a tracer to determine protein synthesis and degradation in PMECs. The abundances of proteins involved in the mTOR signaling pathway and the mRNA levels for the related key genes were determined using the western blot and RT-PCR techniques, respectively. Cell numbers and the synthesis of proteins (including α-lactalbumin and β-casein) were greater (P < 0.05) in the presence of 0.5-mM L-valine, compared with 0.05- or 0.1-mM L-valine. L-Valine at 0.5 mM also enhanced (P < 0.05) the production of α-lactalbumin by PMECs, in comparison with 0.25 mM L-valine. Increasing the extracellular concentration of L-valine from 0.05 to 0.5 mM stimulated protein synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting proteolysis. Although L-valine was actively transaminated in PMECs, its α-ketoacid product (α-ketoisovalerate) at 0.05-0.2 mM did not affect protein synthesis or degradation in the cells. Thus, the effect of L-valine on protein synthesis was independent of its metabolism to yield α-ketoisovalerate. At the molecular level, 0.5-mM L-valine increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels for Ras, ERK1/2, and p70S6K, and the abundances of mTOR, p-4EBP1, total 4EBP1, p-ERK1/2, and total ERK1/2 proteins. These findings establish the critical role of L-valine in enhancing PMEC growth and milk protein synthesis possibly by regulating the mTOR and Ras/ERK signaling pathways. Further studies are warranted to understand how L-valine regulates gene expression and mTOR activation in PMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Dan Yi
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Zhuan Song
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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N-acetylcysteine modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal dysfunction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1004. [PMID: 30700808 PMCID: PMC6353963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal epithelium functions in nutrient absorption and pathogens barrier and its dysfunction directly affects livestock performance. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) improves mucosal function, but its effects on intestinal functions at the molecular level remain unclear. Here, we performed gene expression profiling of the pig small intestine after dietary NAC treatment under LPS challenge and investigated the effects of NAC on intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Dietary NAC supplementation under LPS challenge altered the small intestine expression of 959 genes related to immune response, inflammatory response, oxidation-reduction process, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and the cytokine-mediated signalling, Toll-like receptor signalling pathway, Jak-STAT signalling pathway, and TNF signalling pathway. We then analysed the expression patterns of the top 10 altered genes, and found that NAC markedly stimulated HMGCS3 and LDHC expression in IPEC-J2 cells. In vitro, NAC pre-treatment significantly reduced TNF-α and NF-κB, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6 expression in LPS-induced IPEC-J2 cells. NAC treatment also significantly reduced oxidative stress in LPS-induced IPEC-J2 cells and alleviated intestinal barrier function and wound healing. Thus, NAC as a feed additive can enhance livestock intestinal health by modulating intestinal inflammation, permeability, and wound healing under LPS-induced dysfunction, improving our molecular understanding of the effects of NAC on the intestine.
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Zhang H, Li Y, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang T. N-Acetylcysteine protects against intrauterine growth retardation-induced intestinal injury via restoring redox status and mitochondrial function in neonatal piglets. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:3335-3347. [PMID: 30535793 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1878-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is detrimental to the intestinal development of neonates, yet satisfactory treatment strategies remain limited. This study was, therefore, conducted using neonatal piglets as a model to investigate the potential of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to alleviate intestinal damage caused by IUGR. METHODS Seven normal birth weight (NBW) and fourteen IUGR neonatal male piglets were selected and then fed a basal milk diet (NBW-CON and IUGR-CON groups) or a basal milk diet supplemented with 1.2 g NAC per kg of diet (IUGR-NAC group) from 7 to 21 days of age (n = 7). Parameters associated with the severity of intestinal injury, villus morphology and ultrastructural structure, redox status, and mitochondrial function were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the NBW-CON piglets, the IUGR-CON piglets exhibited decreased villus height and greater numbers of apoptotic cells in jejunum, along with the increases in malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl concentrations and a decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. Treatment with NAC significantly increased jejunal superoxide dismutase activity, reduced glutathione: oxidized glutathione ratio, and the mRNA abundance of nuclear respiratory factor 2, heme oxygenase 1, and superoxide dismutase 2 in the IUGR-NAC piglets compared with the IUGR-CON piglets. In addition, NAC improved the efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and ATP generation, ameliorated mitochondrial swelling, and inhibited the overproduction of mitochondrial superoxide anion in the jejunal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplementation of NAC shows promise for attenuating the early intestinal injury of young piglets with IUGR, probably through its antioxidant action to restore redox status and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueping Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1, Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Glycine supplementation to breast-fed piglets attenuates post-weaning jejunal epithelial apoptosis: a functional role of CHOP signaling. Amino Acids 2018; 51:463-473. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Perl A. mTOR-dependent autophagy contributes to end-organ resistance and serves as target for treatment in autoimmune disease. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:12-13. [PMID: 30262258 PMCID: PMC6197622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andras Perl
- Division of Rheumatology, Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
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Glycine Relieves Intestinal Injury by Maintaining mTOR Signaling and Suppressing AMPK, TLR4, and NOD Signaling in Weaned Piglets after Lipopolysaccharide Challenge. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071980. [PMID: 29986455 PMCID: PMC6073676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to envaluate whether glycine could alleviate Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury by regulating intestinal epithelial energy status, protein synthesis, and inflammatory response via AMPK, mTOR, TLR4, and NOD signaling pathways. A total of 24 weanling piglets were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) non-challenged control; (2) LPS-challenged control; (3) LPS + 1% glycine; (4) LPS + 2% glycine. After 28 days feeding, piglets were injected intraperitoneally with saline or LPS. The pigs were slaughtered and intestinal samples were collected at 4 h postinjection. The mRNA expression of key genes in these signaling pathways was measured by real-time PCR. The protein abundance was measured by Western blot analysis. Supplementation with glycine increased jejunal villus height/crypt depth ratio. Glycine also increased the jejunal and ileal protein content, RNA/DNA ratio, and jejunal protein/DNA ratio. The activities of citroyl synthetase in ileum, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex in jejunum, were increased in the piglets fed diets supplemented with glycine. In addition, glycine decreased the jejunal and ileal phosphorylation of AMPKα, and increased ileal phosphorylation of mTOR. Furthermore, glycine downregulated the mRNA expression of key genes in inflammatory signaling. Meanwhile, glycine increased the mRNA expression of negative regulators of inflammatory signaling. These results indicate that glycine supplementation could improve energy status and protein synthesis by regulating AMPK and mTOR signaling pathways, and relieve inflammation by inhibiting of TLR4 and NOD signaling pathways to alleviate intestinal injury in LPS-challenged piglets.
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Yi D, Li B, Hou Y, Wang L, Zhao D, Chen H, Wu T, Zhou Y, Ding B, Wu G. Dietary supplementation with an amino acid blend enhances intestinal function in piglets. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1089-1100. [PMID: 29770867 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The traditionally classified nutritionally non-essential amino acids are now known to be insufficiently synthesized for maximal growth and optimal health in piglets. This study determined the effects of dietary supplementation with an amino acid blend (AAB; glutamate:glutamine:glycine:arginine:N-acetylcysteine = 5:2:2:1:0.5) on piglet growth performance and intestinal functions. Sixteen piglets (24-day-old) were randomly assigned to a corn and soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0.99% alanine (isonitrogenous control) or 1% AAB. On day 20 of the trial, blood and intestinal tissue samples were obtained from piglets. Compared with the control, AAB supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) diarrhoea incidence; plasma alanine aminotransferase and diamine oxidase activities; intestinal concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, and heat shock protein-70, and intestinal mRNA levels for interleukin-1β, interferon-γ, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand-9; and the numbers of Enterobacterium family, Enterococcus genus and Clostridium coccoides in the colon digesta. Furthermore, AAB supplementation enhanced (P < 0.05): the plasma concentrations of serine, aspartate, glutamate, cysteine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, arginine, citrulline, ornithine, taurine, and γ-aminobutyric acid; intestinal villus height and surface area, villus height/crypt depth ratio, antioxidative enzyme activities, and mRNA levels for porcine β-defensin-1, sodium-independent amino acid transporters (b0,+AT and y+LAT1), aquaporin (AQP) 3, AQP8, AQP10, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and glutathione S-transferase omega-2, and protein abundances of AQP3, AQP4, claudin-1, occludin and myxovirus resistance 1; and the numbers of Bifidobacterium genus and Lactobacillus genus in the colon digesta. Collectively, these comprehensive results indicate that dietary AAB supplementation plays an important role in improving piglet growth and intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yi
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Baocheng Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Binying Ding
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.,Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Sun Y, Wang C, Wang L, Dai Z, Yang K. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis and the formation of reactive oxygen species in rat glioma cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:13. [PMID: 29610575 PMCID: PMC5870496 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has a dramatic therapeutic effect on acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients. It can also cause apoptosis in various tumor cells. This study investigated whether As2O3 has an antitumor effect on glioma and explored the underlying mechanism. Results MTT and trypan blue assays showed that As2O3 remarkably inhibited growth of C6 and 9 L glioma cells. Cell viability decreased in glioma cells to a greater extent than in normal glia cells. The annexin V-FITC/PI and Hoechest/PI staining assays revealed a significant increase in apoptosis that correlated with the duration of As2O3 treatment and occurred in glioma cells to a greater extent than in normal glial cells. As2O3 treatment induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in C6 and 9 L cells in a time-dependent manner. Cells pretreated with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) showed significantly lower As2O3-induced ROS generation. As2O3 significantly inhibited the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and upregulated the proapoptotic gene Bax in both C6 and 9 L glioma cells in a time-dependent manner. Conclusions As2O3 can significantly inhibit the growth of glioma cells and it can induce cell apoptosis in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. ROS were found to be responsible for apoptosis in glioma cells induced by As2O3. These results suggest As2O3 is a promising agent for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Sun
- 1Nursing Support Center, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000 China
| | - Chen Wang
- 2Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000 China
| | - Ligang Wang
- 2Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000 China
| | - Zhibo Dai
- 2Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000 China
| | - Kongbin Yang
- 2Neurosurgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150000 China
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Duan Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu Q, Ding X. Morphologic, digestive enzymes and immunological responses of intestine from Litopenaeus vannamei after lipopolysaccharide injection. J Invertebr Pathol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Functions and Signaling Pathways of Amino Acids in Intestinal Inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9171905. [PMID: 29682569 PMCID: PMC5846438 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9171905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intestine is always exposed to external environment and intestinal microorganism; thus it is more sensitive to dysfunction and dysbiosis, leading to intestinal inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and diarrhea. An increasing number of studies indicate that dietary amino acids play significant roles in preventing and treating intestinal inflammation. The review aims to summarize the functions and signaling mechanisms of amino acids in intestinal inflammation. Amino acids, including essential amino acids (EAAs), conditionally essential amino acids (CEAAs), and nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), improve the functions of intestinal barrier and expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins but decrease oxidative stress and the apoptosis of enterocytes as well as the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines in the intestinal inflammation. The functions of amino acids are associated with various signaling pathways, including mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), general controlled nonrepressed kinase 2 (GCN2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).
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30
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Liu Y, Wang X, Hu CAA. Therapeutic Potential of Amino Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9090920. [PMID: 28832517 PMCID: PMC5622680 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is a chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, and is difficult to treat. The pathophysiology of IBD is multifactorial and not completely understood, but genetic components, dysregulated immune responses, oxidative stress, and inflammatory mediators are known to be involved. Animal models of IBD can be chemically induced, and are used to study etiology and to evaluate potential treatments of IBD. Currently available IBD treatments can decrease the duration of active disease but because of their adverse effects, the search for novel therapeutic strategies that can restore intestinal homeostasis continues. This review summarizes and discusses what is currently known of the effects of amino acids on the reduction of inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death in the gut when IBD is present. Recent studies in animal models have identified dietary amino acids that improve IBD, but amino acid supplementation may not be adequate to replace conventional therapy. The animal models used in dietary amino acid research in IBD are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Xiuying Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| | - Chien-An Andy Hu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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Roles of amino acids in preventing and treating intestinal diseases: recent studies with pig models. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1277-1291. [PMID: 28616751 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are needed to study and understand a human complex disease. Because of their similarities in anatomy, structure, physiology, and pathophysiology, the pig has proven its usefulness in studying human gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia/reperfusion injury, diarrhea, and cancer. To understand the pathogenesis of these diseases, a number of experimental models generated in pigs are available, for example, through surgical manipulation, chemical induction, microbial infection, and genetic engineering. Our interests have been using amino acids as therapeutics in pig and human disease models. Amino acids not only play an important role in protein biosynthesis, but also exert significant physiological effects in regulating immunity, anti-oxidation, redox regulation, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and animal behavior. Recent studies in pigs have shown that specific dietary amino acids can improve intestinal integrity and function under normal and pathological conditions that protect the host from different diseases. In this review, we summarize several pig models in intestinal diseases and how amino acids can be used as therapeutics in treating pig and human diseases.
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N-Acetylcysteine supplementation alleviates intestinal injury in piglets infected by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1931-1943. [PMID: 28258325 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infects the intestine of young pigs, but effective measures for prevention and treatment are lacking. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) has been shown to reduce endotoxin-induced intestinal dysfunction. This study was conducted with the PEDV-infected neonatal piglet model to determine the effect of NAC supplementation on intestinal function. Thirty-two 7-day-old piglets were randomly allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design consisting of two liquid diets (0 or 50 mg/kg BW NAC supplementation) and oral administration of 0 or 104.5 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose) PEDV. On day 7 of the trial, half of the pigs (n = 8) in each dietary treatment received either sterile saline or PEDV (Yunnan province strain) solution at 104.5 TCID50 per pig. On day 10 of the trial, D-xylose (0.1 g/kg BW) was orally administrated to all pigs. One hour later, jugular vein blood samples were collected, and then all pigs were killed to obtain the small intestine. PEDV infection increased diarrhea incidence, while reducing ADG. PEDV infection also decreased plasma D-xylose concentration, small intestinal villus height, mucosal I-FABP and villin mRNA levels but increased mucosal MX1 and GCNT3 mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Dietary NAC supplementation ameliorated the PEDV-induced abnormal changes in all the measured variables. Moreover, NAC reduced oxidative stress, as indicated by decreases in plasma and mucosal H2O2 levels. Collectively, these novel results indicate that dietary supplementation with NAC alleviates intestinal mucosal damage and improves the absorptive function of the small intestine in PEDV-infected piglets.
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