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Conlon JM, Owolabi BO, Flatt PR, Abdel-Wahab YHA. Amphibian host-defense peptides with potential for Type 2 diabetes therapy - an updated review. Peptides 2024; 175:171180. [PMID: 38401671 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Investigations conducted since 2018 have identified several host-defense peptides present in frog skin secretions whose properties suggest the possibility of their development into a new class of agent for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) therapy. Studies in vitro have described peptides that (a) stimulate insulin release from BRIN-BD11 clonal β-cells and isolated mouse islets, (b) display β-cell proliferative activity and protect against cytokine-mediated apoptosis and (c) stimulate production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and inhibit production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Rhinophrynin-27, phylloseptin-3.2TR and temporin F are peptides with therapeutic potential. Studies in vivo carried out in db/db and high fat-fed mice have shown that twice-daily administration of [S4K]CPF-AM1 and [A14K]PGLa-AM1, analogs of peptides first isolated from the octoploid frog Xenopus amieti, over 28 days lowers circulating glucose and HbA1c concentrations, increases insulin sensitivity and improves glucose tolerance and lipid profile. Peptide treatment produced potentially beneficial changes in the expression of skeletal muscle genes involved in insulin signaling and islet genes involved in insulin secretion in these murine models of T2D. Lead compounds uncovered by the study of frog HDPs may provide a basis for the design of new types of agents that can be used, alone or in combination with existing therapies, for the treatment of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Michael Conlon
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Bosede O Owolabi
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Yasser H A Abdel-Wahab
- Diabetes Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
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2
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Adhikary K, Sarkar R, Maity S, Banerjee I, Chatterjee P, Bhattacharya K, Ahuja D, Sinha NK, Maiti R. The underlying causes, treatment options of gut microbiota and food habits in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 35:153-168. [PMID: 38748886 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2024-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a long-lasting endocrine disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycaemia, which is often triggered by an entire or relative inadequacy of insulin production or insulin resistance. As a result of resistance to insulin (IR) and an overall lack of insulin in the body, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic illness that is characterized by hyperglycaemia. Notably, the occurrence of vascular complications of diabetes and the advancement of IR in T2DM are accompanied by dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Due to the difficulties in managing the disease and the dangers of multiple accompanying complications, diabetes is a chronic, progressive immune-mediated condition that plays a significant clinical and health burden on patients. The frequency and incidence of diabetes among young people have been rising worldwide. The relationship between the gut microbiota composition and the physio-pathological characteristics of T2DM proposes a novel way to monitor the condition and enhance the effectiveness of therapies. Our knowledge of the microbiota of the gut and how it affects health and illness has changed over the last 20 years. Species of the genus Eubacterium, which make up a significant portion of the core animal gut microbiome, are some of the recently discovered 'generation' of possibly helpful bacteria. In this article, we have focused on pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches towards T2DM, with a special reference to gut bacteria from ancient times to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnendu Adhikary
- Department of Interdisciplinary Science, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Riya Sarkar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, 231513 Dr. B. C. Roy Academy of Professional Courses , Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Sriparna Maity
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, 231513 Dr. B. C. Roy Academy of Professional Courses , Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Ipsita Banerjee
- Department of Nutrition, Paramedical College Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Prity Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Paramedical College Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | - Koushik Bhattacharya
- School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Deepika Ahuja
- School of Paramedics and Allied Health Sciences, Centurion University of Technology & Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Nirmalya Kumar Sinha
- Department of Nutrition and Department of NSS, Raja Narendra Lal Khan Women's College (Autonomous), Midnapore, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajkumar Maiti
- Department of Physiology, 326624 Bankura Christian College , Bankura, West Bengal, India
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3
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Chen J, Yu CG, Zhou MM, Zhang GJ, Su HL, Ding GH, Wei L, Lin ZH, Ma L. An esculentin-1 homolog from a dark-spotted frog (Pelophylax nigromaculatus) possesses antibacterial and immunoregulatory properties. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:164. [PMID: 38678277 PMCID: PMC11055230 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esculentin-1, initially discovered in the skin secretions of pool frogs (Pelophylax lessonae), has demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, its immunomodulatory properties have received little attention. RESULTS In the present study, esculentin-1 cDNA was identified by analysing the skin transcriptome of the dark-spotted frog (Pelophylax nigromaculatus). Esculentin-1 from this species (esculentin-1PN) encompasses a signal peptide, an acidic spacer peptide, and a mature peptide. Sequence alignments with other amphibian esculentins-1 demonstrated conservation of the peptide, and phylogenetic tree analysis revealed its closest genetic affinity to esculentin-1P, derived from the Fukien gold-striped pond frog (Pelophylax fukienensis). Esculentin-1PN transcripts were observed in various tissues, with the skin exhibiting the highest mRNA levels. Synthetic esculentin-1PN demonstrated antibacterial activity against various pathogens, and esculentin-1PN exhibited bactericidal activity by disrupting cell membrane integrity and hydrolyzing genomic DNA. Esculentin-1PN did not stimulate chemotaxis in RAW264.7, a murine leukemic monocyte/macrophage cell line. However, it amplified the respiratory burst and augmented the pro-inflammatory cytokine gene (TNF-α and IL-1β) expression in RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSIONS This novel finding highlights the immunomodulatory activity of esculentin-1PN on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Ci-Gang Yu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Min-Min Zhou
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Gao-Jian Zhang
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Hai-Long Su
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Guo-Hua Ding
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Li Wei
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Lin
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
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de Souza GS, de Jesus Sonego L, Santos Mundim AC, de Miranda Moraes J, Sales-Campos H, Lorenzón EN. Antimicrobial-wound healing peptides: Dual-function molecules for the treatment of skin injuries. Peptides 2022; 148:170707. [PMID: 34896165 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic non-healing wounds caused by microbial infections extend the necessity for hospital care and constitute a public health problem and a great financial burden. Classic therapies include a wide range of approaches, from wound debridement to vascular surgery. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a preserved trait of the innate immune response among different animal species, with known effects on the immune system and microorganisms. Thus, AMPs may represent promising candidates for the treatment of chronic wounds with dual functionality in two of the main agents that lead to this condition, proliferation of microorganisms and uncontrolled inflammation. Here, our goal is to critically review AMPs with wound healing properties. We strongly believe that these dual-function peptides alone, or in combination with other wound healing strategies, constitute an underexplored field that researchers can take advantage of.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
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Bioinformatic Analysis of 1000 Amphibian Antimicrobial Peptides Uncovers Multiple Length-Dependent Correlations for Peptide Design and Prediction. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9080491. [PMID: 32784626 PMCID: PMC7459754 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9080491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are widely distributed on different continents, except for the polar regions. They are important sources for the isolation, purification and characterization of natural compounds, including peptides with various functions. Innate immune antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a critical role in warding off invading pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. They may also have other biological functions such as endotoxin neutralization, chemotaxis, anti-inflammation, and wound healing. This article documents a bioinformatic analysis of over 1000 amphibian antimicrobial peptides registered in the Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) in the past 18 years. These anuran peptides were discovered in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and America from 1985 to 2019. Genomic and peptidomic studies accelerated the discovery pace and underscored the necessity in establishing criteria for peptide entry into the APD. A total of 99.9% of the anuran antimicrobial peptides are less than 50 amino acids with an average length of 24 and a net charge of +2.5. Interestingly, the various amphibian peptide families (e.g., temporins, brevinins, esculentins) can be connected through multiple length-dependent relationships. With an increase in length, peptide net charge increases, while the hydrophobic content decreases. In addition, glycine, leucine, lysine, and proline all show linear correlations with peptide length. These correlations improve our understanding of amphibian peptides and may be useful for prediction and design of new linear peptides with potential applications in treating infectious diseases, cancer and diabetes.
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Casciaro B, Cappiello F, Loffredo MR, Ghirga F, Mangoni ML. The Potential of Frog Skin Peptides for Anti-Infective Therapies: The Case of Esculentin-1a(1-21)NH2. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1405-1419. [PMID: 31333082 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190722095408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are the key effectors of the innate immunity and represent promising molecules for the development of new antibacterial drugs. However, to achieve this goal, some problems need to be overcome: (i) the cytotoxic effects at high concentrations; (ii) the poor biostability and (iii) the difficulty in reaching the target site. Frog skin is one of the richest natural storehouses of AMPs, and over the years, many peptides have been isolated from it, characterized and classified into several families encompassing temporins, brevinins, nigrocins and esculentins. In this review, we summarized how the isolation/characterization of peptides belonging to the esculentin-1 family drove us to the design of an analogue, i.e. esculentin-1a(1-21)NH2, with a powerful antimicrobial action and immunomodulatory properties. The peptide had a wide spectrum of activity, especially against the opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We described the structural features and the in vitro/in vivo biological characterization of this peptide as well as the strategies used to improve its biological properties. Among them: (i) the design of a diastereomer carrying Damino acids in order to reduce the peptide's cytotoxicity and improve its half-life; (ii) the covalent conjugation of the peptide to gold nanoparticles or its encapsulation into poly(lactide- co-glycolide) nanoparticles; and (iii) the peptide immobilization to biomedical devices (such as silicon hydrogel contact lenses) to obtain an antibacterial surface able to reduce microbial growth and attachment. Summing up the best results obtained so far, this review traces all the steps that led these frog-skin AMPs to the direction of peptide-based drugs for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Casciaro
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@ Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Floriana Cappiello
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Loffredo
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@ Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Conlon JM, Attoub S, Musale V, Leprince J, Casewell NR, Sanz L, Calvete JJ. Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic and insulin-releasing components from the venom of the black-necked spitting cobra Naja nigricollis (Elapidae). Toxicon X 2020; 6:100030. [PMID: 32550585 PMCID: PMC7285909 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Four peptides with cytotoxic activity against BRIN-BD11 rat clonal β-cells were purified from the venom of the black-necked spitting cobra Naja nigricollis using reversed-phase HPLC. The peptides were identified as members of the three-finger superfamily of snake toxins by ESI-MS/MS sequencing of tryptic peptides. The most potent peptide (cytotoxin-1N) showed strong cytotoxic activity against three human tumor-derived cell lines (LC50 = 0.8 ± 0.2 μM for A549 non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma cells; LC50 = 7 ± 1 μM for MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells; and LC50 = 9 ± 1 μM for HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells). However, all the peptides were to varying degrees cytotoxic against HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells (LC50 in the range 2–22 μM) and cytotoxin-2N was moderately hemolytic (LC50 = 45 ± 3 μM against mouse erythrocytes). The lack of differential activity against cells derived from non-neoplastic tissue limits their potential for development into anti-cancer agents. In addition, two proteins in the venom, identified as isoforms of phospholipase A2, effectively stimulated insulin release from BRIN-BD11 cells (an approximately 6-fold increase in rate compared with 5.6 mM glucose alone) at a concentration (1 μM) that was not cytotoxic to the cells suggesting possible application in therapy for Type 2 diabetes. Four members of the three-finger superfamily of toxins were isolated from N. nigricollis venom. All peptides were cytotoxic to human tumor-derived cells. The peptides were also cytotoxic to non-neoplastic HUVEC cells. Two isoforms of phospholipase A2 effectively stimulated insulin release from rat clonal β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Conlon
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Ireland
| | - Samir Attoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vishal Musale
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Ireland
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Inserm U1239, PRIMACEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Nicholas R Casewell
- Centre for Snakebite Research & Interventions, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Libia Sanz
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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8
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Conlon JM, Mechkarska M, Leprince J. Peptidomic analysis in the discovery of therapeutically valuable peptides in amphibian skin secretions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:897-908. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1693894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Conlon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Milena Mechkarska
- Department of Life Sciences, University of the West Indies at Saint Augustine, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Equipe Facteurs Neurotrophiques et Différenciation Neuronale, Universite de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
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9
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Scorciapino MA, Carta P, Pantic J, Lukic ML, Lukic A, Musale V, Abdel-Wahab YHA, Conlon JM. Conformational analysis and in vitro immunomodulatory and insulinotropic properties of the frog skin host-defense peptide rhinophrynin-27 and selected analogs. Biochimie 2019; 167:198-206. [PMID: 31639404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The study investigates conformational analysis and the in vitro cytokine-mediated immunomodulatory and insulin-releasing activities of rhinophrynin-27 (ELRLPEIARPVPEVLPARLPLPALPRN; RP-27), a proline-arginine-rich peptide first isolated from skin secretions of the Mexican burrowing toad Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Rhinophrynidae). In both water and 50% trifluoroethanol-water, the peptide adopts a polyproline type II helical conformation with a high degree of deviation from the canonical collagen-like folding and a pronounced bend in the molecule at the Glu13 residue. Incubation of mouse peritoneal cells with RP-27 significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and stimulated production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The peptide significantly (P < 0.01) stimulated release of insulin from BRIN-BD11 rat clonal β-cells at concentrations ≥ 1 nM while maintaining the integrity of the plasma membrane and also stimulated insulin release from isolated mouse islets at a concentration of 10-6 M. Increasing the cationicity of RP-27 by substituting glutamic acid residues in the peptide by arginine and increasing hydrophobicity by substituting alanine residues by tryptophan did not result in analogues with increased activity with respect to cytokine production and insulin release. The combination of immunosuppressive and insulinotropic activities together with very low cytotoxicity suggests that RP-27 may represent a template for the development of an agent for use in anti-inflammatory and Type 2 diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A Scorciapino
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Carta
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jelena Pantic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Lukic
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Vishal Musale
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Yasser H A Abdel-Wahab
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - J Michael Conlon
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK.
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10
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Mechkarska M, Kolodziejek J, Musale V, Coquet L, Leprince J, Jouenne T, Nowotny N, Conlon JM. Peptidomic analysis of the host-defense peptides in skin secretions of Rana graeca provides insight into phylogenetic relationships among Eurasian Rana species. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2018; 29:228-234. [PMID: 30599276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Peptidomic analysis of norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions from the Greek stream frog Rana graeca Boulenger, 1891 led to the identification and structural characterization of a range of host-defense peptides. These comprised brevinin-1GRa, brevinin-1GRb and an N-terminally extended form of brevinin-1GRb, ranatuerin-2GR together with its oxidized form and (11-28) fragment, temporin-GRa, temporin-GRb and its non-amidated form, and a melittin-related peptide, MRP-GR and its (1-18) fragment. The most abundant peptide, MRP-GR significantly (P < 0.001) stimulated insulin release from BRIN-BD11 clonal β-cells at concentrations ≥0.1 nM. Rana graeca (formerly Rana graeca graeca) and the morphologically similar Italian stream frog Rana italica Dubois, 1987 (formerly Rana graeca italica) were originally regarded as sub-species. However, the primary structures of the host defense peptides from both frogs support the claim based upon comparisons of the nucleotide sequences of S1 satellite DNA that R. graeca and R. italica are separate species. Cladistic analyses based upon the primary structures of the brevinin-1 and ranatuerin-2 peptides from Eurasian frogs indicate a close phylogenetic relationship between R. graeca and Rana latastei whereas R. italica is most closely related to Rana dalmatina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Mechkarska
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vishal Musale
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK
| | - Laurent Coquet
- CNRS UMR 6270, PISSARO, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- Inserm U1239, PRIMACEN, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Thierry Jouenne
- CNRS UMR 6270, PISSARO, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - J Michael Conlon
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine BT52 1SA, N. Ireland, UK.
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